CSS REVIEWER

M2 Notes
NETWORK DESIGN
Computer Network
A network is the interconnection of computers, devices and peripherals to allow them to
communicate, share or print data and information.

TYPES OF NETWORKS
1. LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)
2. WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK)

NETWORK MODELS
1. Client – Server Model
 Server > computer providing one or more services (printing, file, data and information sharing,
email, and other applications) to serve other computers and devices.
 Client > computer or device that is requesting a service or resources from a server.
2. Peer-to-Peer Model
 Network Topology > It is a representation of structure of a network that deal with the different
types of interconnectivities.

TYPES OF TOPOLOGIES
a. BUS
 uses a common cable to connect all the computers. A computer wanting to communicate with
another computer on the network sends the message to all computers through the cable, but
only the target computer accepts the message.
b. RING
 transmits the message, either clockwise or counterclockwise through the computer on either
side.
c. STAR
 All communication requests are transmitted through the central device before reaching the
intended target computer.
d. MESH
 When one hub, switch or router is unavailable, the message is rerouted to another device until
the messages reaches its destination.

TOOLS, EQUIPMENT, TESTING DEVICES AND MATERIALS USED IN NETWORKING

 TOOLS
a) Side Cutter Pliers – a tool used for cutting or trimming of connecting wires or terminal leads in the circuit
board
b) Long nose Pliers – Used for holding, bending and stretching the lead of electronics component or
connecting wire.

c) Crimping Tool - a tool made of metal with plastic-rubber handle, to press into small folds, to frill, to
corrugate.
d) Flat Screw Driver & Philips Screw Driver - a tool used to drive or fasten positive and/or negative slotted
screws.
e) Punch Down Tool - is a small hand tool used by telecommunication and network technicians. It is used
for inserting wire into insulation-displacement connectors on punch down blocks, patch panels,
keystone modules, and surface mount boxes.
  EQUIPMENTS
a) Monitor - a computer monitor or display screen is an output device that enables the user to view text,
graphics and videos.

b) Keyboard - a keyboard is an input device that allows the user to enter instructions and information into
a computer.

c) Mouse - a mouse is an input device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer and enables the
user to move and select items that are displayed on the monitor.

d) System Unit - it is the main part of the computer system and houses the Central Processing Unit (CPU),
motherboard, memory, storage devices, expansion cards and the power supply etc.

e) Printer - is device that accepts text and graphic output from a computer and transfers the information to
paper
f) Hub Switch – A hub switch is a common connection point for devices in a network. Hub switch are
commonly used to connect segments of a LAN and it contains multiple ports.

g) Router - is a networking device that forwards data from one network to another.

h) Patch Panel – is a device or unit featuring a number of jacks use of connecting and routing circuits for
monitoring, interconnecting, and testing circuits in a convenient, flexible manner.

 TESTING DEVICES
a) Volt-Ohms-Millimeter (VOM) - a measuring instrument used by technician for measuring: current,
voltage, resistance

b) LAN Tester- is a device used to test the network connection.

 MATERIALS
a) UTP Cable - Short for Unshielded Twisted Pair, a UTP cable is a cable used in computer networking that
consists of two shielded wires twisted around each other.
b) RJ 45 – use in making LAN cable for networking.

PPE AND OHS POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
 is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged
in work. The goal of all occupational health and safety programs is to foster a safe work environment. As
a secondary effect, it may also protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers, suppliers,
nearby communities, and other members of the public who are impacted by the workplace
environment. It may involve interactions among many subject areas, including occupational medicine,
occupational (or industrial) hygiene, public health, safety engineering, chemistry, health physics.

Safety practices should be learned early and always adhered to when working with any electrical
device, including personal computers and peripherals. This is for the protection of not only the people
working with them, but also for the devices themselves. The basis for this process begins with your
Occupational Health and Safety Policies.
 PERSONAL SAFETY WHILE WORKING ALONG WITH PC’ S.
1. Turn off the computer and all peripherals.
2. Touch an unpainted metal surface on the computer chassis, such as the metal around the card-slot
openings at the back of your computer, before touching anything inside your computer.
3. Disconnect the computer and peripherals from their electrical outlets. Doing so reduces the potential for
personal injury or shock. Also disconnect any telephone or telecommunication lines from the computer.
NOTE: Before disconnecting a peripheral from the system or removing a component from the system
board, verify that the standby power light-emitting diode (LED) on the system board has turned off.

While you work, periodically touch an unpainted metal surface on the computer chassis to dissipate any static
electricity that might harm internal components.

In addition, it is recommended that you periodically review the safety instructions in your System Information
Guide.

Additional Safety tips:

 Wear shoes with non-conductive rubber soles to help reduce the chance of being shocked or seriously
injured in an electrical accident.
 Do not work on components that are plugged into their power source.
 Do not remove expansion cards from a computer when it is turned on.
 Remove all jewelry when working inside any computer related equipment.
 Be sure not to mix electronic components and water.
 When you shut down your computer, be sure to shut it down properly. Do not turn it off with the case
switch.
 Don’t eat or drinks while working.

 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE DEVICES

 Anti-Static Devices – These are the devices use to protect computer units from Electro Static Discharge
 Anti – static Wrist Strap
 Anti-Static Mat
 Anti-static Bag
 Power Surge Protector Devices – An appliance designed to protect electrical devices from voltage spikes.
A surge protector attempts to regulate the voltage supplied to an electric device by either blocking or by
shorting to ground voltages above a safe threshold.
 Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)
 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

 CABLE SPLICING AND CRIMPING

1. Prepare all tools, materials needed.
2. Unroll the required length of network cable and add a little extra wire, just in case. If a boot is to be
fitted, do so before stripping away the sleeve and ensure the boot faces the correct way.
3. Carefully remove the outer jacket of the cable. Be careful when stripping the jacket as to not nick or cut
the internal wiring. One good way to do this is to cut lengthwise with snips or a knife along the side of
the cable, away from yourself, about an inch toward the open end.
4. Inspect the newly revealed wires for any cuts or scrapes that expose the copper wire inside. If you have
breached the protective sheath of any wire, you will need to cut the entire segment of wires off and
start over at step one. Exposed copper wire will lead to cross-talk, poor performance or no connectivity
at all. It is important that the jacket for all network cables remains intact.
5. Untwist the pairs so they will lay flat between your fingers. The white piece of thread can be cut off even
with the jacket and disposed (see Warnings). For easier handling, cut the wires so that they are 3/4" (19
mm) long from the base of the jacket and even in length.
6. Arrange the wires based on the wiring specifications you are following. There are two methods set by
the TIA, 568A and 568B. Which one you use will depend on what is being connected. A straight-through
cable is used to connect two different-layer devices (e.g. a hub and a PC). Two like devices normally
require a cross-over cable. The difference between the two is that a straight-through cable has both
ends wired identically with 568B, while a cross-over cable has one end wired 568A and the other end
wired 568B.

FOR STRAIGHT-THROUGH

FOR CROSS-OVER

7. You can also use the mnemonic 1-2-3-6/3-6-1-2 to remember which wires are switched.
8. Press all the wires flat and parallel between your thumb and forefinger. Verify the colors have remained
in the correct order. Cut the top of the wires even with one another so that they are 1/2" (12.5 mm)
long from the base of the jacket, as the jacket needs to go into the 8P8C connector by about 1/8",
meaning that you only have a 1/2" of room for the individual cables. Leaving more than 1/2" untwisted
can jeopardize connectivity and quality. Ensure that the cut leaves the wires even and clean; failure to
do so may cause the wire not to make contact inside the jack and could lead to wrongly guided cores
inside the plug.
9. Keep the wires flat and in order as you push them into the RJ-45 plug with the flat surface of the plug on
top. The white/orange wire should be on the left if you're looking down at the jack. You can tell if all the
wires made it into the jack and maintain their positions by looking head-on at the plug. You should be
able to see a wire located in each hole, as seen at the bottom right. You may have to use a little effort to
push the pairs firmly into the plug. The cabling jacket should also enter the rear of the jack about 1/4" (6
mm) to help secure the cable once the plug is crimped. You may need to stretch the sleeve to the proper
length. Verify that the sequence is still correct before crimping.
10. Place the wired plug into the crimping tool. Give the handle a firm squeeze. You should hear a ratcheting
noise as you continue. Once you have completed the crimp, the handle will reset to the open position.
To ensure all pins are set, some prefer to double-crimp by repeating this step.
11. Repeat all of the above steps with the other end of the cable. The way you wire the other end (568A or
568B) will depend on whether you're making a straight-through, rollover, or cross-over cable (see Tips).
12. Test the cable to ensure that it will function in the field. Mis-wired and incomplete network cables could
lead to headaches down the road. In addition, with power-over-Ethernet (PoE) making its way into the
marketplace, crossed wire pairs could lead to physical damage of computers or phone system
equipment, making it even more crucial that the pairs are in the correct order. A simple cable tester can
quickly verify that information for you.