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 Oracle Database
Programming Using
Java and Web Services
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 Oracle Database
Programming Using
Java and Web Services

Kuassi Mensah

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON

NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Elsevier Digital Press
30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK

Copyright © 2006. Elsevier, Inc.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or

transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights
Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333,
e-mail: permissions@elsevier.com.uk. You may also complete your request on-line
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Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its
books on acid-free paper whenever possible.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Application Submitted.

ISBN 13: 978 1-55558-329-3

ISBN 10: 1-55558-329-6

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

For information on all Elsevier Digital Press publications

visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com

06 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Printed in the United States of America

 To the memory of my mother and my father.

To my loving wife, Gabrielle, and my wonderful sons, Gareth and Kenneth.

This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Contents

Foreword xix

Preface xxi

Introduction xxv
Server-Side Database Programming
(Stored Procedures) xxvi
Database Programming Using JDBC, SQLJ,
and JPublisher xxviii
Database Programming with Web Services xxix
Putting Everything Together: The “All-You-Can-Eat Buffet” xxx

Acknowledgments xxxi

Part I: Java in the Database 1

1 Stored Procedures as Database Programming Model 3

1.1 Rationale for Stored Procedures 3
1.1.1 Simplifying Database Programming 3
1.1.2 Centrally Managed Data Logic 4
1.1.3 Performance: Run JDBC Applications Faster in
the Database 4
1.1.4 Encapsulation 10
1.1.5 Security: Advanced Data Access Control 10
1.1.6 Resource Optimization 11
1.1.7 Low-Cost Deployment 11
1.1.8 Fully Utilize Database Capabilities 11
1.2 Obstacles to the Adoption of Stored Procedures 11

vii
viii Contents

1.2.1 Lack of Portability across RDBMS Vendors 12

1.2.2 Scalability 12
1.2.3 Maintenance and Resilience to Schema Change 12
1.2.4 Hard to Debug 13
1.2.5 Weak Support for Complex Types 13
1.3 Languages for Stored Procedures 13
1.3.1 Proprietary Languages 13
1.3.2 Java for Stored Procedures 14
1.3.3 .NET Languages 18
1.4 PL/SQL or Java 19
1.4.1 PL/SQL and Java! 21

2 OracleJVM: Under the Hood 23

2.1 Design Goals and Architecture 23
2.1.1 Tight Integration with the RDBMS 24
2.1.2 J2SE Compatibility 24
2.1.3 How Is Java Stored in the Database? 25
2.1.4 Class Sharing 30
2.1.5 Interapplication Isolation (JSR 121) 32
2.1.6 Contrasting OracleJVM with the JDK VM 32
2.1.7 Resource Control 36
2.1.8 SQL Data Access from Java in the Database 37
2.1.9 DBMS_JAVA: The All-Purpose Tool for Administering
OracleJVM 39
2.2 Java Memory Management 41
2.2.1 Key Memory Structures of the Oracle Database 42
2.2.2 Java Memory Allocation Techniques 43
2.2.3 Garbage Collection Techniques 44
2.2.4 Java Memory Areas 46
2.2.5 Shared Servers versus Dedicated Processes 49
2.2.6 The Javapool 52
2.2.7 Top-Level Calls and Recursive Calls 53
2.2.8 State Preservation across Calls and End-of-Call Migration 54
2.2.9 End-of-Call,VM Termination, and Session Termination 58
2.3 Security in OracleJVM 60
2.3.1 User Authentication 60
2.3.2 Database-Schema Security 61
2.3.3 Resolver Specification and Class-Resolution Security 62
2.3.4 Login-User and Effective-User Security 64
2.3.5 Java 2 Security 66
2.3.6 Java 2 Security in OracleJVM 68
Contents ix

2.3.7 OracleJVM Security Best Practices 79

2.3.8 JNI Calls 80
2.4 Java VM Life Cycle 80
2.4.1 OracleJVM Install, Uninstall, and Reinstall 80
2.4.2 Java VM Initialization and Termination 81
2.5 Java Execution in the Database 81
2.5.1 The OracleJVM Interpreter 82
2.6 The Native Java Compiler (NCOMP) 84
2.6.1 What Is NCOMP? 84
2.6.2 Requirements and Design Choices 85
2.6.3 The NCOMP Process 88
2.6.4 The NCOMP Command 88
2.6.5 The STATUSNC Command 92
2.6.6 Dumping Java Classes with NCOMP 96
2.6.7 NCOMP Configuration and Planning 96
2.6.8 NCOMP Performance Tips, Improper Use,
and Troubleshooting 100
2.7 Conclusion 103

3 Developing and Running Java in

the Database 105
3.1 Developing Java in the Database 105
3.1.1 Turning JDBC Applications into Java Stored Procedures 105
3.1.2 Creating or Loading Java in the Database 106
3.1.3 Removing Java Sources, Classes, and Resources from
the Database 119
3.1.4 Setting/Querying Environment Variable and
System Properties 120
3.1.5 The Java Compiler within the Database 124
3.2 Turning Java in the Database into Stored Procedures 126
3.2.1 Call Spec Types 127
3.3 Mapping SQL and PL/SQL Types to/from Java Types 135
3.3.1 Mapping Matrix 135
3.3.2 Code Segments for Mapping 140
3.4 Invoking Java in the Database 207
3.4.1 Setup 207
3.4.2 Invoking Java in the Database Using OJVMJAVA 212
3.4.3 Invoking Java in the Database through the
PL/SQL Wrapper 214
3.4.4 Invoking Java in the Database through Client-side Stub 216
3.4.5 Errors and Exceptions Handling 221

Contents
x Contents

3.5 Managing Java in the Database 227

3.5.1 Java Audit 227
3.5.2 Oracle Enterprise Manager (Database Control) Support
for Java in the Database 228

4 Pragmatic Applications Using Java in

the Database 231
4.1 CNXO: Secure Credit Card Processing with Oracle and JSSE 231
4.2 Using J2EE and Java in the Database Together 239
4.2.1 Auto-generating Primary Keys for BMP Entity Beans 239
4.2.2 Calling-out EJB from OracleJVM 241
4.2.3 HTTP Call-Out: The Poor Man’s Cache Invalidation 249
4.2.4 JMS over Streams/AQ in the Database 253
4.3 JDBC Call-Out to Non-Oracle Databases 260
4.3.1 Description and Rationales 260
4.3.2 How Does It Work? 260
4.4 SAP Java Connector: Accessing the SAP System from the
Oracle Database 268
4.5 Excel-like Expression Parser in the Database 277
4.5.1 Rationales for Custom Parsers in the Database 277
4.5.2 What Is the Mini-Parser? 278
4.5.3 Implementing the Mini-Parser 279

5 Database Scripting Using Non-Java Languages 287

5.1 Why Contemplate Non-Java Languages for the Database? 287
5.1.1 Common Language Runtime in RDBMS 288
5.1.2 Scripting Languages Support in RDBMS 288
5.2 Database Scripting with OracleJVM—Just for Fun! 288
5.2.1 Proof of Concept #1: Running TCL (JACL) Scripts in
the Database 289
5.2.2 Proof of Concept #2: Running Jython (Python) in
the Database 297
5.2.3 Proof of Concept #3: Running Kawa (Scheme) in
the Database 299
5.2.4 Proof of Concept #4: Running Groovy in the Database 302

Part II: Java Persistence and Java SQL Data Access 317
Database Programming with Oracle JDBC 318
Contents xi

6 Introducing the JDBC Technology and

Oracle’s Implementation 319
6.1 JDBC Primer 319
6.1.1 First Steps in JDBC 319
6.1.2 JDBC within J2SE and J2EE Environments 324
6.2 Overview of JDBC Specifications 325
6.2.1 Overview of JDBC 1.22 Specification
(Where Things Started!) 325
6.2.2 Overview of JDBC 2.0 Specification
(A Major Spec!) 326
6.2.3 Overview of JDBC 3.0 Specification 328
6.2.4 Overview of Upcoming JDBC 4.0 Specification 330
6.2.5 JDBC Standards Support in the Oracle JDBC Drivers 331
6.3 Architecture and Packaging of Oracle JDBC Drivers 334
6.3.1 Rearchitected Oracle JDBC Drivers 334
6.3.2 Packaging of Oracle JDBC Drivers 336
6.3.3 Features Differences Between Driver Types 340
6.3.4 JDBC Drivers and Database Interoperability 343

7 URL, DataSource, Connection, and Statements 345

7.1 JDBC URL 345
7.2 DataSources 348
7.2.1 The OracleDataSource 349
7.2.2 DataSources and JNDI 351
7.3 Connections and Connection Services 357
7.3.1 JDBC Connections and Oracle Extensions 357
7.3.2 Connection Caching: Implicit Connection Cache 358
7.3.3 The Connection Cache Manager 383
7.3.4 RAC Events and Fast Application Notification 391
7.3.5 High Availability: Fast Connection Failover 400
7.3.6 Scalability: Connection Load Balancing 406
7.3.7 JDBC Support for Transparent Application Fail-over 409
7.3.8 Proxy Authentication 415
7.3.9 Connection Wrapping 422
7.3.10 JDBC Connections in Grid Environment 424
7.4 JDBC Statements and Oracle Extensions 427
7.4.1 JDBC Statement Types 427
7.4.2 Statement 428
7.4.3 PreparedStatement 432
7.4.4 CallableStatement (Calling Stored Procedures) 444

Contents
xii Contents

7.4.5 Retrieval of Auto-Generated Keys and DML

with Returning 454
7.4.6 Statement Caching 457
7.4.7 DML Batching 466

8 SQL Data Access and Manipulation 471

8.1 Key Metadata in JDBC 471
8.1.1 DatabaseMetaData: OracleDatabaseMetaData 471
8.1.2 ResultSetMetaData: OracleResultSetMetaData 473
8.1.3 ParameterMetaData 476
8.1.4 StructMetaData 478
8.2 Manipulating Oracle Data Types with JDBC 479
8.2.1 Manipulating SQL Null Data 488
8.2.2 Manipulating Character Data Types 489
8.2.3 Oracle JDBC Support for Number Data Types 492
8.2.4 JDBC Support for Long and Raw Data Types 496
8.2.5 JDBC Support for SQL Datetime Data Types 500
8.2.6 JDBC Support for LOB Datatypes 505
8.2.7 JDBC Support for ROWID 517
8.2.8 JDBC Support for OPAQUE Type 518
8.2.9 JDBC Support for XMLType 518
8.2.10 JDBC Support for SQL Object Types and
References Types 522
8.2.11 JDBC Support for User-Defined Collections 539
8.2.12 JDBC Support for Spatial Types 553
8.2.13 Unsupported Types 553
8.3 Result Set Support in Oracle JDBC 554
8.3.1 The Result Set API in a Nutshell 554
8.3.2 The Oracle Result Set Interface 558
8.3.3 Oracle JDBC Support for Scrollable Result Sets 559
8.3.4 Oracle JDBC Support for Updatable Result Sets 565
8.3.5 Prefetching and Auto Refresh 573
8.3.6 Changes Detection and Visibility 575
8.4 RowSet 577
8.4.1 Introducing the RowSet API 577
8.4.2 JDBCRowSet and OracleJDBCRowSet 579
8.4.3 CachedRowSet and OracleCachedRowSet 581
8.4.4 WebRowSet and OracleWebRowSet 587
8.4.5 FilteredRowSet and OracleFilteredRowSet 610
8.4.6 JoinRowSet and OracleJoinRowSet 617
8.5 Conclusion 623
Contents xiii

9 JDBC Quality of Services and

Best Practices 625
9.1 Transaction Services 625
9.1.1 Transactions 625
9.1.2 AutoCommit 625
9.1.3 Transaction Isolation Levels 626
9.1.4 Transaction SavePoint Support 627
9.1.5 Global/Distributed Transaction 632
9.1.6 Connection Sharing between Local and
Global Transactions 640
9.2 Security Services 642
9.2.1 Oracle JDBC Support for SSL 642
9.3 Tips and Best Practices 657
9.3.1 End-to-End Tracing 658
9.3.2 Common Errors 662
9.3.3 Optimizing Result Set Retrieval 662
9.3.4 Logging Service 663
9.4 Conclusion 666

Part III: Oracle Database Programming with SQLJ 667

10 Introducing the SQLJ Technology and

Oracle’s Implementation 669
10.1 Overview 669
10.1.1 What Is SQLJ? 669
10.1.2 Why SQLJ? 671
10.1.3 The Oracle SQLJ Translator 676
10.1.4 The Oracle SQLJ Runtime 689
10.1.5 Environment Setup 690
10.1.6 SQLJ Primer 692
10.2 SQLJ in the Database 693

11 The SQLJ Language and Oracle Extensions 701

11.1 Declaration Statements 701
11.1.1 Import Statements 701
11.1.2 Connection Contexts 701
11.1.3 Execution Contexts 712
11.1.4 Iterators 717
11.1.5 IMPLEMENTS Clause in Context Declarations 726

Contents
xiv Contents

11.1.6 WITH Clause in Context Declarations 728

11.2 Executable Statements 730
11.2.1 Statement Clauses 731
11.2.2 Assignment Clauses 737
11.2.3 Dynamic SQL 740
11.3 Expressions in SQLJ 744
11.3.1 Context and Result Expressions 746
11.3.2 Expressions Evaluation 748
11.4 Interoperability: Using SQLJ and JDBC Together 748
11.4.1 JDBC to SQLJ Interoperability 748
11.4.2 SQLJ to JDBC Interoperability 751
11.5 Conclusion 753

12 SQLJ Data Access and Best Practices 755

12.1 Manipulating Oracle SQL and PL/SQL Data Types with SQLJ 755
12.1.1 Oracle SQLJ Type-Mapping Summary 755
12.1.2 Column Definitions 759
12.1.3 Manipulating SQL Null Data with SQLJ 760
12.1.4 Manipulating Character Data Types with SQLJ 762
12.1.5 Oracle SQLJ Support for Number Data Types 764
12.1.6 SQLJ Streams, LONG, and RAW Data Types 765
12.1.7 SQLJ Support for SQL Datetime Data Types 772
12.1.8 SQLJ Support for SQL LOB Data Types 774
12.1.9 SQLJ Support for Oracle SQL ROWID 780
12.1.10 SQLJ Support for OPAQUE Types 782
12.1.11 SQLJ Support for SQL Object Types and SQL
References Types 783
12.1.12 Serialized Java Objects 796
12.1.13 SQLJ Support for User-Defined SQL Collections 807
12.1.14 PL/SQL Associative Array 809
12.1.15 Unsupported Types 809
12.2 SQLJ Best Practices 811
12.2.1 Row Prefetch 811
12.2.2 Statement Caching 811
12.2.3 Update Batching 812
12.3 Conclusion 813
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Title: Ultimatum

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ULTIMATUM ***

ULTIMATUM
 By ROGER DEE

In a dingy little Indiana hotel room the fate of

three worlds suddenly hung in precarious balance!

[Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from

Planet Stories Spring 1950.
Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that
the U.S. copyright on this publication was renewed.]
Winant followed the lanky sheriff down the jail corridor past rows of
empty, plank-walled cells and drew a sharp breath of relief when
they found the last cubicle still tenanted.
"That's Uncle Ivor, all right," Winant said. "Sorry he caused you so
much trouble, sheriff, but I'll be glad to pay his fine. What's the
charge against him?"
The sheriff rubbed a palm across his drooping mustaches and looked
doubtfully at the old man who sat on the edge of the cell bunk, the
bald dome of his head cradled dejectedly in his hands.
"You couldn't rightly say there is a charge, mister," he admitted.
"Your uncle popped into Ben Stuart's Drop Inn restaurant night
before last with a little black box under his arm, naked as a jaybird
and talking like a crazy man.
"'I'm a visitor from Mars,' he says. 'Take me to your president, and
quick!' Ben thought he was crazy, or drunk, and ran him out with a
meat cleaver, and the old duck went down to the Warner Hotel and
pulled the same goofy act. Pop Warner called me, and I went down
and threw the old coot into the cooler. I knew right off that he was
cracked, because I even had to show him how to put on the clothes
I brought him. And the wingding he pitched when I took that black
box away from him—wow!"
Winant shook his head. "Poor Uncle Ivor," he said commiseratingly.
"The last time he got away from us he thought he was Mahatma
Ghandi, and tried to buy a bus ticket from Cincinnati to New Delhi,
India. I found him, finally, in Evansville, Indiana. It's amazing how
he got this far south, but then a mentally-unbalanced person can do
surprising things, sometimes."
The sheriff snorted. "Unbalanced, hell," he said. "The old coot's
crazy as a bed-bug. Just got in from Mars, he says, and he wants
the president of the United States—on the double!"
He unlocked the door and Winant went inside.
"It's all right now, Uncle Ivor," he said gently. The old man raised a
wrinkled, leathery face and stared at him uncomprehendingly. "Let's
go over to my hotel and get a good meal and a hot bath," Winant
urged. "Then we'll go home again. Ready, now?"
A few minutes later in the jail office the sheriff pocketed the bill
Winant gave him and handed over a small lacquered metal box that
was surprisingly heavy for its size.
"Here's your uncle's radio," he said. "New-fangled model, I reckon. I
couldn't make head nor tail of it, so I just left it alone."
Winant lifted the hinged cover and looked inside the box at the neat
array of tiny meters and knobs that covered the control panel.
"A wise decision, sheriff," he said dryly. "Wiser, perhaps, than you'll
ever know."

The old man stood in the center of Winant's hotel room, the sheriff's
ill-fitting denims hanging on his slight frame like the castoff clothing
of a scare-crow.
"The box," he said. His voice, after talking for so long, was a hoarse,
rasping croak. "Give me the box."
Winant sat in a decrepit wicker chair, holding the box in his lap, his
eyes missing no detail of the old man's shrunken figure with its bald
dome-like head and wrinkled parchment face.
"I'll give you the box when you tell me something that makes
sense," he said. "What you've just told me is nothing but a rehash of
the story you told the sheriff—that your name is Yardana and that
you are an envoy from Mars, sent to Earth to help scientific
authorities develop safe atomic power. Look—I'm a news writer,
down here to investigate the rumors of a blue meteorite landing in
the hills just north of here and to check up on the comic accounts I
read of your appearance. I went to a lot of trouble and some risk to
get you out of jail, and I want a reasonable story for my trouble.
What about it, now?"
The old man wrung his hands. "Give me the box. Give me the box!"
"Later," Winant promised. "When you give me the real story behind
this thing I'll not only give you back your box, I'll give you a lift out
of this burg as well."
He looked at the old man sharply. "How could a Martian speak the
kind of English you've been using? Why should a Martian look so
much like an ordinary human being? It doesn't add up."
"We are of the same root stock," Yardana said. "Intelligent life
follows the same evolutionary pattern, no matter where it develops,
so long as conditions are the same. As for the language, my people
have followed your experiments with electro-magnetics since their
beginning. We know every language of Earth intimately, through
long study of your radio programs."
Winant laughed. "Maybe the sheriff was right, at that," he said. "It's
a goofy story, too fantastic for belief."
He shrugged and handed the old man the black box.
"Here's your toy," he said resignedly. "I guess that's all I'm going to
get for my trouble; just enough misinformation for another tongue-
in-cheek article for Sunday supplements."
He picked up his brief-case from the floor and laid it on the corner of
the writing table at his elbow. "The lift I promised you still goes, if
you want it, but it'll have to wait until tomorrow."
The old man took the black box eagerly and threw back the cover.
His fingers flickered over the controls with practised familiarity.
"I shall not need your assistance—now," he said. His pale eyes met
Winant's triumphantly. "Now that I have the Bubble again I have a
means of return to my ship better than any Earthly conveyance
could offer. Watch!"
From the black box swelled a pulsing radiance, a misty rose-tinted
sphere that grew swiftly until it enveloped Yardana in a six-foot
bubble of iridescent light. Through its wavering envelope the old
man's face showed taut and purposeful, its pleading replaced by
grim determination.

From the black box swelled a pulsing bubble of iridescent light.

"Print your story," he said. "Tell your people about Yardana and his
mission. Tell them too that their days are numbered from this
minute, for in their savage perversion of natural principles to warlike
uses they have forged a menace that threatens the peace of the
Solar System and, eventually, of the universe itself."
He moved toward the window, the rosy Bubble glowing about him.
Winant turned his chair slightly, watching, but he did not rise.
"My people knew the secrets of the atom," Yardana said, "before
your own learned the use of fire. We built great cities and telescopes
when your ancestors were troglodytes, living in caves and eating
uncooked meat. We expected no dangerous intelligence to arise on
your planet for thousands of years as yet, and we paid little
attention to your progress until recently, when we learned through
your radio broadcasts that you had cracked the atom. We knew then
that something was dangerously wrong, and that we must
investigate quickly before your sudden wisdom put you upon equal
footing with us.
"Today, when you should be only learning to compound gunpowder,
we find you applying electromagnetic principles which you cannot
possibly understand, and harnessing the atom for the sole purpose
of killing greater numbers of your fellow beings. I came here, not to
aid your scientists in developing the rudiments of the atomic power
they have discovered, but to find the reason behind the sudden
freakish intelligence they are displaying. I have discovered that
reason—the scientific and political powers of Earth are under the
domination and guidance of alien intelligences, entities bent upon
developing a race of Earthmen so warlike and so technically
proficient in the waging of war that it must endanger our own
Martian culture."
Winant sat unmoving, his eyes not leaving the Martian's wrinkled
face. The Bubble hissed audibly, its tiny sussuration suddenly loud in
the room.
"Therefore I shall recommend in my report that the human race be
completely destroyed," Yardana said. "Alone it could not offer a
serious threat against us for ages, but led and instructed by these
outside intelligences it must soon surpass our own scientific
development. And we must destroy you before you learn the secret
of space travel, or we shall be too late to save ourselves.
"We fought with the peoples of Venus once in ages past for the
same reason, and reduced them to inconsequence if not to
extinction, for no sign of intelligent life has been detected upon their
world since we blasted it three thousand years ago. When I have
made my report the council of Elders will recommend the blasting of
Earth, and the solar system will be safe again for our superior
Martian civilization—this time forever."
"When you have made your report," Winant said. His smile was
edged with a sudden secret amusement. "But suppose these 'alien
entities' prevent your return?"
He opened the brief-case on the table and put a hand inside it. The
Martian laughed harshly.
"No missile can penetrate a Bubble, you fool," he said
contemptuously. "It is impervious to any Earthly weapon."
Winant laughed in turn, his lips pressed back flat against his teeth.
The repressed hatred of three thousand years spoke in his voice,
added pressure to the thrust of his thumb on the stud of the little
silver tube in his hand.
"Of course it is," he said, as the sullen crimson ray from the tube
disintegrated Martian, box and Bubble alike in a breath. "That's why
I came prepared—with a Venusian weapon!"
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