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Starting Out with Java™
Early Objects

Sixth Edition

Tony Gaddis

Haywood Community College

330 Hudson Street, New York, NY 10013

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The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing
this book. These efforts include the development, research, and testing of
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these programs or the documentation contained in this book. The author and
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Gaddis, Tony, author.

Title: Starting out with Java. Early objects / Tony Gaddis, Haywood
Community College.

Description: Sixth edition. | Boston : Pearson Education, Inc., [2017] |

Includes index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2016056455| ISBN 9780134462011 (alk. paper) | ISBN

0134462017 (alk. paper)

Subjects: LCSH: Java (Computer program language) | Object-oriented

programming (Computer science)
Classification: LCC QA76.73.J38 G325 2017 | DDC 005.13/3—dc23 LC
record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016056455

1 17

ISBN-13: 978-0-13-446201-1

ISBN-10: 0-13-446201-7
Contents in Brief
1. Preface xv

1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and Java 1

2. Chapter 2 Java Fundamentals 29

3. Chapter 3 A First Look at Classes and Objects 129

4. Chapter 4 Decision Structures 193

5. Chapter 5 Loops and Files 275

6. Chapter 6 A Second Look at Classes and Objects 353

7. Chapter 7 Arrays and the ArrayList Class 445

8. Chapter 8 Text Processing and Wrapper Classes 543

9. Chapter 9 Inheritance 601

10. Chapter 10 Exceptions and Advanced File I/O 687

11. Chapter 11 JavaFX: GUI Programming and Basic Controls 745

12. Chapter 12 JavaFX: Advanced Controls 809

13. Chapter 13 JavaFX: Graphics, Effects, and Media 895

14. Chapter 14 Recursion 985

15. Chapter 15 Databases 1013

1. Appendix A The ASCII/Unicode Characters 1095

2. Appendix B Operator Precedence and Associativity 1097

3. Index 1099

4. Credits 1109

5. Appendixes C–M Available on the book’s online resource page

6. Case Studies 1–4 Available on the book’s online resource page

Contents
1. Preface xv

1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and Java 1

1. 1.1 Introduction 1

2. 1.2 Why Program? 1

3. 1.3 Computer Systems: Hardware and Software 2

4. 1.4 Programming Languages 6

5. 1.5 What Is a Program Made of? 8

6. 1.6 The Programming Process 16

7. 1.7 Object-Oriented Programming 19

1. Review Questions and Exercises 24

2. Programming Challenge 28

2. Chapter 2 Java Fundamentals 29

1. 2.1 The Parts of a Java Program 29

2. 2.2 The System.out.print and System.out.println Methods,

and the Java API 35

3. 2.3 Variables and Literals 41

4. 2.4 Primitive Data Types 47

5. 2.5 Arithmetic Operators 58

 6. 2.6 Combined Assignment Operators 67

7. 2.7 Conversion between Primitive Data Types 68

8. 2.8 Creating Named Constants with final 72

9. 2.9 The String Class 74

10. 2.10 Scope 80

11. 2.11 Comments 81

12. 2.12 Programming Style 85

13. 2.13 Reading Keyboard Input 87

14. 2.14 Dialog Boxes 95

15. 2.15 Displaying Formatted Output with System.out.printf and

String.format 102

16. 2.16 Common Errors to Avoid 116

1. Review Questions and Exercises 118

2. Programming Challenges 123

3. Chapter 3 A First Look at Classes and Objects 129

1. 3.1 Classes 129

2. 3.2 More about Passing Arguments 149

3. 3.3 Instance Fields and Methods 152

4. 3.4 Constructors 155

5. 3.5 A BankAccount Class 161

6. 3.6 Classes, Variables, and Scope 172

 7. 3.7 Packages and import Statements 173

8. 3.8 Focus on Object-Oriented Design: Finding the Classes and

Their Responsibilities 174

9. 3.9 Common Errors to Avoid 183

1. Review Questions and Exercises 183

2. Programming Challenges 187

4. Chapter 4 Decision Structures 193

1. 4.1 The if Statement 193

2. 4.2 The if-else Statement 202

3. 4.3 The Payroll Class 205

4. 4.4 Nested if Statements 209

5. 4.5 The if-else-if Statement 217

6. 4.6 Logical Operators 222

7. 4.7 Comparing String Objects 230

8. 4.8 More about Variable Declaration and Scope 235

9. 4.9 The Conditional Operator (Optional) 237

10. 4.10 The switch Statement 238

11. 4.11 Focus on Problem Solving: The SalesCommission Class 248

12. 4.12 Generating Random Numbers with the Random Class 255

13. 4.13 Common Errors to Avoid 261

1. Review Questions and Exercises 262

 2. Programming Challenges 267

5. Chapter 5 Loops and Files 275

1. 5.1 The Increment and Decrement Operators 275

2. 5.2 The while Loop 279

3. 5.3 Using the while Loop for Input Validation 286

4. 5.4 The do-while Loop 289

5. 5.5 The for Loop 292

6. 5.6 Running Totals and Sentinel Values 303

7. 5.7 Nested Loops 308

8. 5.8 The break and continue Statements 316

9. 5.9 Deciding Which Loop to Use 316

10. 5.10 Introduction to File Input and Output 317

11. 5.11 Common Errors to Avoid 337

1. Review Questions and Exercises 338

2. Programming Challenges 344

6. Chapter 6 A Second Look at Classes and Objects 353

1. 6.1 Static Class Members 353

2. 6.2 Overloaded Methods 360

3. 6.3 Overloaded Constructors 365

4. 6.4 Passing Objects as Arguments to Methods 372

 5. 6.5 Returning Objects from Methods 385

6. 6.6 The toString Method 388

7. 6.7 Writing an equals Method 392

8. 6.8 Methods That Copy Objects 394

9. 6.9 Aggregation 397

10. 6.10 The this Reference Variable 410

11. 6.11 Inner Classes 413

12. 6.12 Enumerated Types 416

13. 6.13 Garbage Collection 425

14. 6.14 Focus on Object-Oriented Design: Class Collaboration 427

15. 6.15 Common Errors to Avoid 431

1. Review Questions and Exercises 432

2. Programming Challenges 437

7. Chapter 7 Arrays and the ArrayList Class 445

1. 7.1 Introduction to Arrays 445

2. 7.2 Processing Array Contents 456

3. 7.3 Passing Arrays as Arguments to Methods 468

4. 7.4 Some Useful Array Algorithms and Operations 472

5. 7.5 Returning Arrays from Methods 484

6. 7.6 String Arrays 486

 7. 7.7 Arrays of Objects 490

8. 7.8 The Sequential Search Algorithm 494

9. 7.9 The Selection Sort and the Binary Search Algorithms 497

10. 7.10 Two-Dimensional Arrays 505

11. 7.11 Arrays with Three or More Dimensions 517

12. 7.12 Command-Line Arguments and Variable-Length Argument

Lists 518

13. 7.13 The ArrayList Class 522

14. 7.14 Common Errors to Avoid 530

1. Review Questions and Exercises 531

2. Programming Challenges 535

8. Chapter 8 Text Processing and Wrapper Classes 543

1. 8.1 Introduction to Wrapper Classes 543

2. 8.2 Character Testing and Conversion with the Character Class

544

3. 8.3 More about String Objects 551

4. 8.4 The StringBuilder Class 565

5. 8.5 Tokenizing Strings 574

6. 8.6 Wrapper Classes for the Numeric Data Types 583

7. 8.7 Focus on Problem Solving: The TestScoreReader Class 587

8. 8.8 Common Errors to Avoid 591

 1. Review Questions and Exercises 591

2. Programming Challenges 595

9. Chapter 9 Inheritance601

1. 9.1 What Is Inheritance? 601

2. 9.2 Calling the Superclass Constructor 612

3. 9.3 Overriding Superclass Methods 620

4. 9.4 Protected Members 628

5. 9.5 Classes That Inherit from Subclasses 635

6. 9.6 The Object Class 640

7. 9.7 Polymorphism 642

8. 9.8 Abstract Classes and Abstract Methods 647

9. 9.9 Interfaces 653

10. 9.10 Anonymous Inner Classes 668

11. 9.11 Functional Interfaces and Lambda Expressions 670

12. 9.12 Common Errors to Avoid 675

1. Review Questions and Exercises 676

2. Programming Challenges 682

10. Chapter 10 Exceptions and Advanced File I/O 687

1. 10.1 Handling Exceptions 687

2. 10.2 Throwing Exceptions 710

 3. 10.3 Advanced Topics: Binary Files, Random Access Files, and
Object Serialization 718

4. 10.4 Common Errors to Avoid 734

1. Review Questions and Exercises 735

2. Programming Challenges 741

11. Chapter 11 JavaFX: GUI Programming and Basic Controls 745

1. 11.1 Graphical User Interfaces 745

2. 11.2 Introduction to JavaFX 748

3. 11.3 Creating Scenes 751

4. 11.4 Displaying Images 758

5. 11.5 More about the HBox, VBox, and GridPane Layout Containers
762

6. 11.6 Button Controls and Events 778

7. 11.7 Reading Input with TextField Controls 785

8. 11.8 Using Anonymous Inner Classes and Lambda Expressions to

Handle Events 789

9. 11.9 The BorderPane Layout Container 794

10. 11.10 The ObservableList Interface 799

11. 11.11 Common Errors to Avoid 800

1. Review Questions and Exercises 800

2. Programming Challenges 804

12. Chapter 12 JavaFX: Advanced Controls 809

1. 12.1 Styling JavaFX Applications with CSS 809

2. 12.2 RadioButton Controls 824

3. 12.3 CheckBox Controls 834

4. 12.4 ListView Controls 839

5. 12.5 ComboBox Controls 860

6. 12.6 Slider Controls 866

7. 12.7 TextArea Controls 871

8. 12.8 Menus 873

9. 12.9 The FileChooser Class 883

10. 12.10 Using Console Output to Debug a GUI Application 884

11. 12.11 Common Errors to Avoid 888

1. Review Questions 888

2. Programming Challenges 892

13. Chapter 13 JavaFX: Graphics, Effects, and Media 895

1. 13.1 Drawing Shapes 895

2. 13.2 Animation 926

3. 13.3 Effects 944

4. 13.4 Playing Sound Files 955

5. 13.5 Playing Videos 960

 6. 13.6 Handling Key Events 965

7. 13.7 Handling Mouse Events 972

8. 13.8 Common Errors to Avoid 978

1. Review Questions 978

2. Programming Challenges 981

14. Chapter 14 Recursion 985

1. 14.1 Introduction to Recursion 985

2. 14.2 Solving Problems with Recursion 988

3. 14.3 Examples of Recursive Methods 992

4. 14.4 A Recursive Binary Search Method 999

5. 14.5 The Towers of Hanoi 1002

6. 14.6 Common Errors to Avoid 1006

1. Review Questions and Exercises 1007

2. Programming Challenges 1009

15. Chapter 15 Databases 1013

1. 15.1 Introduction to Database Management Systems 1013

2. 15.2 Tables, Rows, and Columns 1019

3. 15.3 Introduction to the SQL SELECT Statement 1023

4. 15.4 Inserting Rows 1044

5. 15.5 Updating and Deleting Existing Rows 1047

 6. 15.6 Creating and Deleting Tables 1056

7. 15.7 Creating a New Database with JDBC 1060

8. 15.8 Scrollable Result Sets 1061

9. 15.9 Result Set Metadata 1063

10. 15.10 Relational Data 1069

11. 15.11 Advanced Topics 1084

12. 15.12 Common Errors to Avoid 1086

1. Review Questions and Exercises 1087

2. Programming Challenges 1092

1. Appendix A The ASCII/Unicode Characters 1095

2. Appendix B Operator Precedence and Associativity 1097

3. Index 1099

4. Credits 1109

5. Available on the Computer Science Portal at

www.pearsonhighered.com/gaddis:

6. Appendix C Java Key Words

7. Appendix D Installing the JDK and Using the JDK Documentation

8. Appendix E Using the javadoc Utility

9. Appendix F More about the Math Class

10. Appendix G Packages

11. Appendix H Working with Records and Random-Access Files

12. Appendix I Configuring Java DB

13. Appendix J The QuickSort Algorithm

14. Appendix K Named Colors

15. Appendix L Answers to Checkpoints Questions

16. Appendix M Answers to Odd-Numbered Review Questions

17. Case Study 1 The Amortization Class

18. Case Study 2 The PinTester Class

19. Case Study 3 Parallel Arrays

20. Case Study 4 The SerialNumber Class

Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 DIDUS SOLITARIUS
(One-Third Natural Size—from a Dutch picture taken from living bird in Amsterdam, beak
and wing restored)

Plate 25a

DIDUS SOLITARIUS
(One-Third Natural Size—from Dubois' description)

Plate 25b
 Fig. 1, 2, 3. PEZOPHAPS SOLITARIA
Fig. 4, 5, 7, 8. DIDUS SOLITARIUS

Plate 26

1. HYPOTAENIDIA 2. PENNULA 3. PENNULA

PACIFICA SANDWICHENSIS MILLSI
(Two-Thirds Natural Size—from (Three-Fifths Natural Size— (Three-Fifths
Forster's drawing in British from skin) Natural Size—from
Museum) skin)
 Plate 27

NESOLIMNAS DIEFFENBACHI
(Seven-Eighths Natural Size)

Plate 28

1. CABALUS MODESTUS 2. COTURNIX NOVAEZEALANDIAE

(Natural Size) (Seven-Eighths Natural Size)

Plate 29
 APHANAPTERYX BONASIA
(One-Half Natural Size—from a drawing)

Plate 30

ERYTHROMACHUS LEGUATI
(One-Half Natural Size—from a description and a tracing)

Plate 31
 LEGUATIA GIGANTEA
(One-Sixth Natural Size—from description and drawings)

Plate 32

APTERORNIS COERULESCENS
(One-Half Natural Size—from descriptions)
 Plate 33

NOTORNIS ALBA
(Five-Nineths Natural Size)

Plate 34

NOTORNIS HOCHSTETTERI
(One-Half Natural Size)
 Plate 35

1. AECHMORHYNCHUS 2. PROSOBONIA
CANCELLATUS LEUCOPTERA
(Natural Size) (Natural Size)

Plate 36

CAMPTOLAEMUS LABRADORIUS
(One-Half Natural Size—from Nature)
 Plate 37

AESTRELATA CARIBBAEA
(Five-Sixths Natural Size—from stuffed specimen in Dublin Museum)

Plate 38

ALCA IMPENNIS
(Five-Eighths Natural Size—from stuffed specimen)
 Plate 39

CARBO PERSPICILLATUS
(Seven-Sixteenths Natural Size)

Plate 40

DROMAIUS PERONI
(One-Third Natural Size—from type specimen)
 Plate 41

MEGALAPTERYX HUTTONI
(One-Quarter Natural Size—restored drawing from feathers and mummified remains)

Plate 42
 DINORNIS INGENS
(One-Eleventh Natural Size—restoration from skeleton and feathers)

NOTES
[1] "Psittacus brachyurus fuscus, facie nigra, cauda albente.
Habitat in Mascarina. Rostrum incarnatum. Caput
caerulescens."
[2] See Findlay's South Pacific Ocean Directory, p. 642.
[3] Ibis 1862, p. 214.
[4] Proceedings of the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club,
II, 1898, 17.
[5] Wintle, Birds of Montreal, 1896, 51.
[6] In collection of Dr. J. Dwight, Jr.
[7] Minot, Birds of New England, 1895, 395.
[8] Auk, XX, 1903, 66.
 Corrections made to printed original.
Page xvii, entry 1674. In "et Bourbon", the original ampersand in the
title of the French work was incongruously expanded to "and" in the
present work. So also in the same title on Pages 3 & 64, an on page
xviii, entry 1773, in "et sur les hommes".
Page xvii, entry 1707:—"Compagnons", printed as "Compagnos" in
original.
Page xviii, entry 1782 at "aux iles orientales":—"aux", printed as
"aus" in original.
Page xix, entry 1830 (also on p. 184 and Plate 28). "Coturnix
novaezealandiae" retained as printed, but the correct spelling is
"novaezelandiae" as printed in the species heading.
Page xx, entry 1861:—"1861", printed as "1681" in original.
Page xx, entry 1868 (Millies):—"Verhandelingen", printed as
"Verhandlingen" in original.
Page xxv, entry 1896 (Hartlaub) in "Ein Beitrag":—"Ein", printed as
"En" in original.
Page xxv, entry 1902 (Henshaw):—first occurence of "Hawaiian"
printed as "Hawaian" in original.
Page 3, in "Dauphine ou Madagascar":—"ou", printed as "on" in
original.
Page 15, in "disappeared from Warekauri":—"disappeared", printed
as "disapppeared" in original.
Page 64, in "identified by himself with the Mascarine Parrot":
—"Mascarine", printed as "Marcarine" in original.
Page 74. "13½ inches = 345 mm": this seems the most likely
intention of the erroneous conversion "13½ inches = 365 mm" of
the original.
Page 112-3, table. Width at distal extremity "13.5" printed "0135".
Four other entries similarly.
Page 144, date for "Porphyrio melanotus var. alba":—"1844", printed
as "1144" in original.
Page 167, authors for "Columba migratoria":—"Audubon", printed as
"Andubon" in original.
Page 188, in "cervical vertebrae":—"cervical", printed as "cervicle" in
original.
Page 191, in "profile of the inner condyle":—"condyle", printed as
"cordyle" in original.
Page 215. "228 mm. = 8.9 inches": this seems the most likely
intention of the erroneous conversion "228 mm. = 9.9 inches" of the
original.
Page 216, in "24 to 24.1":—"24.1", printed as "21-1" in original.
Page 217, synonymy of "Pachyornis pygmaeus":—"Euryapteryx",
printed as "Euryapterxy" in original.
Page 237, Tarso-metatarsus upper limit:—"287", printed as "277" in
original.
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