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 MANAGEMENT AND
ORGANISATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR

F01 Management and Organisational Behaviour 22381.indd 1 20/02/2023 13:49

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F01 Management and Organisational Behaviour 22381.indd 2 20/02/2023 13:49

 MANAGEMENT AND
ORGANISATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR
LAURIE J. MULLINS AND GARY REES

THIRTEENTH EDITION
Harlow, England • London • New York • Boston • San Francisco • Toronto • Sydney • Dubai • Singapore • Hong Kong
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 PEARSON EDUCATION LIMITED
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First published in 1985 in Great Britain under the Pitman imprint (print)
Fifth edition published in 1999 by Financial Times Pitman Publishing (print)
Seventh edition published 2005 (print)
Eighth edition published 2007 (print)
Ninth edition published 2010 (print)
Tenth edition published 2013 (print and electronic)
Eleventh edition published 2016 (print and electronic)
Twelfth edition published 2019 (print and electronic)
Thirteenth edition published 2023 (print and electronic)

© Laurie J. Mullins 1985, 2010 (print)

© Laurie J. Mullins 2012, 2016, 2019 (print and electronic)
Chapters 4, 6 © Linda Carter and Laurie J. Mullins 1993, 2007
Chapter 5 © Linda Carter 1993, 2007
Chapter 12 © Peter Scott 2016
Chapter 13 © Peter Scott 2019
Chapter 15 © Peter Scott 2010, 2013
Chapter 16 © David Preece 1999, 2007
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© Laurie J. Mullins 2023 (print and electronic)

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ISBN: 978-1-292-42238-1 (print)

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F01 Management and Organisational Behaviour 22381.indd 4 20/02/2023 13:49

 From Laurie:
To Pamela and for our families.
From Gary:
To Mary, Lydia and George.

F01 Management and Organisational Behaviour 22381.indd 5 20/02/2023 13:49

F01 Management and Organisational Behaviour 22381.indd 6 20/02/2023 13:49
 Contents in brief

In acknowledgement and appreciation xviii

About the authors xx

0 Your study of management and organisational behaviour 1

Part 1
Organisational behaviour
and work 21
1 The people–organisation relationship 22
2 The work environment 56
3 Organisational conflict and stress 90

Part 2
Focus on the individual 121
4 Personality and diversity 122
5 Learning and development 157
6 Perception and communication 190
7 Work motivation and satisfaction 227

Part 3
o us on grou s nd le dershi 269
8 Working in groups and teams 270
9 Leadership in work organisations 307
10 Managing people at work 343

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 viii Contents in brief

Part 4
Focus on the workplace 379
11 Organisational theory and structure 380
12 Patterns of structure and workplace
design 412
13 Organisational control and power 451

Part 5
Focus on organisational
environment 485
14 Organisational culture and change 486
15 Strategy, corporate responsibility and
ethics 522
16 Organisational performance and
effectiveness 558

Appendix Review of developing your personal skills and employability 593

Index 597
Publisher’s acknowledgements 618

F01 Management and Organisational Behaviour 22381.indd 8 20/02/2023 13:49

 Contents in detail

In acknowledgement and appreciation xviii

Integrating the individual and the
About the authors xx
organisation 24
Organisational analysis 26
0 Your study of management and
A multidisciplinary perspective 28
organisational behaviour 1
Positive organisational behaviour
Overview topic map: Chapter 0 – Your study of (POB) 29
organisational behaviour 2 Interrelated influences on behaviour 30
About this book: Management and organisational A framework of study 31
behaviour 3 Social exchange theory 32
What is organisational behaviour (OB)? 4 Organisational theory 33
Underlying features of your study 5 The organisation as an open system 35
Topics in OB are not entirely free-standing 6 Organisation and management systems 37
What is the relevance of theory? 7 Contribution of Human Resource
Organisational metaphors 8 Management (HRM) 39
The importance of organisational behaviour 10 The psychological contract 41
OB, personal skills and employability 10 Nature and extent of expectations 41
The ‘SCARF’ model 12 Globalisation and the international
People management and social skills 13 context 43
Making yourself more employable 15 The cultural environment 44
Personal skills and employability exercise 15 Is organisational behaviour
Structure of the book 17 culture-bound? 47
Notes and references 18 Summary – Chapter 1 ‘The people–
organisation relationship’ 50
Group discussion activities 50
Organisational behaviour in action case
study 52
Chapter 1 – Personal skills and employability
exercise 54
Notes and references 54

2 The work environment 56

Overview topic map: Chapter 2 – the work
Part 1 environment 57
Work as a central life issue 58
Organisational behaviour Orientations to work and work ethic 61
and work 21 Emotional labour 62
Work and the organisational setting 64
1 The people–organisation
Private and public sector organisations 66
relationship 22
Social enterprise organisations 68
Overview topic map: Chapter 1 – Common features of organisations 69
The people–organisation relationship 23

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 x Contents in detail

Formal and informal organisations 71

Friendships and relationships at work 73
Work/life balance 74
Changing nature of work
organisations 77
Different generations and age groups 79
The future of the workplace 81
Summary – Chapter 2 ‘The work
environment’ 84 Part 2
Group discussion activities 85
Organisational behaviour in action case
Focus on the individual 121
study 86
4 Personality and diversity 122
Chapter 2 – Personal skills and employability
exercise 88 Overview topic map: Chapter 4 – Personality
and diversity 123
Notes and references 88
Recognition of individuality 124
3 Organisational conflict Understanding personality 125
and stress 90 Personality traits and types 127
Uniqueness and similarities 129
Overview topic map: Chapter 3 –
Sigmund Freud – a psychodynamic
organisational conflict and stress 91
perspective 130
Work, health and well-being 92
Nomothetic approaches 132
What is organisational conflict? 93
Idiographic approaches 135
Potential sources of conflict 95
Personality and stress at work 138
Broader interpretations of conflict 98
The Big Five personality factors 139
The management of conflict 100
Personality ‘tests’ and assessments 141
Conflict resolution in the
Applications in the workplace 141
workplace 101
Emotional intelligence (EI) 143
What is organisational stress? 103
Recognition of diversity 145
Potential causes of work stress 105
Diversity in the workplace 146
Is stress necessarily to be avoided? 106
Diversity and stereotyping 150
Coping with stress 108
Criticisms and limitations 151
HSE Management Standards 111
Summary – Chapter 4 ‘Personality and
Bullying and harassment 112
diversity’ 152
Frustration-induced behaviour 114
Group discussion activities 153
Summary – Chapter 3 ‘Organisational conflict
Chapter 4 – Personal skills and employability
and stress’ 115
exercise 154
Group discussion activities 115
Notes and references 155
Organisational behaviour in action
case study 116
5 Learning and development 157
Chapter 3 – Personal skills and
employability exercise 117 Overview topic map: Chapter 5 – Learning and
Notes and references 118 development 158
The nature and importance of learning 159

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 Contents in detail xi

Behaviourist and cognitive views of learning 162 Group discussion activities 222
Behaviourist theories of learning 163 Organisational behaviour in action case
Cognitive perspective of learning 166 study 224
Socialisation 167 Chapter 6 – Personal skills and employability
How do we learn? 168 exercise 225
Action learning 171 Notes and references 226
Learning preferences 173
7 Work motivation and
E-learning 174
Knowledge management 175
satisfaction 227
Creativity 178 Overview topic map: Chapter 7 – ‘work
Mentoring and coaching 180 motivation and satisfaction’ 228
Applications of learning theory 184 The significance of motivation 229
Summary – Chapter 5 ‘Learning and Needs and expectations at work 230
development’ 185 Money as a motivator 231
Group discussion activities 186 Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation 232
Organisational behaviour in action case Three-fold classification for review of
study 187 motivation 234
Chapter 5 – Personal skills and employability Competing theories of motivation 236
exercise 187 Content theories of motivation 237
Notes and references 188 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory 237
Alderfer’s modified need hierarchy
6 Perception and model 241
communication 190 Nohria’s four drives model of motivation 242
Overview topic map: Chapter 6 – perception Herzberg’s two-factor theory 242
and communication 191 McClelland’s achievement motivation
theory 244
The importance of the study of perception 192
Process theories of motivation 245
The perceptual process 193
Vroom’s expectancy theory 247
Internal characteristics 197
Implications of expectancy theory 248
External influences 198
Equity theory of motivation 249
Perceptual illusions 203
Goal theory 251
Making judgements about other people 204
Relevance today of motivation
Difficulties in perceiving other people 206
theories 254
Perceptual distortions and errors 209
Organisational behaviour modification 255
Attribution theory 212
Motivation of knowledge workers 256
The importance of language and
Job satisfaction 258
communication 214
Comprehensive model of job enrichment 260
Non-verbal communication and body
language 215 Summary – Chapter 7 ‘Work motivation and
satisfaction’ 262
Impression management 219
Group discussion activities 263
Perception and interpersonal
communications 220 Organisational behaviour in action case
study 264
Understanding the organisational process 221
Chapter 7 – Personal skills and employability
Summary – Chapter 6 ‘Perception and
exercise 264
communication’ 222
Notes and references 266

F01 Management and Organisational Behaviour 22381.indd 11 20/02/2023 13:49

 xii Contents in detail

9 Leadership in work
organisations 307
Overview topic map: Chapter 9 – Leadership in
work organisations 308
The significance of leadership 309
Approaches to the study of leadership 311
Qualities or traits approach 311
Functional (or group) approach 314
Part 3 Styles of leadership 315
Focus on groups Continuum of leadership behaviour 316
nd le dershi 269 Contingency theories of leadership 318
Fiedler’s contingency model 319
8 Working in groups and Vroom and Yetton contingency model 320
teams 270 Path–goal theory 321
Overview topic map: Chapter 8 – ‘working in Readiness of the followers or group 322
groups and teams’ 271 Transformational leadership 324
Importance and significance of Inspirational or visionary leadership 325
groups 272 Servant leadership 327
Formal and informal groups 274 Alternative views of leadership 328
Group values and norms 276 The leadership relationship 331
Expectations and benefits of group Culture: A contingent factor? 331
membership 278 Leadership effectiveness 332
Group cohesiveness and performance 279 Leadership development 336
Membership 280 Summary – Chapter 9 ‘Leadership in
Work environment 280 organisations’ 338
Organisational 281 Group discussion activities 338
Group development and maturity 281 Organisational behaviour in action case
Social identity theory 283 study 339
Characteristics of effective work Chapter 9 – Personal skills and employability
groups 285 exercise 340
Virtual teams 287 Notes and references 341
Interactions among group members 289
Analysis of individual behaviour 291
10 Managing people at work 343
Individual and group performance 294 Overview topic map: Chapter 10 – Managing
Building successful teams 297 people at work 344
Autonomous working groups 300 The management of people 345
Summary – Chapter 8 ‘Working in groups and What is management? 347
teams’ 302 Management in public sector
Group discussion activities 303 organisations 350
Organisational behaviour in action case Responsibility for the work of other
study 304 people 351
Chapter 8 – Personal skills and employability Managing with and through people 352
exercise 304 A looser approach to managing 355
Notes and references 305 Importance of managerial style 356
Theory X and Theory Y management 357

F01 Management and Organisational Behaviour 22381.indd 12 20/02/2023 13:49

 Contents in detail xiii

The Managerial/Leadership grid® 359

Human resource management 361
Partnership with line managers 363
Investors in People 366
Performance management (PM) 368
Managerial effectiveness 370
Measures of effectiveness 371
Summary – Chapter 10 ‘Managing people at
work’ 375 Part 4
Group discussion activities 375 Focus on the workplace 379
Organisational behaviour in action case
study 376 11 Organisational theory and
Chapter 10 – Personal skills and employability structure 380
exercise 376
Overview topic map: Chapter 11 – Organisation
Notes and references 378
theory and structure 381
Developments in organisational
behaviour 382
The classical approach 384
Administrative theory 385
Scientific management 386
Bureaucracy 389
Evaluation of bureaucracy 391
Human relations approach 393
Evaluation 395
Socio-technical approach 397
Contingency approach 398
Other approaches to the study of
organisations 400
Decision theory 400
Social action 401
Action theory 402
Postmodernism (Post bureaucratic) 403
Relevance to study of organisational
behaviour 404
Summary – Chapter 11 ‘Organisational theory
and structure’ 407
Group discussion activities 407
Organisational behaviour in action case
study 409
Notes and references 410

F01 Management and Organisational Behaviour 22381.indd 13 20/02/2023 13:49

 xiv Contents in detail

12 Patterns of structure and 13 Organisational control and

workplace design 412 power 451
Overview topic map: Chapter 12 – Patterns of Overview topic map: Chapter 13 –
structure and workplace design 413 Organisational control and power 452
Purpose and importance of structure 414 The essence of control 453
Levels of organisation 415 Improvement in performance 454
Underlying dimensions of structure 417 Elements of organisational control 456
Task and element functions 418 Other forms of control 457
Division of work and grouping of people 418 Strategies of control in organisations 458
Centralisation and decentralisation 421 Power and management control 461
Design principles of organisation 423 Power and leadership influence 464
Formal organisational relationships 426 Pluralistic approaches to power 465
Project teams and matrix organisation 427 Financial and accounting systems of
Role structure of the organisation 430 control 468
Role conflict 432 Behavioural factors of organisational
Boundaryless organisation 434 control 469
Organisation charts 435 The concept of empowerment and
Contingency approach 435 delegation 472
Technology and structure 437 The manager–subordinate relationship 473
Woodward – structure and production Systematic approach to delegation 476
technology 437 Control versus autonomy 479
Perrow – major dimensions of Summary – Chapter 13 ‘Organisational control
technology 438 and power’ 479
Uncertain external environment 439 Group discussion activities 479
Burns and Stalker – mechanistic and organic Organisational behaviour in action case
structures 440 study 481
Lawrence and Lorsch – differentiation and Chapter 13 – Personal skills and employability
integration 441 exercise 482
Organisation structure and culture 442 Notes and references 483
Changing face of the workplace 443
Outsourcing 444
Demand for flexibility 444
Structure and organisational
behaviour 445
Summary – Chapter 12 ‘Patterns of structure
and workplace design’ 446
Group discussion activities 446
Organisational behaviour in action
case study 447
Chapter 12 – Personal skills and employability
exercise 448
Notes and references 449

F01 Management and Organisational Behaviour 22381.indd 14 20/02/2023 13:49

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Wilkes, Anna, 153 (notes)
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Wilna, 151 (notes)
Wolf, Lucien, cited, xii n., xv n., xix n., xxxiii, xxxviii, lxxv, lxxvi, 157
(notes), 160 (notes)
Wolseley, Sir Charles, xlvi, xlvii
Wood, C. M., cited, 155 (notes)

Xarites, 91
Xenophon, cited, 55
Xylus, 154 (notes)

Yad Hachazaka = Iad a Razaka, 167 (notes)

York, Marrano settlements in, xiv

Zacculo, Abraham = Zaccuto, 45, 158 (notes)

Zaduces, 125
Zarate, cited, 54
Zealand, 27
Zebulon, tribe of, 32
Zeeland, lxix
“Zemach David,” 163 (notes), 169 (notes)
Zeno, Emperor, 31
Zevi, Sabbethai = Pseudo-Messiah, xv
Zidan, Mulai or Mulet = King of Maracco, 49, 127
Zion, 60, 114, 145
“Zoar” = “Zohar” = “Sohar,” 45, 93, 158 (notes), (see Johay), 163
(notes)
Zuñiga, Alonzo di Ercilla y (see Erzilla), 155 (notes)
Zunz, cited, 155 (notes), 157 (notes), 165 (notes)
 THE END

Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.

Edinburgh & London

1. Wolf, “Crypto-Jews under the Commonwealth” (Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc., vol.
i. pp. 55 et seq.); “The Middle Age of Anglo-Jewish History” (Papers read at the
Anglo-Jewish Historical Exhibition, pp. 53–79).

2. The origin of this name is obscure. There seems to be little doubt that it
was originally a nickname, seeing that the classical name for the converts was
Nuevos Cristianos, or “New Christians.” Graetz believes that Marrano is derived
from Maran-atha, in allusion to 1 Cor. xvi. 22, “If any man love not the Lord, let
him be Anathema Maran-atha” (Geschichte der Juden, vol. viii. p. 73).

3. Kayserling, Juden in Portugal, p. 327.

4. Graetz, vol. viii. pp. 309–11; Ehrentheil, Jüdisches Familien Buch, p. 326.

5. Kayserling, p. 139.

6. Graetz, vol. x. pp. 195, 196, 200; Da Costa, Israel and the Gentiles, p. 408;
Kayserling, p. 302.

7. Graetz, vol. viii. pp. 342–43; Colonial State Papers (Spanish), vol. i. pp. 51,
164.

8. Wolf, Middle Age, pp. 64, 67–70; S. L. Lee in Gentleman’s Magazine, Feb.
1880.

9. Wolf, Middle Age, p. 68; Graetz, vol. ix. p. 494.

10. Historia de los Judios de España, vol. iii. p. 357.

11. Wolf, Crypto-Jews, loc. cit.

12. Wolf, Middle Age, pp. 61–63.

13. De Castro, Auswahl von Grabsteinen, Part I. p. 28.

 14. Rycaut, History of the Turkish Empire (1687), vol. ii. pp. 174, et seq.

15. Infra, pp. 143–145.

16. Tracts on Liberty of Conscience, 1614–1661 (Hanserd Knollys Soc.), pp.

28, 30–31, 47, 71.

17. Hist. MSS. Com. Rep. VII., MSS. of Sir F. Graham, pp. 401–403.

18. See reprint by Hanserd Knollys Soc., p. 141. For Roger Williams’s services
to the cause of Jewish Toleration, see Wolf, “American Elements in the
Resettlement” (Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc., vol. iii. pp. 77–78), and Straus, “Roger
Williams, the Pioneer of Religious Liberty,” pp. 172–178.

19. Edwards, Gangræna, Part III. p. 103.

20. Art. 10. See also his “Good Work for a Good Magistrate” (1651), pp. 53,
90.

21. Mercurius Pragmaticus, Dec. 19–26, 1648.

22. Firth, “Notes on the History of the Jews in England, 1648–1660.” Trans.
Jew. Hist. Soc., vol. iv.

23. “The Petition of the Jews for the Repealing of the Act of Parliament for
their Banishment out of England” (Lond., 1649).

24. Fuller, “A Pisgah-sight of Palestine,” Book V. p. 194.

25. Calendar State Papers, Dom. 1623–25. p. 435.

26. Whitelock, “Memorials,” p. 397.

27. De Castro, Auswahl, loc. cit.

28. Edwards, Gangræna, i. p. 121; ii. pp. 26, 31; “Middlesex County Records,”
vol. iii. pp. 186–87; Anabaptisticum Pantheon, p. 233; Hickes, Peculium Dei, pp.
19–26. There are many other scattered references in the literature of the period to
this curious movement.

29. A good life of Menasseh ben Israel has yet to be written. Short
biographies have been published by Kayserling (English translation in Miscellany of
Hebrew Literature, vol. ii.); the Rev. Dr. H. Adler, Chief Rabbi of the British Empire
(Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc., vol. i.); and Graetz (Geschichte der Juden, vol. x.). None of
these is exhaustive, or based on bedrock material.
 30. “Gratulação ao seren. Raynha Henri. Maria, dignissima corsorte ao august;
Carlo, Rey da Grande Britannia, Francia e Hebernia” (Amst., 1642).

31. Harl. Misc., vol. vii. p. 623; infra, p. lxxvii.

32. Thorowgood, “Jews in America” (1660), Postscript to the “Epistle

Dedicatory.”

33. The Declaration of the Unity of God, the fundamental teaching of Judaism
(Deut. vi. 4–9). Shema means “Hear,” and it is the first word of verse 4: “Hear, O
Israel; the Lord our God is one God.”

34. Dury, “Epistolary Discourse to Mr. Thomas Thorowgood” (1649).

35. Thorowgood, “Jews in America” (1650), pp. 129 et seq.

36. The text of the letter has not been preserved, but its contents are
summarised in Holmes’s reply, printed in an appendix to Felgenhauer’s Bonum
Nuncium Israeli.

37. Vindiciæ Judæorum, infra, pp. 143–144.

38. Dury, “Epistolary Discourse.” For text of the letters, see infra, p. lxxviii.

39. Bonum Nuncium, loc. cit.

40. This tract has been the source of a curious misunderstanding. Kayserling,
who apparently never examined more of it than the title-page, on which the
author is described as “E. S. Middlesex,” ascribed it to “Lord Middlesex,” and
regarded it as favourable to Menasseh (Misc. Heb. Lit., ii. p. 33). Had he looked at
the Latin translation at the end he would have found the name of the author given
in full. Moreover, the writer, so far from being philo-Semitic, expressly states that
the object of his pamphlet was the “taking off the scandall of our too great desire
of entertayning the unbeleeving Nation of the Jewes.” Kayserling’s errors have
been adopted without inquiry by Graetz, Adler, and other writers.

41. “Rights of the Kingdom,” p. 39.

42. “Pisgah-sight of Palestine,” Book V. pp. 194 et seq.

43. “Good Work,” &c., loc. cit.

44. Writing to Crawford in 1643, says: “The State, in choosing men to serve it,
takes no notice of their opinions; if they be willing faithfully to serve it—that
satisfies.... Bear with men of different minds from yourself.” Carlyle, “Cromwell’s
Letters and Speeches,” i. p. 148.

45. Gardiner, “History of the Commonwealth,” vol. ii.

46. Carlyle, “Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches,” vol. iii. pp. 23, 25, 26.

47. Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc., vol. i. pp. 73–74; vol. ii. pp. 17–18; Wolf, “Jewish
Emancipation in the City” (Jewish Chronicle, Nov. 30, 1894); Graetz, Geschichte,
vol. x. p. 19.

48. Wolf, “Cromwell’s Jewish Intelligencers” (Lond., 1891).

49. S. R. Gardiner in the Academy, March 4, 1882.

50. Vindiciæ Judæorum, p. 5; infra, p. 111; “Humble Addresses,” infra, p. 77.

51. Cal. State Papers, Dom. (1651), p. 472.

52. Cal. State Papers, Dom. (1651–52), p. 577; (1652–53), p. 38.

53. Thurloe State Papers, vol. i. p. 387; Clarendon State Papers, vol. ii. p.
233.

54. Supra, p. xvii.

55. Wolf, “Resettlement of the Jews in England” (1888), p. 9.

56. For text of these petitions see Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc., vol. iii. pp. 88–93.

57. State Papers, Dom. Interregnum, i. 75 (1654), pp. 596, 620.

58. Rawl. MSS., A 260, fol. 57. Text of this letter is given in Trans. Jew. Hist.
Soc., vol. iii. p. 93.

59. Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc., vol. ii. pp. 18, 45–46.

60. Cal. of State Papers, Dom., 1655, p. 585.

61. Supra, p. xvii.

62. Infra, p. lxxxvii.

63. Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc., vol. iii. p. 90.

 64. Wolf, “American Elements in the Resettlement” (Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc., vol.
iii. pp. 95–100); Wolf, “Cromwell’s Jewish Intelligencers,” 1891, pp. 11–12.

65. Cal. of State Papers, Dom., 1655, p. 583.

66. “Cromwell’s Jewish Intelligencers,” loc. cit.

67. Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc., vol. iii. pp. 82–86.

68. Jacob Sasportas, who had acted as a “corrector” in Menasseh’s printing-

office in Amsterdam, and was afterwards elected Chief Rabbi in London, was a
member of the mission (Graetz, vol. x. notes, p. xix). Raguenet states (Histoire
d’Oliver Cromwell, p. 290) that two other Rabbis accompanied it, “Rabbi Jacob ben
Azahel” and “David ben Eliezer of Prague.” I have not been able to identify these
persons, but tentatively I am disposed to think that “Azahel” is a corruption of
“Heschel,” and that the person referred to is Rabbi Josua ben Jacob Heschel of
Lublin. Menasseh’s elder son lived for some time in Lublin, and it is quite possible
that Heschel came to London to lay the case of the persecuted Polish Jews before
Cromwell.

69. Wolf, “Menasseh ben Israel’s Study in London,” Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc., vol.
iii. pp. 144 et seq.

70. Felgenhauer, Bonum Nuncium Israeli, p. 110.

71. Infra, p. 47.

72. Infra, p. lxxix.

73. Graetz, Geschichte, vol. x. pp. 52–82; Mercurius Politicus, Dec. 17, 1655;
Thurloe State Papers, vol. iv. p. 333.

74. “Annals of England” (1655), vol. iii. p. 31.

75. The interest of the Embassies in the question is illustrated by the frequent
reference made to it in the despatches of Chanut (Thurloe, vol. ii. p. 652),
Nieupoort (Ibid., vol. iv. pp. 333, 338; “New York Colonial MSS.,” vol. i. pp. 579,
583), Sagredo and Salvetti (Revue des Études Juives, No. 11, pp. 103–104).
Nieupoort’s view is shown by the assurance he extracted from Menasseh that
there was no intention to invite Dutch Jews to England (Thurloe, vol. iv. p. 333).

76. “Memorials,” p. 618.

77. Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc., vol. i. pp. 70–71, 75.

 78. Ibid., p. 44.

79. Infra, p. 118. London News Letter, April 2, 1649 (Cartes Letters, vol. i. p.
275).

80. Jesse, “England under the Stuarts,” vol. ii. p. 297; Tovey, Anglia Judaica,
p. 275.

81. Violet, “Petition against the Jews,” p. 2.

82. The violence of such tracts as Prynne’s “Demurrer,” Ross’s “View of the
Jewish Religion,” and the anonymous “Case of the Jews Stated,” has no parallel in
the literature of the time.

83. Paul Isaiah, “The Messias of the Christians and the Jews.”

84. Prynne, “Demurrer,” Part I. p. 73.

85. Copley, “Case of the Jews is Altered,” p. 4.

86. “View of the Jewish Religion.”

87. See especially Prynne’s “Demurrers,” and “Anglo-Judæus,” by W. H. Only

three ungrudging defences of the Jews were published—Copley’s “Case of the
Jews,” D. L.’s “Israel’s Condition and Cause Pleaded” (a very feeble reply to
Prynne), and Collier’s “Brief Answer.”

88. Dury, “A Case of Conscience.” Harl. Misc., vol. vii. p. 256.

89. “Life of Henry Jessey,” pp. 67–68.

90. Philo-Judæus, “The Resurrection of Dead Bones,” p. 102.

91. State Papers, Domestic. Interregnum, vol. i. 76, p. 353.

92. Ibid., p. 374. For text of petition, see infra, pp. lxxxii-lxxxiv.

93. Harl. Miscellany, vol. vii p. 618.

94. Infra, p. lxxxiv.

95. State Papers, Dom. Inter., i. 76, p. 374.

96. State Papers, Dom. Inter., i. 76, p. 375.

97. Ibid., pp. 378–379. For text of Circular see infra, p. lxxxiv.
 98. Publick Intelligencer, December 10, 1655.

99. The list of members is given in State Papers, Dom. Inter., i. 76, p. 378.

100. Publick Intelligencer, loc. cit.

101. [Henry Jessey.] “A Narrative of the late Proceedings at Whitehall

Concerning the Jews, &c.,” Harl. Misc., vii. p. 623. See also Burton (pseud. i.e.
Nathaniel Crouch), Judæorum Memorabilia.

102. Ibid.

103. That the Judges’ decision was given at the first meeting of the
Conference is clear from a statement made by Nye to Prynne on the morning of
the second meeting (“Short Demurrer,” p. 4).

104. Publick Intelligencer, loc. cit.

105. Ibid.

106. Judæorum Memorabilia, p. 170.

107. Barlow, “Several Miscellaneous and Weighty Cases of Conscience”

(1692), Fifth Treatise. See also p. 1 of the Bookseller’s Preface. Rev. S. Levy
believes (Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc., iii. p. 152) that this opinion was drawn up at the
request of Robert Boyle. This is improbable, as it is clear from the resemblances
between Barlow’s recommendations and the report ultimately drawn up by the
Committee of the Council (infra, p. lxxxiv), that the opinion was submitted to the
Whitehall Conference, and Boyle was not a member of that body. Goodwin, who
was President of Magdalen College, is much more likely to have asked Barlow for
the opinion, especially as we know that he was in favour of “due cautions” (Jud.
Mem., p. 174).

108. Jud. Mem., p. 174.

109. Ibid., pp. 170, 175.

110. State Papers, Dom. Inter., i. 76 (1655), p. 412.

111. This is shown by two letters in the Domestic State Papers (see Trans.
Jew. Hist. Soc., vol. i. p. 46).

112. Thurloe State Papers, vol. iv. p. 321.

113. Publick Intelligencer, loc. cit.

 114. Spence’s “Anecdotes,” p. 77.

115. “A Short Demurrer,” Part I. The publication of the pamphlet was hurried
to be in time for the Conference. It was written in seven days, and the preface is
dated December 14, four days before the last meeting (cf. Preface to “Second
Demurrer,” 1656).

116. Jud. Memor., p. 175; Burton, “Diary,” p. 309.

117. Burton, loc. cit.

118. Burton, loc. cit.

119. “Life of Henry Jessey,” pp. 67–68.

120. That Cromwell’s interposition took place under these circumstances is an

inference of the present writer’s. The statements in Jessey’s “Life” clearly point to
this conclusion.

121. These fragments of Cromwell’s speech are gathered from Jessey’s

“Narrative,” Crouch’s Judæorum Memorabilia, pp. 175–176, and Spence’s
“Anecdotes,” p. 77.

122. Testimony by Rycaut, who was present in the crowd (Spence’s

“Anecdotes,” p. 77).

123. Writing to Henry Cromwell about the Conference a week later, Thurloe
says, “I doe assure you that his highness is put to exercise every day with the
peevishness and wroth of some persons heere” (State Papers, vol. iv. p. 343).

124. Cf. Conditions, ii., iii., iv., v., ix., xi., and xvii., in Barlow, “The Care of the
Jews,” pp. 67, 68, 70, 71, and 73.

125. Infra, p. lxxxiv-lxxxv.

126. In the Calendar of State Papers, Dom. (1655–1656), p. 15, it is

hypothetically dated November 13, the day on which Menasseh’s proposals were
referred to the Committee. This date is absolutely impossible, as the Committee
could not have ascertained the views it reported to the Council in the course of a
single afternoon. If it was not drawn up on the 15th, it could not have been drawn
up until the Conference was over, as the Conference was specifically summoned to
advise the Committee.

127. I have to thank Dr. Gardiner for this ingenious conjecture. It entirely
accords with all the known facts.
 128. Edit. Bohn, vol. i. p. 327.

129. Supra, p. xvii.

130. Guildhall Archives. Remembrancia, vol. ix. No. 44, pp. 1–18. I printed the
text of this petition in full in the Jewish Chronicle, November 15, 1899.

131. These grants are mentioned in a Jewish petition subsequently presented

to Cromwell (infra, pp. lxxxv-lxxxvi).

132. Gardiner, “Hist. of the Commonwealth,” vol. i. pp. 396–97.

133. Graetz, Geschichte der Juden, vol. x. p. 122.

134. Cal. State Papers, Dom., 1655–56, p. 82.

135. Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 27962. In a despatch dated January 14, Salvetti
refers to the Jewish question, but makes no mention of the arrangement
respecting divine worship. On the same date, too, the well-informed Dutch
ambassador, Nieupoort, informed the States-General that it was generally
understood that the Lord Protector would take no further steps (Thurloe State
Papers, vol. iv. p. 328). It would seem, then, that the transaction took place
between the 14th and the 28th January.

136. Ibid.

137. State Papers, Domestic. Interregnum, cxxv., No. 38, i. 76, p. 604; i. 112,
p. 289; cxxvi., No. 105.

138. Ibid., cxxvi., No. 105, iv.

139. Ibid., cxxvi., No. 105.

140. Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc., vol. i. p. 63.

141. State Papers, Dom. Interregnum, cxxv., 58. Infra, p. lxxxv.

142. See endorsement of the petition. Infra, p. lxxxvi.

143. Infra, p. 107. The hypothesis that John Sadler was the author of the
letter which gave rise to the Vindiciæ Judæorum is based on the facts that he was
at the time the go-between in the negotiations with Cromwell, that he was an
intimate friend of Menasseh, and that he had already given some thought to the
blood accusation and other charges against the Jews (“Rights of the Kingdom,” p.
74).
 144. State Papers, Dom. Inter., i. 77, April 1, 1656; cxxvi., No. 105, xi.

145. Carlyle, “Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches,” vol. ii. p. 161.

146. State Papers, Dom. Inter., cxxvi., No. 105, i.; i. 77, No. 11.

147. State Papers, Dom. Inter., cxxvi., No. 105, ii. and iii. Most of the
documents in the Robles case have been printed as an appendix to my paper on
“Crypto-Jews under the Commonwealth” (Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc., vol. i. pp. 76–86).

148. Ibid., cxxvi., No. 105, vi.

149. State Papers, Dom. Inter., i. 77, pp. 44, 78; cxxvii., 21, 40; i. 77, No. 19.

150. There is a tradition in the synagogues that written privileges were

granted, and this conforms with all the other evidence relating to the campaign.
The disappearance of these documents is not surprising, as many of the older
documents belonging to the Sephardi congregation in London passed into private
hands. Moreover, after the Restoration the congregations would naturally wish to
destroy all evidence of their negotiations with the Protector. It is probable that
these documents are referred to in the State Papers, where mention is made of “a
Jew living in London who has produced great testimonies under the hand of the
late Lord Protector.” (Cal. State Papers, Dom., 1659–60, p. 291.)

151. “Tracts on Liberty of Conscience” (Hanserd Knollys Soc.), p. 240.

152. See Endorsement of Petition, infra, p. lxxxvi.

153. A similar course had been taken with regard to Protestant refugees in
the city on November 13, 1655. (Guildhall Archives: Rep. lxiv. fol. 8b.)

154. Some of these restrictions are clearly indicated by Menasseh’s

disappointment at the settlement. The prohibition of proselytising has always been
remembered as one of the conditions of the Readmission, and it was religiously
observed until the Rabbinate of the present ecclesiastical chief of the Anglo-Jewish
community. In 1752, when certain Ashkenazi Jews were making proselytes in
London, the Parnassim of the Portuguese synagogue wrote to the authorities of
the German congregation, calling their attention to this condition, and the
proselytisers were ordered to desist from “pursuing such unlawful practices.” In
1760 a Jew was expelled from the synagogue and deprived of his burial rights for
this offence. (Minute Books of the Duke’s Place Synagogue, 1752, 1760.)

155. Violet, “The Petition Against the Jews” (1661), p. 2: “Cromwell and his
Council did give a toleration and dispensation to a great number of Jews to come
and live here in London, and to this day they do keep public worship in the City of
London, to the great dishonour of Christianity and public scandal of the true
Protestant religion.”

156. Abstract of lease in Jewish Chronicle, November 26, 1880, communicated

by Mr. Israel Davis.

157. Guildhall Archives, Rep. lxxiii. fol. 213.

158. Menasseh had assured Nieupoort that he did “not desire anything for the
Jews in Holland” (Thurloe, iv. p. 333). The negotiations with Charles II. are
recorded in Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 4106, fol. 253.

159. Infra, p. lxxxvi.

160. Hist. MSS. Com. Rep., viii. pp. 94–95. Fifth Rep. of Dep. Keeper of Public
Records, App. ii. p. 253.

161. Infra, p. lxxxviii.

162. Ibid., p. lxxxvii.

163. Ibid. Hist. MSS. Com. Rep., viii. p. 95.

164. Compare frontispiece with portrait at p. 105.

165. Kayserling, “Menasseh ben Israel.” (Misc. of Hebrew Literature, Series ii.
pp. 68, 93.)

166. For the condition of the Ashkenazi Jews at this epoch see Graetz’s
Geschichte, vol. x. pp. 52–82.

167. [Richard Baker], “The Marchants Humble Petition and Remonstrance”

(London, 1659). p. 17.

168. Guildhall Archives: Remembrancia, vol. ix. No. 44, pp. 1–18.

169. Violet, “A Petition against the Jews” (London, 1661).

170. State Papers, Dom., Charles II., vol. xxi. p. 140.

171. “Petition,” p. 2.

172. Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc., vol. i. pp. 71, 74–75.

173. Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 4106, f. 253.

 174. Journal of the House of Commons, December 17, 1660.

175. State Papers, Dom., Chas. II., Entry Book xviii. (1664), fol. 79.

176. The text of these orders in Council has been printed by Webb, “The
Question whether a Jew may hold Lands” (Lond., 1753), pp. 38–40.

177. Some of these patents are printed by Webb in an appendix to “The

Question,” pp. 17–19. For Coronel’s knighthood see Le Neve’s “Pedigrees of
Knights,” Harl. Soc. Pub. (1869).

178. Wolf, “Jewish Emancipation in the City” (Jew. Chron., November 30,
1894).

179. Child, “A New Discourse of Trade” (Lond., 1668), p. 5.

180. Wolf, “Jewish Emancipation,” loc. cit.

181. Dr. Gardiner has suggested to me, and I agree, that this paragraph is not
a recommendation, but the thesis of the report. It is the text of the “reference” to
the Sub-Committee by the Council, and the succeeding paragraphs constitute the
report upon it. See supra, p. xlv.
 TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. P. xiv, changed "almost immediataly after" to "almost
immediately after".
2. P. xlii, changed "among it signatories" to "among its
signatories".
3. P. lxxv, "which caunot be" to "which cannot be".
4. P. lxxxv, changed “from uisnge or applyinge” to “from
usinge or applyinge”.
5. P. 6, changed “veiwed those Countryes” to “viewed those
Countryes”.
6. P. 26, changed "aud when he" to "and when he".
7. P. 36, changed "Our ancient Rabinsin" to "Our ancient
Rabins in".
8. P. 37, chaanged "the paticle (ion)" to "the particle (ion)".
9. P. 43, changed "as Ekekiel, and" to "as Ezekiel, and".
10. P. 100, changed "every on should gain" to "every one
should gain".
11. P. 101, changed "6 par Cent" to "6 per Cent".
12. P. 111, changed "Sauls sons" to "Saul’s sons".
13. P. 122, changed "Nehemias, cap. 8.6." to "Nehemias, chap.
8.6.".
14. P. 127, changed "certain fugive Iew" to "certain fugitive
Iew".
15. P. 135, changed "or blaspeeme those" to "or blaspheme
those".
16. P. 136, changed "thouh that was" to "though that was".
17. P. 176, changed "Pontificus Latine, 147 De disciplinus" to
"Pontificios Latine, 147 De disciplinis".
18. P. 176, changed "Drucker, Mordechai ben" to "Drucker,
Mardochai ben".
19. P. 176, changed “author of Gangrena” to “author of
Gangræna”.
20. P. 177, changed "Eurgetes, Ptolomy" to "Euergetes,
Ptolomy".
21. P. 177, changed "Finicus, Marcilius" to "Ficinus,
Marcilius".
22. P. 178, changed "Geographie du Talmud" to "Géographie
du Talmud".
23. P. 178, changed "Glory of Jehudah" to "Glory of Iehudah".
24. P. 180, changed "dominions at an" to "dominions as an".
25. P. 181, changed "Jurnin" to "Iurnin".
26. P. 181, changed "Kalicout" to "Kalikout".
27. P. 181, changed "Lacto, de" to "Laet, de".
28. P. 181, changed "Leon, Pedro Cieçade" to "Leon, Pedro
Cieça".
29. P. 181, changed "Loet, cited" to "Loeb, cited".
30. P. 182, changed "of Elias Montalbo" to "of Elias Montalto".
31. P. 182, changed "Luxa" to "Laxa".
32. P. 182, changed "Marianus, cited" to "Marinus, cited".
33. P. 182, changed "Marracco, King of" to "Maracco, King of".
34. P. 183, changed "Diogo Pires" to "Diego Pires".
35. P. 185, changed "Ornstein, Rev. A. F." to "Ornstien, Rev. A.
F."
36. P. 186, changed "Porarius" to "Pomarius".
37. P. 186, changed "Procopius, cited" to "Procopious, cited".
38. P. 186, changed "Psuedo-Messiah, Bar" to "Pseudo-
Messiah, Bar".
39. P. 186, changed "Ragusa = Aragusa" to "Ragusa =
Araguza".
40. P. 187, changed "Rodriques, Don Daniel" to "Rodrigues,
Don Daniel".
41. P. 187, changed "Salamanque, Synagogues of" to
"Salaminque, Synagogues of".
42. P. 188, changed "Sasal, Prince of" to "Sasol, Prince of".
43. P. 188, changed "Schemtob de Leon" to "Shemtob de
Leon".
44. P. 188, changed "Sepher Eldad Danita" to "Sephar Eldad
Danita".
45. P. 188, changed "Sisbuthus, the end" to "Sisibuthus, the
end".
46. P. 188, changed "De Quieros enters" to "De Queiros
enters".
47. P. 189, changed "Thesoro de los dinim" to "Thesoro de los
dirim".
48. P. 189, changed "Tiglath-Pileser" to "Tiglah-Pileser".
49. P. 190, changed "Trask" to "Thrask".
50. P. 190, changed "Villepende, Marquis de" to "Villependi,
Marquis de".
51. P. 190, changed "Viterbo, Cardinal Egidio" to "Viterbe,
Cardinal Egidio".
52. All other spelling errors were uncorrected.
53. Footnotes have been re-indexed using numbers and
collected together at the end of the last chapter.
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