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 Contents

Preface xv

Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and Programming 1

1.1 Why Program? 1
1.2 Computer Systems: Hardware and Software 2
1.3 Programs and Programming Languages 8
1.4 What Is a Program Made of? 14
1.5 Input, Processing, and Output 17
1.6 The Programming Process 18
1.7 Procedural and Object-Oriented Programming 22

Chapter 2 Introduction to C++ 27

2.1 The Parts of a C++ Program 27
2.2 The cout Object 31
2.3 The #include Directive 36
2.4 Variables and Literals 37
2.5 Identifiers 41
2.6 Integer Data Types 42
2.7 The char Data Type 48
2.8 The C++ string Class 52
2.9 Floating-Point Data Types 54
2.10 The bool Data Type 57
2.11 Determining the Size of a Data Type 58
2.12 Variable Assignments and Initialization 59
2.13 Scope 61
2.14 Arithmetic Operators 61
2.15 Comments 69
2.16 Named Constants 71
2.17 Programming Style 73

vii
viii Contents

Chapter 3 Expressions and Interactivity 83

3.1 The cin Object 83
3.2 Mathematical Expressions 89
3.3 When You Mix Apples and Oranges: Type Conversion 98
3.4 Overflow and Underflow 100
3.5 Type Casting 101
3.6 Multiple Assignment and Combined Assignment 104
3.7 Formatting Output 108
3.8 Working with Characters and string Objects 118
3.9 More Mathematical Library Functions 124
3.10 Focus on Debugging: Hand Tracing a Program 130
3.11 Focus on Problem Solving: A Case Study 132

Chapter 4 Making Decisions 149

4.1 Relational Operators 149
4.2 The if Statement 154
4.3 Expanding the if Statement 162
4.4 The if/else Statement 166
4.5 Nested if Statements 169
4.6 The if/else if Statement 176
4.7 Flags 181
4.8 Logical Operators 182
4.9 Checking Numeric Ranges with Logical Operators 189
4.10 Menus 190
4.11 Focus on Software Engineering: Validating User Input 193
4.12 Comparing Characters and Strings 195
4.13 The Conditional Operator 199
4.14 The switch Statement 202
4.15 More About Blocks and Variable Scope 211

Chapter 5 Loops and Files 227

5.1 The Increment and Decrement Operators 227
5.2 Introduction to Loops: The while Loop 232
5.3 Using the while Loop for Input Validation 239
5.4 Counters 241
5.5 The do-while Loop 242
5.6 The for Loop 247
5.7 Keeping a Running Total 257
5.8 Sentinels 260
5.9 Focus on Software Engineering: Deciding Which Loop to Use 261
5.10 Nested Loops 262
5.11 Using Files for Data Storage 265
5.12 Optional Topics: Breaking and Continuing a Loop 284

Chapter 6 Functions 299

6.1 Focus on Software Engineering: Modular Programming 299
6.2 Defining and Calling Functions 300
6.3 Function Prototypes 309
6.4 Sending Data into a Function 311
 Contents ix

6.5 Passing Data by Value 316

6.6 Focus on Software Engineering: Using Functions in a
Menu-Driven Program 318
6.7 The return Statement 322
6.8 Returning a Value from a Function 324
6.9 Returning a Boolean Value 332
6.10 Local and Global Variables 334
6.11 Static Local Variables 342
6.12 Default Arguments 345
6.13 Using Reference Variables as Parameters 348
6.14 Overloading Functions 354
6.15 The exit() Function 358
6.16 Stubs and Drivers 361

Chapter 7 Arrays 375

7.1 Arrays Hold Multiple Values 375
7.2 Accessing Array Elements 377
7.3 No Bounds Checking in C++ 384
7.4 Array Initialization 387
7.5 The Range-Based for Loop 392
7.6 Processing Array Contents 396
7.7 Focus on Software Engineering: Using Parallel Arrays 404
7.8 Arrays as Function Arguments 407
7.9 Two-Dimensional Arrays 418
7.10 Arrays with Three or More Dimensions 425
7.11 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: A Case Study 427
7.12 If You Plan to Continue in Computer Science: Introduction to the
STL vector 429

Chapter 8 Searching and Sorting Arrays 457

8.1 Focus on Software Engineering: Introduction to Search Algorithms 457
8.2 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: A Case Study 463
8.3 Focus on Software Engineering: Introduction to Sorting Algorithms 470
8.4 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: A Case Study 477
8.5 If You Plan to Continue in Computer Science: Sorting and
Searching vectors 485

Chapter 9 Pointers 495

9.1 Getting the Address of a Variable 495
9.2 Pointer Variables 497
9.3 The Relationship Between Arrays and Pointers 504
9.4 Pointer Arithmetic 508
9.5 Initializing Pointers 510
9.6 Comparing Pointers 511
9.7 Pointers as Function Parameters 513
9.8 Focus on Software Engineering: Dynamic Memory Allocation 522
9.9 Focus on Software Engineering: Returning Pointers from Functions 526
9.10 Using Smart Pointers to Avoid Memory Leaks 533
9.11 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: A Case Study 536
x Contents

Chapter 10 Characters, C-Strings, and More About the string Class 547
10.1 Character Testing 547
10.2 Character Case Conversion 551
10.3 C-Strings 554
10.4 Library Functions for Working with C-Strings 558
10.5 C-String/Numeric Conversion Functions 569
10.6 Focus on Software Engineering: Writing Your Own
C-String-Handling Functions 575
10.7 More About the C++ string Class 581
10.8 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: A Case Study 590

Chapter 11 Structured Data 599

11.1 Abstract Data Types 599
11.2 Focus on Software Engineering: Combining Data into Structures 601
11.3 Accessing Structure Members 604
11.4 Initializing a Structure 608
11.5 Arrays of Structures 611
11.6 Focus on Software Engineering: Nested Structures 613
11.7 Structures as Function Arguments 617
11.8 Returning a Structure from a Function 620
11.9 Pointers to Structures 623
11.10 Focus on Software Engineering: When to Use ., When to Use ->,
and When to Use * 626
11.11 Unions 628
11.12 Enumerated Data Types 632

Chapter 12 Advanced File Operations 657

12.1 File Operations 657
12.2 File Output Formatting 663
12.3 Passing File Stream Objects to Functions 665
12.4 More Detailed Error Testing 667
12.5 Member Functions for Reading and Writing Files 670
12.6 Focus on Software Engineering: Working with Multiple Files 678
12.7 Binary Files 680
12.8 Creating Records with Structures 685
12.9 Random-Access Files 689
12.10 Opening a File for Both Input and Output 697

Chapter 13 Introduction to Classes 711

13.1 Procedural and Object-Oriented Programming 711
13.2 Introduction to Classes 718
13.3 Defining an Instance of a Class 723
13.4 Why Have Private Members? 736
13.5 Focus on Software Engineering: Separating Class Specification
from Implementation 737
13.6 Inline Member Functions 743
13.7 Constructors 746
13.8 Passing Arguments to Constructors 750
 Contents xi

13.9 Destructors 758

13.10 Overloading Constructors 762
13.11 Private Member Functions 765
13.12 Arrays of Objects 767
13.13 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: An OOP Case Study 771
13.14 Focus on Object-Oriented Programming: Simulating Dice with Objects 778
13.15 Focus on Object-Oriented Programming: Creating an Abstract Array
Data Type 782
13.16 Focus on Object-Oriented Design: The Unified Modeling Language (UML) 785
13.17 Focus on Object-Oriented Design: Finding the Classes and Their
Responsibilities 788

Chapter 14 More About Classes 811

14.1 Instance and Static Members 811
14.2 Friends of Classes 819
14.3 Memberwise Assignment 824
14.4 Copy Constructors 825
14.5 Operator Overloading 831
14.6 Object Conversion 858
14.7 Aggregation 860
14.8 Focus on Object-Oriented Design: Class Collaborations 865
14.9 Focus on Object-Oriented Programming: Simulating the Game
of Cho-Han 869

Chapter 15 Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Virtual Functions 891

15.1 What Is Inheritance? 891
15.2 Protected Members and Class Access 900
15.3 Constructors and Destructors in Base and Derived Classes 906
15.4 Redefining Base Class Functions 918
15.5 Class Hierarchies 923
15.6 Polymorphism and Virtual Member Functions 929
15.7 Abstract Base Classes and Pure Virtual Functions 945
15.8 Multiple Inheritance 952

Appendix A: Getting Started with Alice 971

Appendix B: The ASCII Character Set 997
Appendix C: Operator Precedence and Associativity 999
Quick References 1001
Index 1003
Credit 1019

Online The following appendices are available at www.pearsonhighered.com/gaddis.

Appendix D: Introduction to Flowcharting
Appendix E: Using UML in Class Design
Appendix F: Namespaces
Appendix G: Passing Command Line Arguments
xii Contents

Appendix H: Header File and Library Function Reference

Appendix I: Binary Numbers and Bitwise Operations
Appendix J: Multi-Source File Programs
Appendix K: Stream Member Functions for Formatting
Appendix L: Answers to Checkpoints
Appendix M: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Review Questions
 LOCATION OF VIDEONOTES IN THE TEXT
VideoNote

Chapter 1 Introduction to Flowcharting, p. 20

Designing a Program with Pseudocode, p. 20
Designing the Account Balance Program, p. 25
Predicting the Result of Problem 33, p. 26
Chapter 2 Using cout, p. 31
Variabe Definitions, p. 37
Assignment Statements and Simple Math Expressions, p. 62
Solving the Restaurant Bill Problem, p. 80
Chapter 3 Reading Input with cin, p. 83
Formatting Numbers with setprecision, p. 111
Solving the Stadium Seating Problem, p. 142
Chapter 4 The if Statement, p. 154
The if/else statement, p. 166
The if/else if Statement, p. 176
Solving the Time Calculator Problem, p. 221
Chapter 5 The while Loop, p. 232
The for Loop, p. 247
Reading Data from a File, p. 274
Solving the Calories Burned Problem, p. 293
Chapter 6 Functions and Arguments, p. 311
Value-Returnlng Functions, p. 324
Solving the Markup Problem, p. 366
Chapter 7 Accessing Array Elements With a Loop, p. 380
Passing an Array to a Function, p. 407
Solving the Chips and Salsa Problem, p. 448
Chapter 8 The Binary Search, p. 460
The Selection Sort, p. 474
Solving the Charge Account Validation Modification Problem, p. 492
Chapter 9 Dynamically Allocating an Array, p. 523
Solving the Pointer Rewrite Problem, p. 545
Chapter 10 Writing a C-String-Handling Function, p. 575
More About the string Class, p. 581
Solving the Backward String Problem, p. 594
(continued on the next page)
 LOCATION OF VIDEONOTES IN THE TEXT (continued)
VideoNote

Chapter 11 Creating a Structure, p. 601

Passing a Structure to a Function, p. 617
Solving the Weather Statistics Problem, p. 652
Chapter 12 Passing File Stream Objects to Functions, p. 665
Working with Multiple Files, p. 678
Solving the File Encryption Filter Problem, p. 708
Chapter 13 Writing a Class, p. 718
Defining an Instance of a Class, p. 723
Solving the Employee Class Problem, p. 802
Chapter 14 Operator Overloading, p. 831
Class Aggregation, p. 860
Solving the NumDays Problem, p. 885
Chapter 15 Redefining a Base Class Function in a Derived Class, p. 918
Polymorphism, p. 929
Solving the Employee and Production-Worker Classes Problem, p. 963
 Preface

Welcome to the Brief Version of Starting Out with C++: From Control Structures through
Objects, 8th edition. This book is intended for use in a one or two-semester C++ ­programming
sequence, or an accelerated one-semester course. Students new to programming, as well as
those with prior course work in other languages, will find this text beneficial. The funda-
mentals of programming are covered for the novice, while the details, pitfalls, and nuances
of the C++ language are explored in-depth for both the beginner and more experienced
student. The book is written with clear, easy-to-understand language, and it covers all the
necessary topics for an introductory programming course. This text is rich in example pro-
grams that are concise, practical, and real-world oriented, ensuring that the student not only
learns how to implement the features and constructs of C++, but why and when to use them.

Changes in the Eighth Edition

C++11 is the latest standard version of the C++ language. In previous years, while the stan-
dard was being developed, it was known as C++0x. In August 2011, it was approved by
the International Standards Organization (ISO), and the name of the standard was officially
changed to C++11. Most of the popular compilers now support the C++11 standard.
The new C++11 standard was the primary motivation behind this edition. Although this
edition introduces many of the new language features, a C++11 compiler is not strictly
required to use the book. As you progress through the book, you will see C++11 icons in the
margins, next to the new features that are introduced. Programs appearing in sections that
are not marked with this icon will still compile using an older compiler.
Here is a summary of the new C++11 topics that are introduced in this edition:
l The auto key word is introduced as a way to simplify complex variable definitions.
The auto key word causes the compiler to infer a variable’s data type from its initial-
ization value.
l The long long int and unsigned long long int data types, and the LL literal
suffix are introduced.
l Chapter 5 shows how to pass a string object directly to a file stream object’s open
member function, without the need to call the c_str() member function. (A discus-
sion of the c_str()function still exists for anyone using a legacy compiler.)

xv
xvi Preface

l The range-based for loop is introduced in Chapter 7. This new looping mechanism
automatically iterates over each element of an array, vector, or other collection,
without the need of a counter variable or a subscript.
l Chapter 7 shows how a vector can be initialized with an initialization list.
l The nullptr key word is introduced as the standard way of representing a null
pointer.
l Smart pointers are introduced in Chapter 9, with an example of dynamic memory
allocation using unique_ptr.
l Chapter 10 discusses the new, overloaded to_string functions for converting numeric
values to string objects.
l The string class’s new back() and front() member functions are included in
Chapter 10’s overview of the string class.
l Strongly typed enums are discussed in Chapter 11.
l Chapter 13 shows how to use the smart pointer unique_ptr to dynamically allocate
an object.
l Chapter 15 discusses the override key word and demonstrates how it can help prevent
subtle overriding errors. The final key word is discussed as a way of preventing a virtual
member function from being overridden.
In addition to the C++11 topics, the following general improvements were made:
l Several new programming problems have been added to the text, and many of the
existing programming problems have been modified to make them unique from previ-
ous editions.
l The discussion of early, historic computers in Chapter 1 is expanded.
l The discussion of literal values in Chapter 2 is improved.
l The introduction of the char data type in Chapter 2 is reorganized to use character
literals in variable assignments before using ASCII values in variable assignments.
l The discussion of random numbers in Chapter 3 is expanded and improved, with the
addition of a new In the Spotlight section.
l A new Focus on Object-Oriented Programming section has been added to Chapter 13,
showing how to write a class that simulates dice.
l A new Focus on Object-Oriented Programming section has been added to Chapter 14,
showing an object-oriented program that simulates the game of Cho-Han. The program
uses objects for the dealer, two players, and a pair of dice.

Organization of the Text

This text teaches C++ in a step-by-step fashion. Each chapter covers a major set of topics
and builds knowledge as the student progresses through the book. Although the chapters
can be easily taught in their existing sequence, some flexibility is provided. The diagram
shown in Figure P-1 suggests possible sequences of instruction.
 Preface xvii

Figure P-1  

Chapter 1
Introduction

Chapters 2–7
Basic Language
Elements

Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 12

Searching and Pointers Advanced File
Sorting Arrays Operations*

*A few subtopics in
Chapter 12 require
Chapter 10 Chapters 9 and 11.
Characters, Strings, Chapter 11
and the string Class Structures

Chapter 13
Introduction to
Classes

Chapter 14
More About Classes

Chapter 15
Inheritance and
Polymorphism

Chapter 1 covers fundamental hardware, software, and programming concepts. You may
choose to skip this chapter if the class has already mastered those topics. Chapters 2 through
7 cover basic C++ syntax, data types, expressions, selection structures, repetition structures,
functions, and arrays. Each of these chapters builds on the previous chapter and should be
covered in the order presented.
After Chapter 7 has been covered, you may proceed to Chapter 8, or jump to either Chapter
9 or Chapter 12. (If you jump to Chapter 12 at this point, you will need to postpone sections
12.7, 12.8, and 12.10 until Chapters 9 and 11 have been covered.)
After Chapter 9 has been covered, either of Chapters 10 or 11 may be covered. After
­Chapter 11, you may cover Chapters 13 through 15 in sequence.
This text’s approach starts with a firm foundation in structured, procedural programming
before delving fully into object-oriented programming.
xviii Preface

Brief Overview of Each Chapter

Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers and Programming
This chapter provides an introduction to the field of computer science and covers the fun-
damentals of programming, problem solving, and software design. The components of pro-
grams, such as key words, variables, operators, and punctuation are covered. The tools of
the trade, such as pseudocode, flow charts, and hierarchy charts are also presented.

Chapter 2: Introduction to C++

This chapter gets the student started in C++ by introducing data types, identifiers, vari-
able declarations, constants, comments, program output, simple arithmetic operations, and
C-strings. Programming style conventions are introduced and good programming style
is modeled here, as it is throughout the text. An optional section explains the difference
between ANSI standard and pre-standard C++ programs.

Chapter 3: Expressions and Interactivity

In this chapter the student learns to write programs that input and handle numeric, char-
acter, and string data. The use of arithmetic operators and the creation of mathematical
expressions are covered in greater detail, with emphasis on operator precedence. Debug-
ging is introduced, with a section on hand tracing a program. Sections are also included on
simple output formatting, on data type conversion and type casting, and on using library
functions that work with numbers.

Chapter 4: Making Decisions

Here the student learns about relational operators, relational expressions and how to con-
trol the flow of a program with the if, if/else, and if/else if statements. The condi-
tional operator and the switch statement are also covered. Crucial applications of these
constructs are covered, such as menu-driven programs and the validation of input.

Chapter 5: Loops and Files

This chapter covers repetition control structures. The while loop, do-while loop, and for
loop are taught, along with common uses for these devices. Counters, accumulators, run-
ning totals, sentinels, and other application-related topics are discussed. Sequential file I/O
is also introduced. The student learns to read and write text files, and use loops to process
the data in a file.

Chapter 6: Functions
In this chapter the student learns how and why to modularize programs, using both void
and value returning functions. Argument passing is covered, with emphasis on when argu-
ments should be passed by value versus when they need to be passed by reference. Scope of
variables is covered, and sections are provided on local versus global variables and on static
local variables. Overloaded functions are also introduced and demonstrated.
 Preface xix

Chapter 7: Arrays
In this chapter the student learns to create and work with single and multidimensional
arrays. Many examples of array processing are provided including examples illustrating
how to find the sum, average, highest, and lowest values in an array and how to sum the
rows, columns, and all elements of a two-dimensional array. Programming techniques using
parallel arrays are also demonstrated, and the student is shown how to use a data file as
an input source to populate an array. STL vectors are introduced and compared to arrays.

Chapter 8: Sorting and Searching Arrays

Here the student learns the basics of sorting arrays and searching for data stored in them.
The chapter covers the Bubble Sort, Selection Sort, Linear Search, and Binary Search algo-
rithms. There is also a section on sorting and searching STL vector objects.

Chapter 9: Pointers
This chapter explains how to use pointers. Pointers are compared to and contrasted with
reference variables. Other topics include pointer arithmetic, initialization of pointers, rela-
tional comparison of pointers, pointers and arrays, pointers and functions, dynamic mem-
ory allocation, and more.

Chapter 10: Characters, C-strings, and More About the string Class
This chapter discusses various ways to process text at a detailed level. Library functions for
testing and manipulating characters are introduced. C-strings are discussed, and the tech-
nique of storing C-strings in char arrays is covered. An extensive discussion of the string
class methods is also given.

Chapter 11: Structured Data

The student is introduced to abstract data types and taught how to create them using struc-
tures, unions, and enumerated data types. Discussions and examples include using pointers
to structures, passing structures to functions, and returning structures from functions.

Chapter 12: Advanced File Operations

This chapter covers sequential access, random access, text, and binary files. The various
modes for opening files are discussed, as well as the many methods for reading and writing
file contents. Advanced output formatting is also covered.

Chapter 13: Introduction to Classes

The student now shifts focus to the object-oriented paradigm. This chapter covers the fun-
damental concepts of classes. Member variables and functions are discussed. The student
learns about private and public access specifications, and reasons to use each. The topics of
constructors, overloaded constructors, and destructors are also presented. The chapter pres-
ents a section modeling classes with UML and how to find the classes in a particular problem.
xx Preface

Chapter 14: More About Classes

This chapter continues the study of classes. Static members, friends, memberwise assign-
ment, and copy constructors are discussed. The chapter also includes in-depth sections on
operator overloading, object conversion, and object aggregation. There is also a section on
class collaborations and the use of CRC cards.

Chapter 15: Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Virtual Functions

The study of classes continues in this chapter with the subjects of inheritance, polymor-
phism, and virtual member functions. The topics covered include base and derived class con-
structors and destructors, virtual member functions, base class pointers, static and dynamic
binding, multiple inheritance, and class hierarchies.

Appendix A: Getting Started with Alice

This appendix gives a quick introduction to Alice. Alice is free software that can be used to
teach fundamental programming concepts using 3D graphics.

Appendix B: ASCII Character Set

A list of the ASCII and Extended ASCII characters and their codes.

Appendix C: Operator Precedence and Associativity

A chart showing the C++ operators and their precedence.

The following appendices are available online at www.pearsonhighered.com/gaddis.

Appendix D: Introduction to Flowcharting

A brief introduction to flowcharting. This tutorial discusses sequence, selection, case, repeti-
tion, and module structures.

Appendix E: Using UML in Class Design

This appendix shows the student how to use the Unified Modeling Language to design
classes. Notation for showing access specification, data types, parameters, return values,
overloaded functions, composition, and inheritance are included.

Appendix F: Namespaces
This appendix explains namespaces and their purpose. Examples showing how to define a
namespace and access its members are given.

Appendix G: Passing Command Line Arguments

Teaches the student how to write a C++ program that accepts arguments from the command
line. This appendix will be useful to students working in a command line environment, such
as Unix, Linux, or the Windows command prompt.

Appendix H: Header File and Library Function Reference

This appendix provides a reference for the C++ library functions and header files discussed
in the book.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 CHAPTER VI

Mirror Lake, Retreat of a Circusman

—Earlier Bed of Dell Creek—
Congress Hall Near Village
At the edge of the village of Delton, ten miles north of Baraboo, on
Trunk Line 12, Dell Creek once flowed unhampered through a
narrow canyon of unusual beauty. When a dam was thrown across
the slender stream, a lovely lake, whose placid bosom mirrors daily
the changing verdure of its banks, was created, some three miles in
length. Boatmen make regular trips on the lake, always before
nightfall as the narrow course requires expert piloting. So quiet are
the waters that every detail of sky and shore and passing craft are
reflected therein; often there is not a ripple, not a cat's paw to mar
the mirror. The banks, which are high and rocky, are covered with a
dense growth of pine, cedar, hemlock and many other varieties of
timber. Underneath is a wonderful carpet of ferns and wild flowers
from the meshes of which occasional rabbit or squirrel emerges, or
the drumming of a partridge is heard, to divert the attention.
Many cottages are hidden among the trees, but a few being visible
from the water's edge. Most of them have an outlook over the lake
but are not easily discerned through the wealth of foliage.
Occasionally one is seen perched on an outstanding rock, thereby
gaining a charming view of the lake. The resinous atmosphere
created by the heavy growth of pine is particularly refreshing to the
city dwellers who come to this lake in increasing numbers, season
after season. The slopes of the lake are the home of the trailing
arbutis whose delicate pink blossoms, half hidden, half exposed, are
eagerly sought by visitors in early spring.
Of cultivated land one sees but little, and that in the hazy distance.
The axe has remained at a respectful distance from the shore,
leaving the slopes native clad.
The best fishing grounds are where the lake throws an arm to the
left, as one ascends the wild watery defile. Usually one may see
disciples of Walton grasping their rods, indifferent to the torrid sun
or drenching rain. The patient anglers cast their lines right and left,
frequently luring an unsuspecting bass or smaller fry from the
undisturbed depths.
Before glacial ice covered a great portion of Wisconsin, Dell Creek
probably flowed in a southeasternly direction through a gap in the
north range of the Baraboo Bluffs and emptied into the Baraboo
River at Baraboo. Its old bed being filled, in a manner similar to the
Wisconsin River at the Dells, it was forced to seek a new course and
cut a canyon through the sandstone formation.

Places of Interest
A ride from end to end brings into view the following interesting
features:
The Devil's Postoffice is in a recess at the mouth of a ravine.
The Devil's Five Fingers are all that is visible of a sunken tree. The
limbs have been protruding from the water for almost half a century.
Echo Rock is a high promontory on the left, a distinct echo being
heard opposite this interesting feature.
Fern Dell is one of the most attractive places in the whole region.
 SCENE AT MIRROR LAKE

The narrow valley, with overhanging crags and luxuriant verdure,

astonishes the beholder.

Retreat of Great Circusman

The erection of a commodious hotel in Delton by Mrs. Eliza Ringling,
adds to the convenience of those desiring to visit the popular resort.
Mrs. Ringling's late husband, Al. Ringling, eldest of the circusmen,
spent many delightful days in his cottage in the woods at the upper
end of this attractive inland body of water.
 Congress Hall
A short distance east of the village of Delton, on the south side of
the highway leading to the Wisconsin river, is Congress Hall. Here a
rivulet has cut a ravine, much of the work evidently having been
done in times long past, when there was more water than at present
flowing along the course. Early in the spring a creek finds its way
through the narrow gorge, but in late summer, after the May
showers and June rains have passed, one may explore the
elongated, eroded canyon without inconvenience from moisture. The
Hall is wildly broken and much distorted in its windings. Often there
are spacious openings as if for rooms, narrow passages leading into
other chambers sufficiently ample for a congress to gather. These
views are quite different from others in the region and will well
repay a visit.
 CHAPTER VII

Pewit's Nest Near Baraboo—Home

of a Recluse—Skillet Falls—Graves
of Napoleon Soldiers
But a trifle over three miles from Baraboo, in the early 40's, a queer
enigmatical character secreted himself in the rocky recesses of
Pewit's Nest. To this wildering abode he unexpectedly came, lived for
a time, and mysteriously disappeared like a phantom or will-o'-the-
wisp.
After rumbling over the bridge at the Island Woolen mill, climbing
the curved incline, and passing over the viaduct above the railroad
tracks, the course to Pewit's Nest follows the main highway which
turns here to the right for a half a mile and another half mile to the
left. Leaving the main road, No. 12, the course follows a mile to the
right climbing the terminal moraine and crossing the outwash plain—
and still another half mile to the left the journey brings the visitor to
a little rural school-building by the roadside, the place to abandon
the car. Here Skillet Creek has cut a wide-mouthed valley or pocket,
Pewit's Nest being a quarter of a mile to the left of the main road.
Sward-sided cellar holes are all that remain of a few rude dwellings
built about a primitive mill. At one time the jaws at the mouth of the
Nest supported a great iron shaft, a cumbersome overshot
waterwheel deliberately delivering the contents of the creek, by
means of its buckets, into the pool below. In the process logs were
converted into lumber, a painfully tedious operation.
 A Queer Abode
Before building the mill, however, there dwelt in a recess of the solid
sandstone, an ingenious and eccentric character whose presence
and unusual behavior gave the name to the place. In his "Outline
Sketches" W. H. Canfield, local historian, who located on Skillet
Creek in 1842, says the abode of this individual was ten feet above a
deep pool of water, dug out by the fail of the creek over the crest of
the resisting formation. The approach to this nearly secreted
habitation was either through a trap door in the roof, or a trap-door
in the floor. If one entered through the roof it was by clambering
down the rocky wall to the opening, and if through the floor it was
by means of a floating bridge upon the pool, a ladder at its end
leading to the trap-door in the floor. The little shop could not be
seen from the mouth of the canyon, or from the top, or from any
direction but one, hence by the early settlers was dubbed the
"Pewee" or "Pewit's Nest."
Here the recluse repaired watches, clocks, guns, and occasionally
farming utensils, even essaying to manufacture the latter in a rude
way. Lathes he had for turning iron and wood, the power for
propelling being provided from an old fashioned centrifugal water
wheel, itself as much of a curiosity as its owner. A large coffee mill,
likewise a grindstone, was arranged to operate by the water that
was forever collecting in the upper valley and pouring through the
shady dell. It is said that this hermit of the hill could tell a lively tale
and dispelled the gloom of loneliness by playing upon a violin. At
times, forsooth, he was persuaded to preach for the Mormon church,
although his activities in this direction were never pronounced.
Among his other accomplishments, he posed as a doctor and
prescribed as remedies the herbs and shrubs growing in the valleys
and on the hills about.
His favorite place of abode seems to have been the border of a new
country and when the settlements among the Baraboo Bluffs
became too numerous, he as quietly and mysteriously disappeared
from his queer home at Pewit's Nest as he had come.

SKILLET FALLS

Skillet Falls
Skillet Falls is located about a mile above where the stream tumbles
into the pool at the head of the peaceful valley and may be reached
by following the creek through woods and fields, or by approaching
through the farmyard of Dwight Welch on Trunk Line 12. This place
of interest was named by Levi Moore from the "Skillets" or water-
worn holes in the sandstone rock, looking much like basins or iron
vessels used in cooking.
 Stream With Two Beds
Before the time of the glacial epoch Skillet Creek probably emptied
into the Baraboo River where the city of Baraboo is located, two or
three miles below the present confluence. The moraine material
filled a portion of the bed of the stream and after the ice receded it
was forced to find a new course near where three roads meet, a
short distance above Skillet Falls. The upper portion of Skillet Creek
tumbles down the Baraboo Bluffs over a bed which dates to Potsdam
times while the lower portion is of much more recent origin,
something unusual in the history of streams. This interruption in its
career has resulted in the picturesque waterfalls. From the highway
east of Skillet Creek one has a view of the terminal moraine to the
east and of the highly productive outwash plain.

Marched With Napoleon

Continuing on the highway a mile west of Pewit's Nest one observes
a rural burying ground on the slope of Rock Hill. A little south of the
center in Rock Hill Cemetery sleep two soldiers who marched with
Napoleon in his world-disrupting European conquests. On a marble
stone one reads:

** * * * * * * * * * * * **
* Michael Hirschinger *
* Died *
* March 20, 1853 *
* Age 67 Years *
** * * * * * * * * * * * **

The father of former Assemblyman Charles Hirschinger, this soldier's

most thrilling experience was his march to Moscow in the fall of
1812 and his retreat with the great Corsican. Half a million men
marched triumphantly into the beautiful city, only to have it reduced
to ashes in their very presence. This meant the destruction of
Napoleon's army. The soldier often retold the retreat through the
Polish snows, recalling that some of his comrades, after crossing
streams, perished in the snow.
The tomb of Mrs. Hirschinger is near that of her husband.
Near the grave of Michael Hirschinger one reads on a stone about all
that is known of still another Napoleon soldier:

** * * * * * * * * * * * **
* Michael Nippert *
* Died *
* May 23, 1864 *
* Age 70 Years, 2 Months *
** * * * * * * * * * * * **

As to his martial deeds but little is recorded. By his side sleeps his
wife.
Napoleon went to St. Helena; Hirschinger and Nippert came to the
Baraboo Hills.

Hirschinger Spring
A mile and a quarter south of the cemetery, where the road bends to
avoid plunging into it, a spring of delicious water bursts from the
hillside and escapes into the quietude of a wooded dale. This
obscure valley is known as Pine Hollow and the tortuous streamlet,
which finds its way for almost a mile through the towering timber of
this delightful retreat, is known as Pine Creek. Ferns, mosses, and
certain varieties of wild flowers hide the gray of the rocks which are
piled high above the stream. The dale is one of great attractiveness
to a loiterer through this unfrequented wood of the Baraboo Hills.
 CHAPTER VIII

Man Mound, Famous Archeological

Wonder—Why Indian Earthworks
Were Built
The famous man mound, a few miles northeast of Baraboo, is the
most interesting archeological feature of the region. This earthwork
is shaped like a giant human figure and is the only known Indian
monument of this nature in the world.

A Deer Mound
On the way to the site of the man mound, a deer mound may be
visited at 727 Eighth Street, Baraboo, (on Trunk Line 33, Baraboo to
Portage) in an oak grove, on land owned by Mrs. Catherine Crandall
Train. The rear portion of this mound, a rare effigy, was destroyed a
number of years ago. A linear mound may be seen just back of the
effigy.
Continuing on the trunk line two miles, a turn is made to the left, the
highway approaching a rugged elevation on the left side of the road.
This outcrop of sandstone is known locally as Rocky Point or Violet
Hill, from the abundance of violets which carpet its slopes in the
spring. Violent Hill would perhaps be a better appellation as the
point has been responsible for a number of serious accidents. Early
in the history of this region a bold frontiersman made the wrong
turn, because of a maudlin mind acquired in the village by
overindulgence in rum, and his wagon, tipping over, his life was
snuffed out on the rocks.
About the year 1870 another devotee of Bacchus became a sacrifice.
Before his team had reached the top of the hill this confused
husbandman, thinking he was at the turn in the road, directed his
horses into the rocks and by the overturning of his wagon-box, was
killed.
Another victim was an employee of a hop yard located near the man
mound. One night this individual walked down the slope north of the
hill but instead of following the highway skirting the rocks, he walked
directly over the crest. Stepping into the darkness, he fell headlong
down the declivity barely escaping death.
Only a few years since, a driver and team came down this same
north slope in a snow storm. The snowdrifts were deep and the
driver finally abandoned his conveyance, walking behind his horses
in an endeavor to follow the road. Blinded by the falling snow and
confused by the drifts, man and team plunged over the cliff and
were only saved from destruction by the abundance of snow. So
deep were the drifts that little could be seen of the horses after the
tumble, except their ears.

The Man Mound.

The journey now leads a fraction of a mile farther up the north
range of the Baraboo Bluffs, then a mile to the east to Man Mound
Park, the central object of which is the famous man mound.
The length of the mound is 214 feet and width at the shoulder 48
feet. In order to assemble this large amount of earth the Indians,
having neither shovels nor iron tools of any kind, used bark or other
baskets, scrapers of wood or stone, and their hands. The observer
will realize with what labor and under what difficulties the workers
accomplished their task. When the Indians were gathered here, in
camp they, with their activity and fantastic dress, must have
presented an unusual picture in the boundless wilderness.
The man mound was located and platted by W. H.
Canfield, local surveyor, historian, and archeologist, July
23, 1859. The original survey is now in the possession of
the Sauk County Historical Society. The name of the
discoverer of this earthwork has been lost in the dimness
of time. When the highway was graded a number of
years ago the lower part of the legs were destroyed and
subsequently the feet, for years beneath a board fence
on the north side of the road, were leveled. Why the
mound was built is explained near the close of this
article.
On August 7, 1908, the Man Mound Park was formally
dedicated at a joint state assembly of the Wisconsin Archeological
Society and Sauk County Historical Society, the bronze tablet, a gift
by J. Van Orden of Baraboo, being unveiled at that time. Previously
the land had been purchased by the two societies and the
Landmarks Committee of the Wisconsin Federation of Women's
Clubs.

Region Rich in Indian Mounds.

In primeval times the Baraboo region was rich in Indian mounds
and, although the plow has been active since the 40's and 50's of
the last century, many of the aboriginal earthworks still remain. They
were erected by the savages on hillside and on plain, by lake,
stream, and on the upland, in the deep forest and on the open
prairie. They are the relics of a people now disappearing and are of
ever increasing interest to the investigating archeologist.
The theory was at one time advanced that a pre-Indian race, the
Mound Builders, constructed the earthworks, but modern
archeologists have disproved the idea of the existence of any such a
pre-historic people, holding the builders of the mounds were none
other than the Indians. It is believed the Winnebago are the authors
of the majority of the earthworks found in Wisconsin. The great
number of these heaps of earth scattered over the country indicate a
considerable Indian population extending over no small period of
time.
Indian mounds or tumuli are of various forms and, with few
exceptions, may be classed as round or conical, elongate or wall-like
pyramidal, and effigy or emblematic mounds. The conical mounds in
the United States vary in height from scarcely a perceptible swell to
elevation of 80 and sometimes 100 feet. Ours are smaller the
highest not over 25 feet. Those in the Baraboo region seldom
exceed in height of 2, 3, or 4 feet. In the conical mounds the Indians
often buried their dead and sometimes one, two, or three layers of
charcoal are found above the remains, indicating that fires, probably
of a ceremonial nature, had burned over the dead.
The long or wall-like mounds are earthworks of a usual length of 30
to 300 feet, in extreme cases the wall having a maximum extension
of 800 or 900 feet. Linear mounds are found in the effigy mound
region.
Pyramidal mounds are not found in the Baraboo country.
The effigy mounds represent animal forms, and, with few
exceptions, are confined to Wisconsin and contiguous portions of
neighboring states. The famous serpent mound and several other
animal-shaped earthworks are located in Ohio and two bird mounds
are in Georgia. Effigy mounds vary from 3 to 4 to 500 feet in length
and in height from a few inches to 5 or 6 feet. Burials were rarely
made in these mounds which have the outline of the deer, bear,
lizard, turtle, eagle, swallow, frog, or other forms of animal life.
Indians are divided into clans and most effigy mounds are believed
by archeologists to be the emblems of these. In order to perpetuate
the clan idea, the Indians constructed about their places of
residence the mounds symbolic of their clans, thousands of these
earthen elevations being scattered over southern Wisconsin.
The deer mound at the home of Mrs. Train is a clan emblem but
archeologists believe the effigy in Man Mound Park an Indian deity.
Mounds of all types, in the eastern part of Sauk County, numbered
over 600, according to a survey made by Dr. A. B. Stout about 1905.
Many of the mounds have been leveled by the plow and cultivator.
 CHAPTER IX

Stone Pillar of Chief Yellow Thunder

and His Squaw, Situated a Few
Miles North of Baraboo
Passing the Baraboo Cemetery and continuing for a distance of five
miles north of Baraboo, Yellow Thunder's Pillar is situated where two
roads cross. The stone monument stands but a short distance from
where the old chief traversed an Indian trail and not far from where
he died and was buried. On one side appears the following
inscription:

** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **
* YELLOW THUNDER *
* Chief of the Winnebago *
* Born 1774—Died 1874 *
* —— *
* And His Squaw *
* Died 1868 *
** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **

Yellow Thunder, a noted warrior and chief of the Winnebago, was "to
the manor born." With his tribe he probably took part, on the side of
the British, in the War of 1812.
He was buried three days after he had passed to the happy hunting
grounds, his body laid in a box in a horizontal position with face to
the west, and his pipe and various trinkets around. His squaw was
interred in similar fashion except that the body was placed in a
sitting position. The ceremonies in both instances were conducted by
Indians, white neighbors assisting only in bearing the bodies to the
graves.
Yellow Thunder is said to have been a "man of great respectability
among his people, and an able councilor in all their public affairs. He
was a zealous Catholic."
In an interview, (see Wisconsin Historical Collections) Moses
Paquette said of him that he was a fine looking Indian, tall, straight,
and stately, but had an overweening love for firewater. This was his
only vice.

Forcibly Removed
 YELLOW THUNDER

In 1840 the Indians from this section were forcibly removed by

United States troops under the command of Colonel Worth, down
the Wisconsin River in boats and canoes to lands west of the
Mississippi river. Yellow Thunder and others were invited to Portage
to obtain provisions, but instead of that, according to John T. de la
Ronde, "were put into the guardhouse, with ball and chain, which
hurt the feelings of the Indians very much, as they had done no
harm to the government." It is said Yellow Thunder felt the disgrace
so keenly he wept. They were afterwards released and taken down
the river.
Yellow Thunder, his squaw, and others, however, soon returned,
walking some 50 miles and arriving amid familiar scenes before the
troops that had taken them away came back. The chief secured forty
acres in the town of Fairfield from the government and there he
spent much of his time until his death in 1874.
After the demise of his squaw in 1868, Yellow Thunder lived but little
in the log house which stood about three-fourths of a mile northeast
of the pillar. A few weeks before his death in November, he located
his tent on the bank of the Wisconsin river about a mile north of his
land in the woods. Here the neighbors ministered to his simple
wants, death resulting from an injury to one of his knees, followed
by blood poison.

Pillar Erected
In 1909, it was decided by members of the Sauk County Historical
Society to remove the remains of Yellow Thunder and his squaw to a
new location, fearing that by clearing and cultivating the land the
graves would become obliterated. An excavation was made, the
bones were placed in a large vitrified tile, and the cairn erected, the
earthen receptacle becoming a part of the boulder-made ossuary.
Here, near a familiar trail, not far from the white neighbors with
whom the Indians often mingled and sometimes ate, the remains
rest in this enduring sepulcher.

From Waubun
The following incidents taken from Wau-Bun, a narrative of the early
days at Fort Winnebago, by Mrs. J. H. Kinzie, show some of the
characteristics of the squaw of Yellow Thunder.
Among the women with whom I early made acquaintance was the
wife of Wau-kaun-zee-kah, the Yellow Thunder. She had
accompanied her husband, who was one of the deputation to visit
the President, and from that time forth she had been known as "the
Washington woman." She had a pleasant, old-acquaintance sort of
air in greeting me, as much as to say, "You and I have seen
something of the world." No expression of surprise or admiration
escaped her lips, as her companions, with childlike laughing
simplicity, exclaimed and clapped their hands at the different
wonderful objects I showed them. Her deportment said plainly, "Yes,
yes, my children, I have seen all these things before." It was not
until I put to her ear a tropical shell of which I had a little cabinet,
and she heard its murmuring sound, that she laid aside her apathy
of manner. She poked her finger into the opening to get at the
animal within, shook it violently, then raised it to her ear again, and
finally burst into a hearty laugh, and laid it down, acknowledging by
her looks, that this was beyond her comprehension.
I had one shell of peculiar beauty—my favorite in the whole
collection—a small conch, covered with rich, dark veins. Each of the
visitors successively took up this shell, and by words and gestures
expressed her admiration, evidently showing that she had an eye for
beauty—this was on the occasion of the parting visit of my red
daughters.
Shortly after the payment had been completed and the Indians had
left, I discovered that my valued shell was missing from the
collection. Could it be that one of the squaws had stolen it? It was
possible—they would occasionally, though rarely do such things
under the influence of strong temptation. I tried to recollect which
among the party, looked most likely to have been the culprit. It
could not have been the Washington woman—she was partly
civilized and knew better.
A few weeks afterward Mrs. Yellow Thunder again made her
appearance and carefully unfolding a gay colored chintz shawl,
which she carried rolled up in her hand, she produced the shell, and
laid it on the table before me. I did not know whether to show by
my countenance displeasure at the trick she had played me, or joy
at receiving my treasure back again, but at last decided it was the
best policy to manifest no emotion whatever.
She prolonged her visit until my husband's return, and he then
questioned her about the matter.
"She had taken the shell to her village, to show to some of her
people, who did not come to the payment."
"Why had she not asked her mother's leave before carrying it
away?"
"Because she saw that her mother liked the shell, and she was afraid
she would say, No."
This was not the first instance in which Madame Washington had
displayed the shrewdness which was a predominant trait in her
character. During the visit of the Indians to the Eastern cities, they
were taken to various exhibitions, museums, menageries, theatres,
etc. It did not escape their observation that some silver was always
paid before entrance and they inquired the reason. It was explained
to them. The woman brightened up as if struck with an idea.
"How much do you pay for each one?"
Her father told her.
"How do you say that in English?"
"Two shillings."
"Two shinnin——humph" (good).
The next day, when as usual, visitors began to flock to the rooms
where the Indians were sojourning, the woman and a young Indian,
her confederate, took their station by the door, which they kept
closed. When any one knocked, the door was cautiously opened,
and the woman, extending her hand exclaimed—"Two shinnin."
This was readily paid in each instance, and the game went on, until
she had accumulated a considerable sum. But this did not satisfy
her. At the first attempt of a visitor to leave the room, the door was
held close, as before, the hand was extended, and "two shinnin"
again met his ear. He tried to explain that, having paid for his
entrance, he must go out free. With an innocent shake of the head,
"Two shinnin" was all the English she could understand.
The agent, who had entered a short time before, and who
overhearing the dialogue, sat laughing behind his newspaper,
waiting to see how it would all end, now came forward and
interfered, and the guests were permitted to go forth without further
contribution.
 CHAPTER X

Portage and Old Fort Winnebago—

Cemetery Where Soldiers of Several
Wars Are Buried—Waubun House
When Wisconsin was on the frontier, as a protection against the
Indians, three forts were built—Fort Howard at Green Bay, Fort
Crawford at Prairie du Chien, and Fort Winnebago at Portage. The
central object of interest in this little journey is the early outpost at
the Fox-Wisconsin portage.
Leaving Baraboo on Trunk Line 33, leading directly east of the city,
where open fields now greet the eye on either side, was once a
treeless tract known as Peck's Prairie. This was named for Eben
Peck, an early settler whose residence was on the present highway a
short distance west of the fair ground.

Roche Moutonnee
After passing a road which turns to the left and leads to the man
mound, a roche moutonnee, sheep shaped surface of the quartzite,
may be seen about a half-mile to the left. The surface of the outcrop
was rounded during the invasion of the glacial ice into this region.
Just before reaching the Baraboo River the road swings to the left,
approaching the talused slope of the rugged north range of the
Baraboo Bluffs. Two species of cacti grow on the summit here, also
to the west—Opuntia humifusa, the western prickly pear, and
Opuntia fragilis, the brittle opuntia.
The road runs on the verge of a dry ravine, where an Indian effigy
mound reposes on the opposite bank, near the Baraboo River. Other
mounds were to the west and an Indian ford crossed the stream
here. About 1906 an Indian skeleton was unearthed on the bank of
the gully, nearly opposite the farmstead.

Garrisonville
In the region about the ravine, Mrs. Ann Garrison, in pioneer times,
laid out a paper city, much to the regret of lot purchasers in
Philadelphia and elsewhere. The sawmill, the pottery, the hotel, and
the "salted" gold mine are but memories now.
The gap where the river escapes from the valley into the lowland to
the north, has a geological history similar to that of Devil's Lake. No
talus covers the slopes, however, the loose stones having been
swept away when the ice sheet flowed slowly through in glacial
times.

An Ancient Lava Bed

At seven localities about the outer margin of the quartzite region,
igneous rocks have been found—at Alloa, near the Devil's Nose, at
Baxter's Hollow, three near Denzer and the Lower Narrows.
By far the largest area, fully described by Professor Samuel Weidman
in "The Baraboo Iron-Bearing District," is found at the Lower
Narrows, distributed over the width of more than half a mile along
the north slope, to the east and west of the gap. At the bridge the
road to the left leads to a point less than a mile distant, here the
igneous rock or rhyolite comes boldly within a few feet of the
highway. By climbing upon the ledge one stands on a surface older
than the Baraboo Hills, older than any deposit in the whole region.
As lava the rhyolite flowed, then cooled and during the upheaval of
the north range was forced upon its edge, remaining so to this day.
Upon this cooled lava the whole later geologic formation of the
region rests—to be upon it is to be upon the floor of the world.

JEFFERSON DAVIS
 Road Hugs the Bluff
Eastward from the bridge over the Baraboo River, the highway hugs
the bluff. A few Indian mounds may be seen less than half a mile to
the north after passing the first farm house. To the east of these
mounds the skeletons of about sixty Indians were uncovered when
one was leveled a number of years ago. The Indian corpses had
been seated in a circle and buried in one heap of earth. Evidently
there had been a battle or pestilence amongst them.

FORT WINNEBAGO IN 1834

Reduced facsimile of oil painting by Ira A. Ridgeway of Portage in
1896, based on contemporary plans and recollections of early
settlers. The view is from the southwest. The building to the right of
the gate is the guardhouse; to the left, the armory. On the opposite
side of the square, to the left, were the officers' quarters. The
peakedroof building at the left corner was a blockhouse, and a
similar structure was in the corner diagonally opposite. The
magazine appears in the corner adjacent to the guardhouse, and at
its side to the right were soldiers' quarters. The chapel was in the
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