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Building Java Programs A Back to Basics Approach 3rd
Edition Stuart Reges Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Stuart Reges, Marty Stepp
ISBN(s): 9780133360905, 0133360903
Edition: 3
File Details: PDF, 6.62 MB
Year: 2013
Language: english
get with the programming
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 Third Edition

Building Java Programs

A Back to Basics Approach

Stuart Reges | Marty Stepp

University of Washington

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Reges, Stuart.
Building Java programs : a back to basics approach / Stuart Reges, Marty
Stepp, University of Washington.—Third edition.
pages cm
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-336090-5
ISBN-10: 0-13-336090-3
1. Java (Computer program language) I. Stepp, Martin. II. Title.
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005.13’3—dc23
2012045404

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ISBN 13: 978-0-13-336090-5

ISBN 10: 0-13-336090-3
 Preface

The newly revised Building Java Programs textbook is designed for use in a two-
course introduction to computer science. We received such positive feedback on the
new chapters that we added in the second edition that we have gone even further to
make this book useful for both the first and second course in computer science. We
have class-tested it with thousands of undergraduates at the University of Washington,
most of whom were not computer science majors.
Introductory computer science courses have a long history at many universities of
being “killer” courses with high failure rates. But as Douglas Adams says in The
Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, “Don’t panic.” Students can master this material if
they can learn it gradually. The introductory courses at the University of Washington
are experiencing record enrollments, and other schools that have adopted our text-
book report that students are succeeding with our approach.
Since the publication of our first two editions, there has been a movement toward
the “objects later” approach that we have championed (as opposed to the “objects
early” approach). We know from years of experience that a broad range of scientists,
engineers, and others can learn how to program in a procedural manner. Once we
have built a solid foundation of procedural techniques, we turn to object-oriented
programming. By the end of the course, students will have learned about both styles
of programming.
Here are some of the changes that we have made in the third edition:

• Two new chapters. We have created new chapters that extend the coverage of
the book, using material that we present in our second course in computer sci-
ence. Chapter 14 explores programming with stacks and queues. Chapter 18
examines the implementation of hash tables and heaps. These expand on
Chapters 15–17 added in the second edition that discuss implementation of col-
lection classes using arrays, linked lists, and binary trees.
• New section on recursive backtracking. Backtracking is a powerful technique
for exploring a set of possibilities for solving a problem. Chapter 12 now has a
section on backtracking and examines several problems in detail, including the
8 Queens problem and Sudoku.
• Expanded self-checks and programming exercises. We have significantly
increased the number and quality of self-check exercises and programming exer-
cises incorporating new problems in each chapter. There are now roughly fifty
total problems and exercises per chapter, all of which have been class-tested
with real students and have solutions provided for instructors on our web site.
v
vi Preface

The following features have been retained from the first edition:

• Focus on problem solving. Many textbooks focus on language details when

they introduce new constructs. We focus instead on problem solving. What
new problems can be solved with each construct? What pitfalls are novices
likely to encounter along the way? What are the most common ways to use a
new construct?
• Emphasis on algorithmic thinking. Our procedural approach allows us to
emphasize algorithmic problem solving: breaking a large problem into smaller
problems, using pseudocode to refine an algorithm, and grappling with the chal-
lenge of expressing a large program algorithmically.
• Layered approach. Programming in Java involves many concepts that are diffi-
cult to learn all at once. Teaching Java to a novice is like trying to build a house
of cards. Each new card has to be placed carefully. If the process is rushed and
you try to place too many cards at once, the entire structure collapses. We teach
new concepts gradually, layer by layer, allowing students to expand their under-
standing at a manageable pace.
• Case studies. We end most chapters with a significant case study that shows
students how to develop a complex program in stages and how to test it as it
is being developed. This structure allows us to demonstrate each new pro-
gramming construct in a rich context that can’t be achieved with short code
examples. Several of the case studies were expanded and improved in the
second edition.

Layers and Dependencies

Many introductory computer science books are language-oriented, but the early chap-
ters of our book are layered. For example, Java has many control structures (including
for loops, while loops, and if/else statements), and many books include all of
these control structures in a single chapter. While that might make sense to someone
who already knows how to program, it can be overwhelming for a novice who is
learning how to program. We find that it is much more effective to spread these control
structures into different chapters so that students learn one structure at a time rather
than trying to learn them all at once.
 Preface vii

The following table shows how the layered approach works in the first six
chapters:

The Layers
Programming
Chapter Control flow Data techniques Input/Output

1 methods String literals procedural println, print

decomposition

2 definite loops (for) variables local variables

expressions class constants
int, double pseudocode

3 return values using objects parameters console input

graphics (optional)

4 conditional char pre/post conditions printf

(if/else) throwing exceptions

5 indefinite loops boolean assertions

(while) robust programs

6 Scanner token-based processing file input/output

line-based processing

Chapters 1–6 are designed to be worked through in order, with greater flexibil-
ity of study then beginning in Chapter 7. Chapter 6 may be skipped, although the
case study in Chapter 7 involves reading from a file, a topic that is covered in
Chapter 6.
viii Preface

The following is a dependency chart for the book:

Chapters 1–6
Programming Fundamentals

Chapter 7 Chapter 8
Arrays Classes

Chapter 12 Chapter 9
Recursion Inheritance and Interfaces

Chapter 13 Chapter 10
Searching and Sorting ArrayLists

Chapter 11
Java Collections Framework

Chapter 14 Chapter 15
Stacks and Queues Implementing a Collection Class

Chapter 16
Linked Lists

Chapter 17
Binary Trees

Chapter 18
Advanced Data Structures

Supplements
Answers to all self-check problems appear on our web site at http://www.building
javaprograms.com/ and are accessible to anyone. Our web site also has the following
additional resources available for students:
• Online-only supplemental chapters, such as a chapter on creating Graphical
User Interfaces
 Preface ix

• Source code and data files for all case studies and other complete program
examples
• The DrawingPanel class used in the optional graphics Supplement 3G

Instructors can access the following resources from our web site at http://www.
buildingjavaprograms.com/:

• PowerPoint slides suitable for lectures

• Solutions to exercises and programming projects, along with homework specifi-
cation documents for many projects
• Sample Exams and solution keys
• Additional Lab Exercises and Programming Exercises with solution keys
• Closed Lab creation tools to produce lab handouts with the instructor's choice
of problems integrated with the textbook

To access protected instructor resources, contact us at authors@buildingjavapro

grams.com. The same materials are also available at http://www.pearsonhighered.
com/regesstepp/. To receive a password for this site or to ask other questions related
to resources, contact your Pearson sales representative.

MyProgrammingLab
MyProgrammingLab is an online practice and assessment tool that helps students
fully grasp the logic, semantics, and syntax of programming. Through practice exer-
cises and immediate, personalized feedback, MyProgrammingLab improves the pro-
gramming competence of beginning students who often struggle with basic concepts
and paradigms of popular high-level programming languages. A self-study and
homework tool, the MyProgrammingLab course consists of hundreds of small prac-
tice exercises organized around the structure of this textbook. For students, the sys-
tem automatically detects errors in the logic and syntax of code submissions and
offers targeted hints that enable students to figure out what went wrong—and why.
For instructors, a comprehensive gradebook tracks correct and incorrect answers and
stores the code inputted by students for review.
For a full demonstration, to see feedback from instructors and students, or to adopt
MyProgrammingLab for your course, visit www.myprogramminglab.com.

VideoNotes
We have recorded a series of instructional videos to accompany the textbook. They
VideoNote are available at http://www.pearsonhighered.com/regesstepp. Roughly 3–4 videos are
posted for each chapter. An icon in the margin of the page indicates when a
VideoNote is available for a given topic. In each video, we spend 5–15 minutes walking
x Preface

through a particular concept or problem, talking about the challenges and methods nec-
essary to solve it. These videos make a good supplement to the instruction given in
lecture classes and in the textbook. Your new copy of the textbook has an access code
that will allow you to view the videos.

Acknowledgments
First, we would like to thank the many colleagues, students, and teaching assistants
who have used and commented on early drafts of this text. We could not have written
this book without their input. Special thanks go to Hélène Martin, who pored over
early versions of these chapters to find errors and to identify rough patches that needed
work. We would also like to thank instructor Benson Limketkai for spending many
hours performing a technical proofread of the second edition.
Second, we would like to thank the talented pool of reviewers who guided us in
the process of creating this textbook:

• Greg Anderson, Weber State University

• Delroy A. Brinkerhoff, Weber State University
• Ed Brunjes, Miramar Community College
• Tom Capaul, Eastern Washington University
• Tom Cortina, Carnegie Mellon University
• Charles Dierbach, Towson University
• H.E. Dunsmore, Purdue University
• Michael Eckmann, Skidmore College
• Mary Anne Egan, Siena College
• Leonard J. Garrett, Temple University
• Ahmad Ghafarian, North Georgia College & State University
• Raj Gill, Anne Arundel Community College
• Michael Hostetler, Park University
• David Hovemeyer, York College of Pennsylvania
• Chenglie Hu, Carroll College
• Philip Isenhour, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
• Andree Jacobson, University of New Mexico
• David C. Kamper, Sr., Northeastern Illinois University
• Simon G.M. Koo, University of San Diego
• Evan Korth, New York University
• Joan Krone, Denison University
• John H.E.F. Lasseter, Fairfield University
Preface xi

• Eric Matson, Wright State University

• Kathryn S. McKinley, University of Texas, Austin
• Jerry Mead, Bucknell University
• George Medelinskas, Northern Essex Community College
• John Neitzke, Truman State University
• Dale E. Parson, Kutztown University
• Richard E. Pattis, Carnegie Mellon University
• Frederick Pratter, Eastern Oregon University
• Roger Priebe, University of Texas, Austin
• Dehu Qi, Lamar University
• John Rager, Amherst College
• Amala V.S. Rajan, Middlesex University
• Craig Reinhart, California Lutheran University
• Mike Scott, University of Texas, Austin
• Alexa Sharp, Oberlin College
• Tom Stokke, University of North Dakota
• Leigh Ann Sudol, Fox Lane High School
• Ronald F. Taylor, Wright State University
• Andy Ray Terrel, University of Chicago
• Scott Thede, DePauw University
• Megan Thomas, California State University, Stanislaus
• Dwight Tuinstra, SUNY Potsdam
• Jeannie Turner, Sayre School
• Tammy VanDeGrift, University of Portland
• Thomas John VanDrunen, Wheaton College
• Neal R. Wagner, University of Texas, San Antonio
• Jiangping Wang, Webster University
• Yang Wang, Missouri State University
• Stephen Weiss, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
• Laurie Werner, Miami University
• Dianna Xu, Bryn Mawr College
• Carol Zander, University of Washington, Bothell

We would also like to thank the dedicated University of Washington teaching

assistants: Robert Baxter, Will Beebe, Whitaker Brand, Leslie Ferguson, Lisa Fiedler,
Jason Ganzhorn, Brad Goring, Stefanie Hatcher, Jared Jones, Roy McElmurry, Aryan
xii Preface

Naraghi, Allison Obourn, Coral Peterson, Jeff Prouty, Stephanie Smallman, Eric
Spishak, Kimberly Todd, and Brian Walker.
Finally, we would like to thank the great staff at Addison-Wesley who helped pro-
duce the book. Michelle Brown, Jeff Holcomb, Maurene Goo, Patty Mahtani, Nancy
Kotary, and Kathleen Kenny did great work preparing the first edition. Our copy edi-
tors and the staff of Aptara Corp, including Heather Sisan, Brian Baker, Brendan
Short, and Rachel Head, caught many errors and improved the quality of the writing.
Marilyn Lloyd and Chelsea Bell served well as project manager and editorial assis-
tant, respectively. For their help with the third edition we would like to thank Kayla
Smith-Tarbox, Production Project Manager, and Jenah Blitz-Stoehr, Computer
Science Editorial Assistant. Mohinder Singh and the staff at Aptara, Inc., were also
very helpful in the final production of the third edition. Special thanks go to our edi-
tor Matt Goldstein, who has believed in the concept of our book from day one. We
couldn’t have finished this job without all of their support.
Stuart Reges
Marty Stepp
 LOCATION OF VIDEO NOTES IN THE TEXT
www.pearsonhighered.com/regesstepp VideoNote

Chapter 1 Pages 31, 40

Chapter 2 Pages 65, 74, 89, 97, 110
Chapter 3 Pages 140, 155, 160, 166
Chapter 3G Pages 195, 211
Chapter 4 Pages 239, 247, 274
Chapter 5 Pages 320, 323, 325, 329, 352
Chapter 6 Pages 392, 405, 419
Chapter 7 Pages 454, 461, 478, 495
Chapter 8 Pages 521, 533, 541, 554
Chapter 9 Pages 583, 596, 612
Chapter 10 Pages 658, 663, 672
Chapter 11 Pages 702, 715, 723
Chapter 12 Pages 750, 758, 795
Chapter 13 Pages 820, 823, 829
Chapter 14 Pages 875, 882
Chapter 15 Pages 916, 922, 926
Chapter 16 Pages 958, 965, 978
Chapter 17 Pages 1023, 1024, 1034
Chapter 18 Pages 1059, 1078

xiii
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PREMATURE

BURIAL AND HOW IT MAY BE PREVENTED ***
 PREMATURE BURIAL,
AND

HOW IT MAY BE PREVENTED.

PREMATURE BURIAL
AND

HOW IT MAY BE PREVENTED

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TRANCE, CATALEPSY, AND

OTHER FORMS OF SUSPENDED ANIMATION

BY
 WILLIAM TEBB, F.R.G.S.
Corresponding Member of the Royal Academy of Medical Sciences, Palermo;
Author of “The Recrudescence of Leprosy and its Causation”

AND
Col. EDWARD PERRY VOLLUM, M.D.
Late Medical Inspector, U.S. Army; Corresponding Member of the
New York Academy of Sciences

LONDON
S W A N S O N N E N S C H E I N & C O ., L I M .
1896

“What if in the tomb I awake!”—Romeo and Juliet.

 “How comes it about that patients, given over as dead by their
physicians, sometimes recover, and that some have even returned to life in
the very time of their funerals?”—Celsus.
“Such is the condition of humanity, and so uncertain is men’s judgment,
that they cannot determine even death itself.”—Pliny.
 PREFACE.

A distressing experience in the writer’s family many years ago

brought home to his mind the danger of premature burial, and led
ultimately to the careful study of a gruesome subject to which he has
a strong natural repugnance. His collaborator in the volume has
himself passed through a state of profound suspended animation
from drowning, having been laid out for dead—an experience which
has induced him in like manner to investigate the various death-
counterfeits. The results of the independent inquiries carried on by
both of us in various parts of Europe and America, and by one of us
during a sojourn in India in the early part of this year, are now laid
before the reader, with such practical suggestions as it is hoped may
prepare the way for bringing about certain needed reforms in our
burial customs.
The danger, as I have attempted to show, is very real—to
ourselves, to those most dear to us, and to the community in
general; and it should be a subject of very anxious concern how this
danger may be minimised or altogether prevented. The duty of
taking the most effective precautions to this end is one that naturally
falls to the Legislature, especially under a Government professing to
regard social questions as of paramount importance. Fortunately, this
is a non-party and a non-contentious question, it imperils no interest,
so that no formal obstruction or unnecessary delay need be
apprehended; and it should be urged upon the Government to
introduce and carry an effective measure at the earliest opportunity,
not only as a security against the possibility of so terrible an evil, but
to quiet the widespread and not altogether unreasonable
apprehension on this subject which is now so prevalent.
It has been found convenient to retain throughout the body of
the work the use of the singular pronoun, but every part of the book
receives the cordial approval of both authors, and with this
explanation we accept its responsibility jointly.
We have to acknowledge our great indebtedness in preparing this
volume to many previous writers, including such as have investigated
the phenomena of suspended animation and the signs of death, and
such as, with a more practical intention, have dwelt upon the danger
of death-counterfeits being mistaken for the absolute extinction of
life, illustrating their counsels or warnings by numerous instances.
Grouping both classes of writers together, we may mention specially
the names of Winslow and Bruhier, Hufeland, Struve, Marcus Herz
and Köppen, Kite, Curry, and Anthony Fothergill; and, of more recent
date, the names of Bouchut, Londe, Lénormand, and Gaubert (on
mortuaries), Russell Fletcher, Franz Hartmann, and Sir Benjamin
Ward Richardson.
A work to which we are particularly indebted for the literature of
the subject is that of the late Dr. Félix Gannal, “Mort Apparente et
Mort Réelle: moyens de les distinguer.” Paris, 1890. Dr. Gannal,
having qualified in medicine and pharmacy, occupied himself with the
business of embalming, which he inherited from his father. He
employed the considerable leisure which the practice of that art left
to him in compiling the above laborious work. He examined many
books, pamphlets, theses, and articles, from which he cited
expressions of opinion on the several points—in a lengthy form in his
original edition (1868), in a condensed form in the second edition.
His Bibliography is by far the most comprehensive that has been
hitherto compiled. Our own Bibliography had been put together from
various sources before we made use of Dr. Gannal’s. It includes
several titles which he does not give; while, on the other hand, it has
been considerably extended beyond its original limits by transcribing
titles which we have found nowhere but in his list. The Bibliography,
it need hardly be said, is much more extensive than our own
reading; but it seemed useful to make it as complete as possible,
whether the books had been seen by us or not, so as to show in
chronological order how much interest had been aroused in the
subject from time to time—in one country more than another, or in
various countries together. The titles of articles in journals, which
belong for the most part to the more recent period, have been taken
from the Index Catalogue of the Surgeon-General’s Library,
Washington, a few references being added to articles which have
otherwise come under our notice.
W. T.
 CONTENTS.

PAGE
Preface 1
Introduction 9

CHAPTER I.
Trance 21

CHAPTER II.
Catalepsy 32

CHAPTER III.
Animal and So-called Human Hibernation 40

CHAPTER IV.
Premature Burial 51

CHAPTER V.
Narrow Escapes from Premature Burial 64
 CHAPTER VI.
Formalities and their Fatal Consequences 105

CHAPTER VII.
Probable Cases of Premature Burial 113

CHAPTER VIII.
Predisposing Causes and Conditions of Death-
Counterfeits 120

CHAPTER IX.
Premature Burial and Cremation in India. The
Towers of Silence 129

CHAPTER X.
The Danger of Hasty Burials 144

CHAPTER XI.
The Fear of Premature Burial 153

CHAPTER XII.
Sudden Death 159

CHAPTER XIII.
The Signs of Death 180

CHAPTER XIV.
The Duration of Death-Counterfeits 208
 CHAPTER XV.
The Treatment of the Dead 215

CHAPTER XVI.
Number of Cases of Premature Burial 220

CHAPTER XVII.
Embalming and Dissections 229

CHAPTER XVIII.
Death-Certification 238

CHAPTER XIX.
Suggestions for Prevention 257

CHAPTER XX.
Cremation as a Preventive of Premature Burial 275

CHAPTER XXI.
Waiting Mortuaries 285

CHAPTER XXII.
Conclusion 316

APPENDIX A.
Historical Cases of Restoration from Apparent
Death 325
 APPENDIX B.
Resuscitation of Still-Born and other Infants 341

APPENDIX C.
Recovery of the Drowned 347

APPENDIX D.
Miscellaneous Addenda 350

APPENDIX E.
The Jewish Practice of Early Burial 353

APPENDIX F.
Summary of Ordinances, etc., Relating to the
Inspection of Corpses and of Interments 360

———
Bibliography 363
Index 389
 INTRODUCTION.

A concurrence of peculiar circumstances, beginning in May, 1895,

has directed public attention in England to the subject of premature
burial, probably to a greater degree, so far as the author’s
recollection serves, than at any time during the past half-century.
Amongst these may be mentioned the publication of several recent
cases of premature burial in the English and American papers; the
narrow escape of a child found in Regent’s Park, London, laid out for
dead at the Marylebone Mortuary, and afterwards restored to life;
the issue in Boston, U.S., of Dr. Franz Hartmann’s instructive essay,
entitled, “Buried Alive: an Examination into the Occult Causes of
Apparent Death, Trance, and Catalepsy” (a considerable number of
copies having been sold in England), and the able leading articles
and correspondence on the subject in the Spectator, Daily Chronicle,
Morning Post, Leeds Mercury, The Jewish World, Plymouth Mercury,
Manchester Courier, To-Day, and many other daily and weekly
journals.
It is curious, that while many books and pamphlets relating to
this important subject have been issued in France and Germany, no
adequate and comprehensive treatise has appeared from the English
press for more than sixty years past, nor writings in any form, with
the exception of a paper by Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson in No. 21
of the Asclepiad, published in 1889, on the “Absolute Signs of
Death,” sundry articles in the medical journals from time to time,
and a London edition of Dr. Hartmann’s volume in January, 1896.
The section upon “Real and Apparent Death” in the 1868 edition of
the late Professor Guy’s Forensic Medicine begins with the words,
“This subject has never attracted much attention in England, and no
medical author of repute has treated it at any length”—a remark not
less true after the lapse of a generation. The following chapters have
been prepared with the view, not so much of supplying this
omission, as of guiding the public to the dangers of our present
mode of treating the apparent dead, in the hope that reforms and
preventive measures may be instituted without delay in order to put
an end to such unnecessary domestic tragedies.
In introducing the subject the author is aware that the great
majority of the medical profession in this country are either sceptical
or apathetic as to the alleged danger of living burial. Many do not
believe in the existence of death-trance or death-counterfeits, and
the majority of those who do believe in them declare that cases are
very rare, and that if consciousness is ever restored in the grave it
can only last a second or two, and that those who live in fear of such
an occurrence should provide for a post-mortem or for the severance
of the jugular vein. Many persons, on the other hand, after much
careful inquiry, are of opinion that cases of premature burial are of
frequent occurrence; and that the great majority of the human race
(outside of a few places in Germany, where waiting mortuaries are
established, or where the police regulations, such as those described
in this volume as existing in Würtemburg, are efficiently and
systematically carried out) are liable to this catastrophe. Important
as the subject is allowed to be, and numerous as are the reported
cases, no effective steps, either public or private, appear to have
been taken, outside of Germany and Austria, to remedy the evil. At
present a majority of the people appear content to trust to the
judgment of their relations and to the ordinary certificates of death
to safeguard them from so terrible a disaster. That death-certificates
and death-verifications are often of a most perfunctory description,
both as to the fact of death and the cause of death, has been
proved by overwhelming evidence before the recent House of
Commons Committee on Death-Certification. Such certificates, when
obtained, may be misleading and untrustworthy; while in many
cases burials take place without the doctor having either attended
the patient or examined the body. Nor, in spite of the appointment of
death-verificators by our neighbours across the Channel, is this
important precaution effectively carried out by them. M. Devergie
reports that in twenty-five thousand communes in France no
verification of death takes place, although the law requires it; and he
demands that no diploma shall be given without the candidate
having proved himself conversant with the signs of death. (Medical
Times, London, 1874, vol. i., p. 25.) On personal inquiry from
medical authorities in France, during the present year (1896), we
learn that this laxity still prevails.
It appears strange that, except when a man dies, all his concerns
are protected by custom and formalities, or guarded by laws, so as
to insure his interests being fairly carried out to completion. Thus we
see that heirship, marriage, business affairs of all kinds, whether of
a public or private nature, are amply guarded by such precautionary
and authoritative measures as will secure them. But one of the most
important of all human interests—that which relates to the
termination of life—is managed in such a careless and perfunctory
way as to permit of irreparable mistakes. To be sure there are laws
in most of the Continental States of Europe that are intended to
regulate the care and burial of the dead, but few of them make it
certain that the apparently dead shall not be mistaken for the really
dead, and treated as such. None of them allow more than seventy-
two hours before burial (some allow only thirty-six, others twenty-
four, and others again much less, according to the nature of the
disease), unless the attending physician petitions the authorities for
reasonable delay—a rare occurrence. And even if postponement is
granted, it is doubtful if the inevitable administrative formalities
would leave opportunities for dubious cases to receive timely and
necessary attention, or for cases of trance, catalepsy, coma, or the
like, to be rescued from a living burial.
 In the introduction to a Treatise entitled “The Uncertainty of the
Signs of Death, and the Danger of Precipitate Interments,” published
in 1746, the author, Mr. M. Cooper, surgeon, says:—“Though death
at some time or other is the necessary and unavoidable portion of
human nature, yet it is not always certain that persons taken for
dead are really and irretrievably deprived of life, since it is evident
from experience that many apparently dead have afterwards proved
themselves alive by rising from their shrouds, their coffins, and even
from their graves. It is equally certain that some persons, too soon
interred after their supposed decease, have in their graves fallen
victims to a death which might otherwise have been prevented, but
which they then find more cruel than that procured by the rope or
the rack.” The author quotes Lancisi, first physician to Pope Clement
XI., who, in his Treatise De subitaneis mortibus, observes:
—“Histories and relations are not the only proofs which convince me
that many persons supposed to be dead have shown themselves
alive, even when they were ready to be buried, since I am induced
to such a belief from what I myself have seen; for I saw a person of
distinction, now alive, recover sensation and motion when the priest
was performing the funeral service over him in church.”
After reporting and describing a large number of cases of
premature burial, or of narrow escapes from such terrible
occurrences, in which the victims of hasty diagnosis were prepared
for burial, or revived during the progress of the burial service, Mr.
Cooper continues:—“Now, if a multiplicity of instances evince that
many have the good fortune to escape being interred alive, it is
justly to be suspected that a far greater number have fallen victims
to a fatal confinement in their graves. But because human nature is
such a slave to prejudice, and so tied down by the fetters of custom,
it is highly difficult, if not absolutely impossible, to put people on
their guard against such terrible accidents, or to persuade those
vested with authority to take proper measures for preventing them.”
Nothing seems to have been done to remedy this serious evil;
and forty-two years later Mr. Chas. Kite, a well-known practitioner,
called attention to the subject in a volume, entitled “The Recovery of
the Apparently Dead,” London, 1788. This author, on p. 92, says:
—“Many, various, and even opposite appearances have been
supposed to indicate the total extinction of life. Formerly, a stoppage
of the pulse and respiration were thought to be unequivocal signs of
death; particular attention in examining the state of the heart and
larger arteries, the flame of a taper, a lock of wool, or a mirror
applied to the mouth or nostrils, were conceived sufficient to
ascertain these points; and great has been the number of those who
have fallen untimely victims to this erroneous opinion. Some have
formed their prognostic from the livid, black, and cadaverous
countenance; others from the heavy, dull, fixed, or flaccid state of
the eyes; from the dilated pupil; the foaming at the mouth and
nostrils, the rigid and inflexible state of the body, jaws, or
extremities; the intense and universal cold, etc. Some, conceiving
any one of these symptoms as incompetent and inadequate to the
purpose, have required the presence of such of them as were, in
their opinion, the least liable to error; but whoever will take the
trouble of reading the Reports of the (Humane) Society with
attention, will meet with very many instances where all the
appearances separately, and even where several associated in the
same case, occurred, and yet the patient recovered; and it is
therefore evident that these signs will not afford certain and
unexceptionable criteria by which we may distinguish between life
and death.”
Mr. Kite furnishes references to numerous cases of recovery
where the apparently dead exhibited black, livid, or cadaverous
countenances; eyes fixed or obscure; eyeballs diminished in size,
immovable and fixed in their sockets, the cornea without lustre; eyes
shrivelled; froth at the mouth; rigidity of the body, jaws, and
extremities; partial or universal cold.[1]
The crux of the whole question is the uncertainty of the signs
which announce the cessation of physical existence. Prizes have
been offered, and prizes have been awarded, but further experience
has shown that the signs and tests, sometimes singly and
sometimes in combination, have been untrustworthy, and that the
only certain and unfailing sign of death is decomposition.
Commenting upon actual cases of premature burial, the Lancet,
March 17, 1866, p. 295, says:—“Truly there is something about the
very notion of such a fate calculated to make one shudder, and to
send a cold stream down one’s spine. By such a catastrophe is not
meant the sudden avalanche of earth, bricks, or stones upon the
luckless miner or excavator, or the crushing, suffocative death from
tumbling ruins. No; it is the cool, determined treatment of a living
being as if he were dead—the rolling him in his winding sheet, the
screwing him down in his coffin, the weeping at his funeral, and the
final lowering of him into the narrow grave, and piling upon his dark
and box-like dungeon loads of his mother earth. The last footfall
departs from the solitary church-yard, leaving the entranced sleeper
behind in his hideous shell soon to awaken to consciousness and to
a benumbed half-suffocated existence for a few minutes; or else,
more horrible still, there he lies beneath the ground conscious of
what has been and still is, until, by some fearful agonised struggle of
the inner man at the weird phantasmagoria which has passed across
his mental vision, he awakes to a bodily vivification as desperate in
its torment for a brief period as has been that of his physical activity.
But it is soon past. There is scarcely room to turn over in the
wooden chamber; and what can avail a few shrieks and struggles of
a half-stifled, cramped-up man!”
To prevent such unspeakable horrors as are here pictured, the
Egyptians kept the bodies of the dead under careful supervision by
the priests until satisfied that life was extinct, previous to embalming
them by means of antiseptics, balsams, and odoriferous gums. The
Greeks were aware of the dangers of premature burial, and cut off
fingers before cremation to see whether life was extinct. In ancient
Rome the recurrence of cases of premature burial had impressed the
nation with the necessity for exercising the greatest caution in the
treatment of the supposed dead; hasty conclusions were looked
upon as criminal, the absence of breath or heat or a cadaverous
appearance were regarded as uncertain tests, and the supposed
dead were put into warm baths or washed with hot water, and other
means of restoration adopted. Neither in the greater part of Europe
nor in the United States are any such means resorted to now, except
in the case of apparent death by drowning, by asphyxia, or by
hanging. Premature burials and narrow escapes are of almost every-
day occurrence, as the narratives in the newspapers testify; and the
complaint made by a surgeon, Mr. Cooper, a hundred and fifty years
ago, that the evil is perpetuated because we are slaves to prejudice,
and because those vested with authority refuse to take measures for
prevention, remains a serious blot upon our advanced civilisation.
The Spectator, September 14, 1895, commenting upon this
unsatisfactory state of affairs, observes:—“Burning, drowning, even
the most hideous mutilation under a railway train, is as nothing
compared with burial alive. Strangely enough this universal horror
seems to have produced no desire to guard against burial alive. We
all fear it, and yet practically no one takes any trouble to avoid the
risk of it happening in his own case, or in that of the rest of
mankind. It would be the simplest thing in the world to take away all
chance of burying alive; and yet the world remains indifferent, and
enjoys its horror undisturbed by the hope of remedy.”
The authors’ own reasonings, opinions, and conclusions are here
briefly presented; but as the majority of the public are more or less
influenced by authority, it has been thought advisable to furnish a
series of authenticated facts under the several headings to which
they belong, and to cite the judgments of eminent members of the
medical profession who have given special attention to the subject.
The source of difficulty has been an embarras de richesse, or how
from a mass of material, the extent of which will be seen by
reference to the Bibliography, to select typical cases without
needless repetition. The premature burials and narrow escapes from
such disasters, which are reported by distinguished physicians and
reputable writers, may be numbered literally by hundreds, and for
every one reported it is obvious from the nature of the case that
many are never heard of. Amongst the names of notable persons
who have thought the subject sufficiently practical for their attention
may be mentioned those of Empedocles, Plato, Aristotle, Cicero,
Pliny, Celsus, Plutarch, and St. Augustine in antiquity; of Fabricius,
Lancisi, Winslow, Haller, Buffon, Lavater, Moses Mendelssohn,
Hufeland, and Alexander von Humboldt in modern times.
The subject has several times engaged the attention of the
French Senate and Legislative Chamber, as well as the Legislative
Assemblies in the various States of Germany. In 1871, Dr. Alex.
Wilder, Prof. of Physiology and Psychological Science, read a paper
before the members of both houses of the New York State
Legislature at the Capitol, Albany; but we are not aware that the
subject has ever been introduced in any of the other State
Legislatures, or in the British Parliament, or in any of the Colonial
Assemblies.
In an editorial note, as far back as November 27, 1858, the
Lancet, referring to a case of death-trance, remarked that such
“examples are sufficiently mysterious in their character to call for a
more careful investigation than it has hitherto been possible to
accord to them.” The facts disclosed in this treatise, the authors
hope, may encourage qualified scientific observers to study the
subject of death-trance, which, it must be admitted, has been
strangely overlooked in England, though it would not be easy to
mention one which more deeply concerns every individual born into
the world.
In order to prevent unnecessary pain to the reader on a subject
so distressing in its nature, the more sensational and horrifying
cases of premature burial have been omitted. They can, however, be
found in abundance in the writings of Bruhier, Köppen, Kempner,
Lénormand, Bouchut, Russell Fletcher, and the Boston (U.S.) edition
of Hartmann. In England and in America it is the fashion amongst
medical men to maintain that the tests known to medical art are
fully equal to the prevention of live burial, that the cases quoted by
the newspapers are introduced for sensational purposes, and that
most of them are apocryphal. The perusal of the cases recorded in
this volume, and a careful consideration of the weight of cumulative
evidence represented by the very full bibliography, must satisfy the
majority of reflective readers that the facts are both authentic and
numerous.
 PREMATURE BURIAL,
AND

H O W I T M AY B E P R E V E N T E D.

SOME FORMS OF SUSPENDED ANIMATION.

 CHAPTER I.

TRANCE.

Of all the various forms of suspended animation and apparent death,

trance and catalepsy are the least understood, and most likely to lead
the subject of them to a premature burial; the laws which control them
have perplexed pathologists in all ages, and appear to be as insoluble as
those which govern life itself. Dr. Le Clerc, in his “History of Medicine,”
records that “Heraclides, of Pontus, wrote a book concerning the causes
of diseases, and another concerning the disease in which the patient is
without respiration, in which he affirmed that in this disorder the patient
sometimes continued thirty days without respiration, in such wise that
he appeared dead, notwithstanding that there was no corruption of the
body.”[2]
Dr. Herbert Mayo, in “Letters on Truths Contained in Popular
Superstitions,” p. 34, says that “death-trance is the suspension of the
action of the heart, and of breathing, and of voluntary motion—
generally little sense of feeling and intelligence. With these phenomena
is joined loss of external warmth, so that the usual evidence of life is
gone. But there has occurred every shade of this condition that can be
imagined, between occasional slight manifestations of suspension of
one or other of the vital actions and their entire disparition.”
Macnish, who also asserts that the function of the heart must go on,
and even of the respiration, however slightly, says—“No affection to
which the animal frame is subject is more remarkable than this
(catalepsy, or trance).... There is such an apparent extinction of every
faculty essential to life, that it is inconceivable how existence should go
on during the continuance of the fit.”—Philos. of Sleep, Glasgow, 1834,
pp. 225-6.
 In Quain’s “Dictionary of Medicine,” ii., p. 1063, Dr. Gowers says:
—“The state now designated hypnotism is really induced trance, and
trance has been accurately termed ‘spontaneous hypnotism’....
“The mental functions seem, in most cases, to be in complete
abeyance. No manifestations of consciousness can be observed, or
elicited by the most powerful cutaneous stimulation, and on recovery no
recollection of the state is preserved. But in some cases volition only is
lost, and the patient is aware of all that passes, although unable to give
the slightest evidence of consciousness....
“In the cases in which the depression of the vital functions reaches
an extreme degree, the patient appears dead to casual and sometimes
to careful observation. This condition has been termed ‘death-trance,’
and has furnished the theme for many sensational stories, but the most
ghastly incidents of fiction have been paralleled by well-authenticated
facts. [The last clause appears in the new edition as follows:—“Persons
have certainly been buried in this state, and during the recent epidemic
of influenza an Italian narrowly escaped interment during the
consequent trance.”]
“The duration of trance has varied from a few hours or days to
several weeks, months, or even a year.
“Occasionally it is attended by some vaso-motor disturbance. In a
well-authenticated case of death-trance the intense mental excitement
produced by the preparations for fastening the coffin lid occasioned a
sweat to break out over the body.”
Many notable men have at one time or CASE OF BENJAMIN DISRAELI.
another been subject to this disorder.
Speaking of Benjamin Disraeli, Mr. J. Fitzgerald Molloy, in his “Life of the
Gorgeous Lady Blessington,” vol. ii., pp. 37, 38, says that in his “youth
he was seized with fits of giddiness, during which the world swung
round him, he became abstracted, and once fell into a trance from
which he did not recover for a week.”

LETHARGIC STUPOR, OR TRANCE.

 The Lancet of December 22, 1883, pp. 1078-80, contains particulars
from the pen of W. T. Gairdner, M.D., LL.D., etc., Professor of Medicine in
the University of Glasgow, of a remarkable case of trance, extending
continuously over more than twenty-three weeks, which attracted a
considerable amount of notoriety at the time and led to an extensive
discussion. In his comments upon the case, the author continues, in the
issue of January 5, 1884, pp. 5, 6:—
“The case recorded in the Lancet of December 22, 1883, p. 1078,
has been left up to this point without remarks, other than those
obviously suggested by the direct observation of the facts in comparison
or contrast with those of other cases coming more or less under the
designation above mentioned. But in perusing, even in the most cursory
manner, the multitudinous literature pertaining to the subjects of
‘trance,’ ‘ecstasy,’ ‘catalepsy,’ etc., not to speak of the popular narratives
which from a very remote antiquity have handed down the tradition of
preternatural sleep as an element in the fairy tales of almost all
languages, one is struck by the almost uncontrollable disposition to
regard such cases as altogether outside the limits of true physiological
science: as being, according to the expressive Scotch phrase, ‘no
canny’—or, in other words, miraculous—and as involving questions
connected with the unseen world, ‘the undiscovered country from
whose bourn no traveller returns.’ So much is this the case, that, if in
this nineteenth century the questions which presented themselves to
Hippocrates in the treatise, περὶ ἱερῆς νούσου (‘Concerning the Sacred
Disease’), had to be rediscussed, it would certainly be in regard to some
of the disorders mentioned above, and not as to epilepsy in its well-
recognised clinical types, that the theory of a supernatural origin of the
phenomena, whether favourably entertained or not, would fall to be
argued. The irreconcilable differences of opinion in the Belgium
Academy, as regards the quite modern instance of Louise Lateau, are
sufficient to show that all the culture and the scientific instincts of the
present age have not quite inaugurated the ‘reign of law,’ nor
established finally the position that ‘miracles do not happen.’ On the
other hand, the researches of M. Charcot and others seem to be ever
extending the domain of science further into the region of the
marvellous and the obscure, so that even the most pronounced cases of
‘demoniac possession’ of the olden time have become the
commonplaces of hystero-epilepsy in the clinique of the Salpétrière. The
peculiar interest of the present case is that it is altogether devoid of any
of these adventitious, and more or less romantic, incidents. The patient
is the mother of a family, and has lived a strictly domestic and (up to a
short time before her seizure) healthy and regular life. There are no
peculiar moral and religious problems to perplex the situation. There is
no history of inveterate hysteria, or of long continued rapt
contemplation; nor has there been the slightest evidence of any craving
after notoriety, either before the attack or since its termination. The
moral atmosphere, in short, surrounding the phenomena is altogether
unfavourable to exaggeration and imposture, for which, indeed, no
reasonable motive can be assigned. Nevertheless, under these very
commonplace conditions, concurring with some degree of melancholy or
mental despondency after delivery, but during a convalescence
otherwise normal, Mrs. M’I—— presents to our notice a condition of
suspended consciousness and disordered innervation in no degree less
extreme than the ‘trances’ or cataleptic attacks which have been
recorded as the result of the most aggravated hysteria, or as the
miracles of religious ecstasy and profound mental emotion. She
becomes for the long period of over a hundred and sixty days
continuously an almost mindless automaton, connected with the
external world only through a few insignificant reflexes and through the
organic functions. She is absolutely passive as regards everything that
demands spontaneous movement, and betrays almost no sign of
sensation, general or special, when subjected to the severest tests that
can be applied short of physical injury.”
In further notes upon the case, in the Lancet of January 12, 1884, p.
58, Professor Gairdner says:—
“The only other case to which I desire to make allusion at present is one
in which I am, fortunately, in a position to furnish a sequel to an incomplete
narrative, not without resemblance to the one lately published in this journal.
‘A Case of Trance’ was the subject of a
paragraph in the British Medical Journal of May CASE REPORTED BY PROF. W. T
31, 1879, p. 827, from which it appeared that in GAIRDNER.
the London Hospital a woman, twenty-seven
years of age, was at the time under the care of Dr. Langdon Down, being of
rather small stature and weak mental capacity, and affected for at least two
years with organic disease of the heart. About three weeks before the date of
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