Visual C# How to Program 6th Edition Deitel Test

Bank pdf download

https://testbankdeal.com/product/visual-c-how-to-program-6th-
edition-deitel-test-bank/

Download more testbank from https://testbankdeal.com

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

Visual C How to Program 6th Edition Deitel Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/visual-c-how-to-program-6th-edition-
deitel-test-bank-2/

testbankdeal.com

Visual C# How to Program 6th Edition Deitel Solutions

Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/visual-c-how-to-program-6th-edition-
deitel-solutions-manual/

testbankdeal.com

Visual C 2012 How to Program 5th Edition Deitel Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/visual-c-2012-how-to-program-5th-
edition-deitel-test-bank/

testbankdeal.com

Computer Security Art and Science 1st Edition Bishop

Solutions Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/computer-security-art-and-
science-1st-edition-bishop-solutions-manual/

testbankdeal.com
Database Processing 12th Edition Kroenke Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/database-processing-12th-edition-
kroenke-test-bank/

testbankdeal.com

Business Communication Essentials A Skills Based Approach

8th Edition Bovee Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/business-communication-essentials-a-
skills-based-approach-8th-edition-bovee-test-bank/

testbankdeal.com

HDEV 3rd Edition Rathus Solutions Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/hdev-3rd-edition-rathus-solutions-
manual/

testbankdeal.com

Negotiation Readings Exercises and Cases 7th Edition

Lewicki Solutions Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/negotiation-readings-exercises-and-
cases-7th-edition-lewicki-solutions-manual/

testbankdeal.com

Practical Financial Management 6th Edition Lasher

Solutions Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/practical-financial-management-6th-
edition-lasher-solutions-manual/

testbankdeal.com
Developing the Public Relations Campaign A Team Based
Approach 2nd Edition Bobbitt Solutions Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/developing-the-public-relations-
campaign-a-team-based-approach-2nd-edition-bobbitt-solutions-manual/

testbankdeal.com
Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition 1

Chapter 8—Arrays; Introduction to Exception Handling

Test Item File

8.1 Introduction
1. Arrays may have dimensions.
a) one
b) two
c) more than two
d) All of the above.
Answer: d

2. Arrays are data structures.

a) constant
b) dynamic
c) static
d) None of the above.
Answer: c

3. (True/False) Arrays are data structures that may consist of data items of different types.
Answer: False. Arrays are data structures consisting of data items of the same type.

4. (True/False) Arrays remain the same size once they're created.

Answer: True.

8.2 Arrays
1. The number in square brackets after an array name is the of an item.
a) value
b) position
c) size
d) None of the above.
Answer: b

2. Which of the following correctly accesses element 13 of array Book?

a) Book[0] + 13
b) Book[13]
c) Book[12]
d) None of the above.
Answer: b

© Copyright 1992-2017 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition 2

3. Which of the following statements about arrays are true?

A. An array is a group of variables that all have the same type.
B. Elements are located by index or subscript.
C. The length of an array c is determined by the expression c.Length.
D. The zeroth element of array c is specified by c[0].

a) A, C, D.
b) A, B, D.
c) C, D.
d) A, B, C, D.
Answer: d

4. Consider the array:

s[0] = 7
s[1] = 0
s[2] = -12
s[3] = 9
s[4] = 10
s[5] = 3
s[6] = 6
The value of s[s[6] - s[5]] is:
a) 0
b) 3
c) 9
d) 0
Answer: c

5. (True/False) The first element in every array is the 0th element.

Answer: True.

6. (True/False) The index of an array must be an integer; it cannot include variables or

expressions.
Answer: False. The index of an array can be an integer, or any integer expression.

7. (True/False) The position number in parentheses is formally called an index.

Answer: False. The position number must be in square brackets.

8.3 Declaring and Creating Arrays

1. Arrays are allocated with the keyword .
a) new
b) array
c) table
d) None of the above.
Answer: a

© Copyright 1992-2017 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition 3

2. Which of the following correctly declares and allocates an array of double values?
a) double A[15];
b) double() A = new double[15];
c) double[] A = new double[25];
d) All of the above.
Answer: c

3. Consider the code segment below. Which of the following statements is false?
int[] g;
g = new int[23];
a) The first statement declares an array reference.
b) The second statement creates the array.
c) g is a reference to an array of integers.
d) The value of g[3] is -1.
Answer: d

4. (True/False) An array must be declared and allocated in the same statement.

Answer: False. An array can be declared and allocated in separate statements.

5. (True/False) The number of elements in an array must be specified in brackets after the
array name in the declaration.
Answer: False. The number is never specified in the brackets after the array name in
C#.

6. (True/False) In an array of reference types, each element may be a reference to a

different type.
Answer: False. In an array of reference types, each element is a reference to an
object of the same type.

7. (True/False) Each reference in an array of references is set to null by default when

the array is allocated.
Answer: True.

8. (True/False) Arrays can be declared to hold only non-class data types.

Answer: False. An array can be declared to hold any data type, including class types.

8.4 Examples Using Arrays

1. An array can be supplied values in its declaration by providing an .
a) initializer list
b) index
c) array allocation
d) None of the above.
Answer: a

© Copyright 1992-2017 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition 4

2. Constants are declared using keyword .

a) static
b) const
c) fixed
d) None of the above.
Answer: b

3.Which of the following statements about creating arrays and initializing their elements
is false?
a) The new keyword should be used to create an array.
b) When an array is created, the number of elements must be placed in square brackets
following the type of element being stored.
c) The elements of an array of integers have a value of null before they are initialized.
d) A for loop is an excellent way to initialize the elements of an array.
Answer: c

4.What do the following statements do?

double[] array;
array = new double[14];
a) Creates a double array containing 13 elements.
b) Creates a double array containing 14 elements.
c) Creates a double array containing 15 elements.
d) Declares but does not create a double array.
Answer: b

5. Which of the following initializer lists would correctly set the elements of array n?
a) int[] n = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
b) array n[int] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
c) int n[5] = {1; 2; 3; 4; 5};
d) int n = new int(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
Answer: a

6. Constant variables also are called .

a) write-only variables
b) finals
c) named constants
d) All of the above
Answer: c

7. Which of the following will not produce a compiler error?

a) Changing the value of a constant after it is declared.
b) Changing the value at a given index of an array after it’s created.
c) Using a final variable before it is initialized.
d) All of the above will produce compiler errors.
Answer: b

© Copyright 1992-2017 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition 5

8. Consider the class below:

class Test
{
static void Main()
{
int[] a = new int[10];
for (int i = 0; i < a.Length; ++i)
{
a[i] = i + 1 * 2;
}

int result = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < a.Length; ++i)
{
result += a[i];
}

Console.WriteLine($"Result is: {result}");

}
}
The output of this C# program will be:
a) Result is: 62
b) Result is: 64
c) Result is: 65
d) Result is: 67
Answer: c

© Copyright 1992-2017 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition 6

9. Consider the class below:

class Test
{
static void Main()
{
int[] a = {99, 22, 11, 3, 11, 55, 44, 88, 2, -3};
int result = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < a.Length; ++i)
{
if (a[i] > 30)
{
result += a[i];
}
}

Console.WriteLine($"Result is: {result}");

}
}
The output of this C# program will be:
a) Result is: 280
b) Result is: 154
c) Result is: 286
d) Result is: 332
Answer: c

10. Invalid possibilities for array indices include .

a) positive integers
b) negative integers
c) non-consecutive integers
d) zero
Answer: b

11.Which expression adds 1 to the element of array arrayName at index i, assuming

the array is of type int?
a) ++arrayName[i]
b) arrayName++[i]
c) arrayName[i++]
d) None of the above.
Answer: a

12. Attempting to access an array element out of the bounds of an array causes a(n)
________.
a) ArrayOutOfBoundsException.
b) ArrayElementOutOfBoundsException.
c) IndexOutOfRangeException.
d) ArrayException.
Answer: c.

© Copyright 1992-2017 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition 7

13. What can foreach statements iterate through?

a) arrays
b) collections
c) databases
d) a and b
Answer: d

14. What is the proper foreach header format?

a) (foreach type_identifer in arrayName)
b) foreach (arrayName)
c) foreach (type_identifer in arrayName)
d) None of the above.
Answer: c

15. The foreach repetition statement requires that you provide an array and a variable
for the purpose of:
a) preventing the structure from going past the end of the array
b) storing the value of each element that is traversed
c) acting as a counter to traverse the array
d) None of the above.
Answer: b

16. (True/False) When values are provided upon declaration of an array, the new
keyword is not required.
Answer: True.

17. (True/False) A constant must be initialized in the same statement where it is declared
and cannot be modified.
Answer: True.

18. (True/False) Values in an array can be totaled by using the ArrayTotal method.
Answer: False. If the values of an array need to be totaled, a repetition statement
may be used to traverse the array and add up each element.

19. (True/False) C# automatically performs bounds checking to ensure the program

doesn’t access data outside the bounds of an array.
Answer: True.

20. (True/False) The foreach statement is preferred over the for statement when the
indices of the elements in an array will be used in the body of the repetition statement.
Answer: False. The foreach statement cannot access the indices of the elements.

© Copyright 1992-2017 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition 8

Section 8.5 Using Arrays to Analyze Survey Results; Intro

to Exception Handling

1. When a C# program executes, the runtime checks array element indices for validity—
all indices must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than the length of the array. Any
attempt to access an element outside that range of indices results in a runtime error
known as a(n) ________.
a) IndexRangeError
b) SubscriptException
c) IndexOutOfRangeException
d) SubscriptRangeError
Answer: c) IndexOutOfRangeException

2. Which of the following statements is false?

a) An exception indicates a problem that occurs while a program executes.
b) Exception handling helps you create fault-tolerant programs.
c) When an exception is handled, the program continues executing as if no problem was
encountered.
d) The compiler does not detect exceptions.
Answer: c) When an exception is handled, the program continues executing as if no
problem was encountered. Actually, more severe problems might prevent a
program from continuing normal execution, instead causing the program to
terminate.

3. Which of the following statements is false?

a) When the runtime or a method detects a problem, such as an invalid array index or an
invalid method argument, it throws an exception—that is, an exception occurs.
b) Exceptions are always thrown by the runtime.
c) To handle an exception, place any code that might throw an exception in a try
statement.
d) The try block contains the code that might throw an exception, and the catch block
contains the code that handles the exception if one occurs.
Answer: b) Exceptions are always thrown by the runtime. Actually, you also can
throw your own exceptions.

© Copyright 1992-2017 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition 9

4. Which of the following statements is false?

a) You can have many catch blocks to handle different types of exceptions that might
be thrown in the corresponding try block.
b) The runtime performs array bounds checking.
c) When an exception is thrown, the try block in which it occurs terminates and a
corresponding catch block, if there is one, begins executing—if you declared any
variables in the try block, they are accessible in the catch block.
d) The catch block declares an exception parameter’s type and name. The catch block
can handle exceptions of the specified type.
Answer: c) When an exception is thrown, the try block in which it occurs
terminates and a corresponding catch block, if there is one, begins executing—if
you declared any variables in the try block, they are accessible in the catch block.
Actually, if you declared any variables in the try block, they no longer exist, so
they’re not accessible in the catch block.

5. When an exception is caught, the program can access the exception object’s built-in
________ property to get the error message and display it.
a) Error
b) Fault
c) Message
d) Note
Answer: c) Message

8.6 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation

1. The keyword _______ overrides an existing method with the same signature.
a) replace
b) override
c) overrule
d) supersede
Answer: b

2. Which function is called when an object is used where a string should be?
a) TranslateToString()
b) String()
c) ConvertToString()
d) ToString()
Answer: d

© Copyright 1992-2017 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition 10

3. Consider integer array values, which contains 5 elements. Which statements

successfully swap the contents of the array at index 3 and index 4?
a)
values[3] = values[4];
values[4] = values[3];
b)
values[4] = values[3];
values[3] = values[4];
c)
int temp = values[3];
values[3] = values[4];
values[4] = temp;
d)
int temp = values[3];
values[3] = values[4];
values[4] = values[3];
Answer: c

4. Suppose that class Book has been defined. Which of the following creates an array of
Book objects?
a)
Book[] books = new Book[numberElements];
b)
Book[] books = new Book()[numberElements];
c)
new Book() books[];
books = new Book[numberElements];
d) All of the above.
Answer: a

5. [C#6] Which of the following statements is false?

a. Prior to C# 6, auto-implemented properties required both a get and a set accessor.
b. Client code can use C# 6 getter-only auto-implemented properties only to get each
property’s value.
c. C#6 getter-only auto-implemented properties are read only.
d. C#6 getter-only auto-implemented properties can be initialized only in their
declarations.
Answer: d. Getter-only auto-implemented properties can be initialized only in their
declarations. Actually these properties can also be initialized in all of the type's
constructors.

© Copyright 1992-2017 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition 11

6.[C#6] Initializing an auto-implemented property in its declaration is a C# 6 feature

known as auto-property initializers. Which of the following is the general syntax for a
read-write auto-implemented property with an initializer?
a. Type PropertyName {get, set;} = initializer;
b. Type PropertyName {get | set} = initializer;
c. Type PropertyName {get; set} = initializer;
d. Type PropertyName {get; set;} = initializer;
Answer: d. Type PropertyName {get; set;} = initializer;

7. (True/False) When accessing an element of an array, operations (calculations) are not

allowed inside the brackets of an array.
Answer: False. Assuming example is an array defined with 10 elements,
example[1+3] is allowed.

8. (True/False) Arrays can hold simple types and reference types.

Answer: True.

8.7 Passing Arrays and Array Elements to Methods

1. If you want to pass an array element into a method by reference, what will you need to
do?
a) It always passes the element as a reference automatically.
b) Use the keyword ref and/or out.
c) All of the above.
d) None of the above, passing in by reference of an array element is only possible if the
array type is a reference type.
Answer: b

2. Which method call does the method header void ModifyArray(double[] b)

represent? Assume that the array being passed in is already defined and is called list.
a) ModifyArray(double[] list)
b) ModifyArray(double[] : list)
c) ModifyArray(double list[])
d) ModifyArray(list)
Answer: d

© Copyright 1992-2017 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition 12

3. Consider array items, which contains the values 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8. If method

changeArray is called with changeArray(items, items[2]), what values are
stored in items after the method has finished executing?
public static void ChangeArray(int[] passedArray, int value)
{
passedArray[value] = 12;
value = 5;
}
a) 0, 2, 5, 6, 12
b) 0, 2, 12, 6, 8
c) 0, 2, 4, 6, 5
d) 0, 2, 4, 6, 12
Answer: d

4. (True/False) To pass an array argument to a method, specify the name of the array
followed by empty brackets.
Answer: False. To pass an array argument to a method, specify the name of the
array without using brackets.

5. (True/False) Individual elements of arrays are passed to methods by value.

Answer: True.

6. (True/False) Changes made to an entire array that has been passed to a method will not
affect the original values of the array.
Answer: False. Arrays are passed to methods by reference; therefore, changes made
within the method are direct changes to the array itself.

8.8 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an Array to Store

Grades
1. Which foreach header represents iterating through an array of int named numbers?
a) foreach (numbers)
b) foreach (number in numbers)
c) foreach (int number in numbers)
d) foreach (int number in int[] numbers)
Answer: c

8.9 Multidimensional Arrays

1. There are two types of multidimensional arrays:
a) quadrangular and rectangular
b) rectangular and jagged
c) quadrangular and jagged
d) None of the above
Answer: b

© Copyright 1992-2017 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition 13

2. Rectangular arrays are often used to represent tables of values consisting of

information arranged in:
a) rows
b) columns
c) both a and b
d) None of the above
Answer: c

3. Which of the following correctly declares and initializes a two-dimensional rectangular

array of integers?
a) int[,] sum = new int[3, 4];
b) int[] sum = new int[2, 4];
c) int sum[] = new int[2, 2];
d) None of the above.
Answer: a

4. In rectangular array items, which expression below retrieve the value at row 3 and
column 5?
a) items[3. 4]
b) items[3][4]
c) items[3, 4]
c) None of the above.
Answer: c

5. An array with m rows and n columns is not:

A. An m-by-n array.
B. An n-by-m array.
C. A two-dimensional array.
D. An n times m dimensional array.
a) A and C
b) A and D
c) B and D
d) B and C
Answer: c

6. Which statement below initializes array items to contain 3 rows and 2 columns?
a) int[,] items = {{2, 4}, {6, 8}, {10, 12}};
b) int[,] items = {{2, 6, 10}, {4, 8, 12}};
c) int[,] items = {2, 4}, {6, 8}, {10, 12};
d) int[,] items = {2, 6, 10}, {4, 8, 12};
Answer: a

7. For the array in the previous question, what is the value returned by items[1, 0].
a) 4
b) 8
c) 12
d) 6
Answer: d

© Copyright 1992-2017 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition 14

8. Which of the following statements creates a multidimensional array with 3 rows,

where the first row contains 1 item, the second row contains 4 items and the final row
contains 2 items?
a)
int[][] items = {new int {1, null, null, null},
new int {2, 3, 4, 5},
new int {6, 7, null, null}};

b)
int[][] items = {new int {1},
new int {2, 3, 4, 5},
new int {6, 7}};

c)
int[][] items = {new int {1},
new int {2, 3, 4, 5},
new int {6, 7},
new int {});

d)
int[][] items = {new int {1},
new int {4},
new int {2}};
Answer: b

© Copyright 1992-2017 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition 15

9. Which of the following sets of statements creates a multidimensional array with 3

rows, where the first row contains 1 value, the second row contains 4 items and the final
row contains 2 items?

a)
int[][] items;
items = new int[3][?];
items[0] = new int[1];
items[1] = new int[4];
items[2] = new int[2];

b)
int[][] items;
items = new int[3][];
items[0] = new int[1];
items[1] = new int[4];
items[2] = new int[2];

c)
int[][] items;
items = new int[?][?];
items[0] = new int[1];
items[1] = new int[4];
items[2] = new int[2];

d)
int[][] items;
items[0] = new int[1];
items[1] = new int[4];
items[2] = new int[2];
Answer: b

10. is (are) typically used to traverse a two-dimensional array.

a) A do while statement
b) A for statement
c) Two nested for statements
d) Three nested for statements
Answer: c

© Copyright 1992-2017 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition 16

11. Which set of statements totals the items in each row of two-dimensional array items,
and displays each total?
a)
int total = 0;

for (int row = 0; row < items.Length; ++row)

{
total = 0;

for (int column = 0; column < a[row].Length; ++column)

{
total += a[row][column];
}
}

b)
int total = 0;

for (int row = 0; row < items. Length; ++row)

{
for (int column = 0; column < a[row]. Length; ++column)
{
total += a[row][column];
}
}

c)
int total = 0;

for (int row = 0; row < items. Length; ++row)

{
for (int column = 0; column < a[column].length; ++column)
{
total += a[row][column];
}
}

d)
int total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < items. Length; ++row)
{
total = 0;

for (int column = 0; column < a[column].length; ++column)

{
total += a[row][column];
}
}

Answer: a

© Copyright 1992-2017 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition 17

12. (True/False) Multi-dimensional arrays require two or more indices to identify

particular elements.
Answer: True.

13. (True/False) When dealing with multi-dimensional arrays, each “row” must be the
same size.
Answer: False. Each “row” in a multi-dimensional array does not have to be the
same; this functionality is described in the definition of a jagged array.

14. (True/False) Tables are often represented with rectangular arrays.

Answer: True.

15. (True/False) By convention, the first set of brackets of a two-dimensional array

identifies an element’s column and the second identifies the row.
Answer: False. By convention, the first set of brackets identifies the row and the
second set of brackets identifies the column.

16. (True/False) Jagged arrays are maintained as arrays of arrays.

Answer: True.

8.10 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using a Rectangular

Array
1. (True/False) The foreach statement can be used only with one-dimensional arrays.
Answer: False. The foreach statement can be used with multiple-dimension arrays.

2. (True/False) One could iterate through multi-dimensional arrays by using nested for
loops.
Answer: True.

8.11 Variable-Length Argument Lists

1. What is the keyword associated with variable-length argument lists?
a) arg
b) params
c) var
d) vla
Answer: b

2. What kinds of arrays can variable-length argument lists work with?

© Copyright 1992-2017 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition 18

a) one-dimensional arrays
b) multi-dimensional arrays
c) All of the above
d) None of the above
Answer: a

3. (True/False) Variable-length argument lists allow you to create methods that receive an
arbitrary number of arguments.
Answer: True.

4. (True/False) The params modifier can be used anywhere in the method’s header.
Answer: False. The params modifier can occur only in the last entry of the parameter
list.

8.12 Using Command-Line Arguments

1. What is the naming convention for the parameter in the Main header?
a) par
b) prm
c) args
d) str
Answer: c

2. The parameter in the Main header allows for ________?

a) the use of strings
b) command-line arguments
c) input and output capacity
d) All of the above
Answer: b

3. (True/False) When an app is executed from the Command Prompt, the execution
environment passes the command-line arguments to the Main method as a string.
Answer: False. The command-line arguments are passes as a one-dimensional array
of strings.

4. (True/False) Command-line arguments allow the user to pass information into an app
as it begins executing.
Answer: True.

8.13 (Optional) Passing Arrays by Value and by Reference

© Copyright 1992-2017 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition 19

1. Passing a reference type by value is done to protect:

a) the original object from being modified
b) the reference itself from being modified
c) data outside the bounds of an array
d) All of the above.
Answer: b

2. What is the method header for passing in the variable that holds a reference to an array
of Strings?
a) method_name(ref String[] array)
b) method_name(String[] ref array)
c) method_name(String[])
d) None of the above.
Answer: a

3. (True/False) Passing a reference with keyword ref gives the called method control
over the passed reference itself.
Answer: True.

4. (True/False) When a method receives a reference-type object parameter by value, the

object is actually passed by value.
Answer: False. The object is passed by reference; it is the reference itself that is
passed by value.

5. (True/False) To protect the reference of an array, it should be passed to methods with

keyword val.
Answer: False. Arrays are by default passed by reference, however it’s the objects
that can be modified by the method, not the reference itself.

© Copyright 1992-2017 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
unconscionable Spaniards practice a cheap and lazy way of living.
Others will sell them away for that week unto a neighbour that hath
present need of worke, demanding Rials a piece for every Indian,
which he that buyeth them, will be sure to defray out of their wages.
So likewise are they in a slavish bondage and readinesse for all
passengers and travellers, who in any Towne may demand unto the
next Towne as many Indians do goe with his Mules, or to carry on
their backes a heavy burthen as he shall need, who at the journeys
end will pick some quarrell with them, and so send them back with
blowes and stripes without any pay at all. A Petaca, or leatherne
Trunke, and chest of above a hundred weight, they will make those
wretches to carry on their backs a whole day, nay some two or three
daies together, which they doe by tying the chest on each side with
ropes, having a broad leather in the middle, which they crosse over
the forepart of their head, or over their forehead, hanging thus the
waight upon their heads and browes, which at their journeys end
hath made the blood stick in the foreheads of some, galling and
pulling off the skin, and marking them in the fore-top of their heads,
who as they are called Tamemez, so are easily known in a Towne by
their baldnesse, that leather girt having worn off all their hair. With
these hard usages, yet do those poor people make a shift to live
amongst the Spaniards, but so that with anguish of heart they are
still crying out to God for justice, and for liberty, whose only comfort
is in their Preists and Friers, who many times doe quiet them when
they would rise up in mutiny, and for their owne ends doe often
prevaile over them with fair and cunning perswasions, to bear and
suffer for Gods sake, and for the good of the Common-wealth that
hard task and service which is laid upon them. And though in all
seasons, wet and dry, cold and hot, and in all wayes plain and
mountainous, green and dirty, dusty and stony, they must performe
this hard service to their commanding Masters, their apparell and
cloathing is but such as may cover the nakednesse of their body, nay
in some it is such torne rags as will not cover halfe their nakednesse.
Their ordinary cloathing is a paire of linnen or woollen drawers broad
and open at the knees, without shooes (though in their journeys
some will put on leatherne sandals to keep the soles of their feet) or
stockins, without any doublet, a short course shirt, which reacheth a
little below their waste, and serves more for a doublet then for a
shirt, and for a cloake a woollen or linnen mantle, (called Aiate) tied
with a knot over one shoulder, hanging down on the other side
almost to the ground, with a twelve penny or two shilling hat, which
after one good shower of raine like paper falls about their necks and
eies; their bed they carry sometimes about them, which is that
woollen mantle wherewith they wrap themselves about at night,
taking off their shirt and drawers, which they lay under their head
for a pillow; some will carry with them a short, slight, and light Mat
to lie, but those that carry it not with them, if they cannot borrow
one of a neighbour, lie as willingly in their mantle upon the bare
ground, as a Gentleman in England upon a soft down-bed, and thus
doe they soundly sleep, and lowdly snort after a daies worke, or
after a daies journey with a hundred weight upon their backs. Those
that are of the better sort, and richer, and who are not employed as
Tamemez to carry burthens, or as Labourers to work for Spaniards,
but keep at home following their own farmes, or following their
owne Mules about the Country, or following their trades and callings
in their shops, or governing the Townes, as Alcaldes, or Alguaziles,
officers of justice, may goe a little better apparelled, but after the
same manner. For some will have their drawers with a lace at the
bottom, or wrought with some coloured Silke or Crewel; so likewise
the mantle about them, shall have either a lace, or some work of
birds on it, some will wear a cut linnen doublet, others shooes, but
very few stockins or bands about their neckes; and for their beds,
the best Indian Governour, or the richest, who may be worth four or
five thousand Duckats, will have little more then the poor Tamemez;
for they lie upon boards, or Canes bound together, and raised from
the ground, whereon they lay a broad and handsome Mat, and at
their heads for man and wife two little stumps of wood for bolsters,
whereon they lay their shirts and mantles and other cloaths for
pillowes, covering themselves with a broader blanket then is their
mantle, and thus hardly would Don Bernabe de Guzman the
Governour of Petapa lie, and so doe all the best of them. The
womens attire is cheap and soon put on; for most of them also go
barefoot, the richer and better sort wear shooes, with broad ribbons
for shooe-strings, and for a petticote, they tie about their waste a
woollen mantle, which in the better sort is wrought with divers
colours, but not sowed at all, pleated or gathered in, but as they tie
it with a list about them; they wear no shift next their body, but
cover their nakednesse with a kind of surplice (which they call
Guaipil) which hangs loose from their shoulders down a little below
their waste, with open short sleeves, which cover halfe their armes;
this Guaipil is curiously wrought, especially in the bosome, with
Cotton, or feathers. The richer sort of them wear bracelets and bobs
about their wrists and necks; their hair is gathered up with fillets,
without any quaife or covering, except it be the better sort. When
they goe to Church or abroad, they put upon their heads a vaile of
linnen, which hangeth almost to the ground, and this is that which
costs them most of all their attire, for that commonly it is of Holland
or some good linnen brought from Spain, or fine linnen brought from
China, which the better sort wear with a lace about. When they are
at home at work they commonly take off their Guaipil, or surplice,
discovering the nakednesse of their breasts and body. They lie also
in their beds as doe their husbands, wrapped up only with a mantle,
or with a blanket. Their houses are but poore thatched cottages,
without any upper roomes, but commonly one or two only roomes
below, in the one they dresse their meat in the middle of it, making
a compasse for fire, with two or three stones, without any other
chimney to convey the smoak away, which spreading it selfe about
the roome filleth the thatch and the rafters so with sut, that all the
roome seemeth to be a chimney. The next unto it, is not free from
smoak and blacknesse, where sometimes are four or five beds
according to the family. The poorer sort have but one room, where
they eat, dresse their meat, and sleep. Few there are that set any
lockes upon their dores, for they fear no robbing nor stealing,
neither have they in their houses much to lose, earthen pots, and
pans, and dishes, and cups to drinke their Chocolatte, being the
chief commodities in their house. There is scarce any house which
hath not also in the yard a stew, wherein they bath themselves with
hot water, which is their chief physick when they feel themselves
distempered. Among themselves they are in every Town divided into
Tribes, which have one chief head, to whom all that belong unto that
Tribe, doe resort in any difficult matters, who is bound to aid,
protect, defend, counsell, and appear for the rest of his Tribe before
the officers of justice in any wrong that is like to be done unto them.
When any is to be married, the father of the son that is to take a
wife out of another Tribe, goeth unto the head of his Tribe to give
him warning of his sons marriage with such a maid. Then that head
meets with the head of the maids Tribe, and they conferre about it.
The businesse commonly is in debate a quarter of a yeer; all which
time the parents of the youth or man are with gifts to buy the maid;
they are to be at the charges of all that is spent in eating and
drinking, when the heads of the two Tribes doe meet with the rest of
the kindred of each side, who sometimes sit in conference a whole
day, or most part of a night. After many dayes and nights thus
spent, and a full triall being made of the one and other sides
affection, if they chance to disagree about the marriage, then is the
Tribe and parents of the maid to restore back all that the other side
hath spent and given. They give no portions with their daughters,
but when they die, their goods and lands are equally divided among
their sons. If any one want a house to live in, or will repair and
thatch his house anew, notice is given to the heads of the Tribes,
who warn all the Town to come to help in the work, and every one is
to bring a bundle of straw, and other materials, so that in one day
with the helpe of many they finish a house, without any charges
more then of Chocolatte, which they minister in great cups as big as
will hold above a pint, not putting in any costly materials, as doe the
Spaniards, but only a little Anniseed, and Chile, or Indian pepper; or
else they halfe fill the cup with Attolle, and powre upon it as much
Chocolatte as will fill the cup and colour it. In their diet the poorer
sort are limited many times to a dish of Frixoles, or Turkey beanes,
either black or white (which are there in very great abundance, and
are kept dry for all the yeer) boyled with Chile; and if they can have
this, they hold themselves well satisfied; with these beanes, they
make also dumplins, first boyling the bean a little, and then mingling
it with a masse of Maiz, as we do mingle Currants in our cakes, and
so boile again the frixoles with the dumplin of Maiz masse, and so
eat it hot, or keep it cold; but this and all whatsoever else they eat,
they either eat it with green biting Chile, or else they dip it in water
and salt, wherein is bruised some of that Chile. But if their means
will not reach to frixoles, their ordinary fare and diet is, their
Tortilla's (so they call thin round cakes made of the dow and Masse
of Maiz) which they eat hot from an earthen pan, whereon they are
soon baked with one turning over the fire; and these they eat alone
either with Chile and salt, and dipping them in water and salt with a
little bruised Chile. When their Maiz is green and tender, they boil
some of those whole stalkes or clusters, whereon the Maiz groweth
with the leaf about, and so casting a little salt about it, they eat it. I
have often eate of this, and found it as dainty as our young green
pease, and very nourishing, but it much increaseth the blood. Also of
this green and tender Maiz they make a Furmity, boiling the Maiz in
some of the milke which they have first taken out of it by bruising it.
The poorest Indian never wants this diet, and is well satisfied, as
long as his belly is thorowly filled. But the poorest that live in such
Townes where flesh meat is sold, will make a hard shift, but that
when they come from worke on Saturday night, they will buy one
halfe Riall, or a Riall worth of fresh meat to eat on the Lords day.
Some will buy a good deal at once, and keep it long by dressing it
into Tassajo's, which are bundles of flesh, rowled up and tied fast;
which they doe, when for examples sake they have from a leg of
beefe sliced off from the bone all the flesh with the knife, after the
length, forme, and thinnesse of a line, or rope. Then they take the
flesh and salt it, (which being sliced and thinly cut, soon takes salt)
and hang it up in their yards like a line from post to post, or from
tree to tree, to the wind for a whole week, and then they hang it in
the smoak another week, and after rowle it up in small bundles,
which become as hard as a stone, and so as they need it, they wash
it, boyl it and eat it. This is America's powdered beef, which they call
Tassajo, whereof I have often eaten, and the Spaniards eat much of
it, especially those that trade about the Countrey with Mules; nay
this Tassajo is a great commodity, and hath made many a Spaniard
rich, who carry a Mule or two loaden with these Tassajo's in small
parcels and bundles to those Townes where is no flesh at all sold,
and there they exchange them for other commodities among the
Indians, receiving peradventure for one Tassajo or bundle, (which
cost them but the halfe part of a farthing) as much Cacao, as in
other places they sell for a Riall or sixpence. The richer sort of
people will fare better, for if there be fish or flesh to bee had, they
will have it, and eat most greedily of it; and will not spare their fowls
and Turkeys from their own bellies. These also will now and then get
a wild Dear, shooting it with their bows and arrows. And when they
have killed it, they let it lie in the wood in some hole or bottom
covered with leaves for the space of about a week, untill it stinke
and begin to be full of wormes; then they bring it home, cut it out
into joynts, and parboil it with an herbe which groweth there
somewhat like unto our Tanzy, which they say sweetneth it again,
and maketh the flesh eat tender, and as white as a peice of Turkey.
Thus parboiled, they hang up the joynts in the smoke for a while,
and then boyle it again, when they eat it, which is commonly
dressed with red Indian pepper; and this is the Venison of America,
whereof I have sometimes eaten, and found it white and short, but
never durst be too bold with it, not that I found any evill taste in it,
but that the apprehension of the wormes and maggots which
formerly had been in it, troubled much my stomack. These Indians
that have little to doe at home, and are not employed in the weekly
service under the Spaniards in their hunting, will looke seriously for
Hedge-hogs, which are just like unto ours, though certainly ours are
not meat for any Christian. They are full of pricks and brisles like
ours, and are found in woods and fields, living in holes, and as they
say feed upon nothing but Amits and their egs, and upon dry rotten
sticks, herbes, and roots; of these they eat much, the flesh being as
white and sweet as a Rabbit, and as fat as is a January hen kept up
and fatted in a Coope. Of this meat I have also eaten, and confesse
it is a dainty dish there, though I will not say the same of a Hedge-
hog here; for what here may be poyson, there may be good and
lawfull meate, by some accidentall difference in the creature it selfe,
and in that which it feeds upon, or in the temper of the air and
climate. This meat not only the Indians but the best of the Spaniards
feed on it; and it is so much esteemed of, that because in Lent they
are commonly found, the Spaniards will not be deprived of it, but do
eat it also then, alleadging that it is no flesh (though in the eating it
be in fatnesse and in taste, and in all like unto flesh) for that it feeds
not upon any thing that is very nourishing, but chiefly upon Amits
egs, and dry sticks. It is a great point of controversie amongst their
Divines, some hold it lawfull, others unlawfull for that time; it seems
the pricks and brisles of the Indian Hedge-hog prick their
consciences with a foolish scruple. Another kind of meat they feed
much on which is called Iguana; of these some are found in the
waters, others upon the land. They are longer then a Rabbit, and
like unto a Scorpion, with some green, some black scales on their
backes. Those upon the land will run very fast, like Lizards, and will
climbe up trees like Squerrils, and breed in the roots of trees or in
stone walls. The sight of them is enough to affright one; and yet
when they are dressed and stewed in broth with a little spice, they
make a dainty broth, and eat also as white as a Rabbit, nay the
middle bone is made just like the backe bone of a Rabbit. They are
dangerous meat, if not throughly boiled, and they had almost cost
mee my life for eating too much of them, not being stewed enough.
There are also many water and land Tortoi's, which the Indians find
out for themselves, and also relish exceeding well unto the
Spaniards palate. As for drinking, the Indians generally are much
given unto it; and drinke if they have nothing else, of their poore
and simple Chocolatte, without Sugar or many compounds, or of
Atolle, untill their bellies bee ready to burst. But if they can get any
drink that will make them mad drunk, they will not give it over as
long as a drop is left, or a penny remaines in their purse to purchase
it. Among themselves they use to make such drinks as are in
operation far stronger then wine, and these they confection in such
great Jarres as come from Spain; wherein they put some little
quantity of water, and fill up the Jar with some Melasso's, or juyce of
the Sugar Cane, or some hony for to sweeten it; then for the
strengthning of it, they put roots and leaves of Tobacco, with other
kinde of roots which grow there, and they know to bee strong in
operation, nay in some places I have known where they have put in
a live Toad, and so closed up the Jarre for a fortnight, or moneths
space, till all that they have put in him, be throughly steeped and
the toad consumed, and the drink well strengthned, then they open
it, and call their friends to the drinking of it, (which commonly they
doe in the night time, lest their Preist in the Towne should have
notice of them in the day) which they never leave off, untill they bee
mad, and raging drunke. This drink they call Chicha, which stinketh
most filthily, and certainly is the cause of many Indians death,
especially where they use the toads poyson with it. Once I was
informed living in Mixco, of a great meeting that was appointed in an
Indians house; and I took with mee the Officers of Justice of the
Town, to search that Indians house, where I found foure Jarres of
Chicha not yet opened, I caused them to be taken out, and broken
in the street before his doore, and the filthy Chicha to be poured
out, which left such a stinking sent in my nostrils, that with the smell
of it, or apprehension of its loathsomenesse, I fell to vomiting, and
continued sick almost a whole week after.
Now the Spaniards knowing this inclination of the Indians unto
drunkennesse, doe herein much abuse and wrong them; though true
it is, there is a strict order, even to the forfeiting of the wine of
anyone who shall presume to sell wine in a Towne of Indians, with a
mony mulct besides. Yet for all this the baser and poorer sort of
Spaniards for their lucre and gaine contemning authority, will goe
out from Guatemala, to the Towns of Indians about, and carry such
wine to sell and inebriate the Natives as may bee very advantagious
to themselves; for of one Jarre of wine, they will make two at least,
confectioning it with hony and water, and other strong drugs which
are cheap to them, and strongly operative upon the poore and weak
Indians heads, and this they will sell for currant Spanish wine, with
such pint and quart measures, as never were allowed by Justice
Order, but by themselves invented. With such wine they soone
intoxicate the poore Indians, and when they have made them drunk,
then they will cheat them more, making them pay double for their
quart measure; and when they see they can drinke no more, then
they will cause them to ly down and sleep, and in the meane while
will pick their pockets. This is a common sinne among those
Spaniards of Guatemala, and much practised in the City upon the
Indians, when they come thither to buy or sell. Those that keep the
Bodegones (so are called the houses that sell wine, which are no
better then a Chandlers shop, for besides wine they sell Candles,
Fish, Salt, Cheese and Bacon) will commonly intice in the Indians,
and make them drunk, and then pick their pockets, and turne them
out of doores with blowes and stripes, if they will not fairly depart.
There was in Guatemala in my time one of these Bodegoners, or
shopkeeper of wine and small ware, named Joan Ramos, who by
thus cheating and tipling poore Indians (as it was generally
reported) was worth two hundred thousand duckates, and in my
time gave with a daughter that was married, eight thousand
Duckats. No Indian should passe by his doore, but he would call him
in, and play upon him as aforesaid. In my time a Spanish Farmer,
neighbour of mine in the Valley of Mixco, chanced to send to
Guatemala his Indian servants with half a dozen mules loaden with
wheat to a Merchant, with whom hee had agreed before for the
price, and ordered the money to bee sent unto him by his servant
(whom hee had kept six yeers, and ever found him trusty) the wheat
being delivered, and the money received (the which mounted to ten
pound, sixteen shillings, every mule carrying six bushels, at twelve
Rials a bushel, as was then the price) the Indian with another Mate
of his walking along the streets to buy some small commodities,
passed by John Ramos his shop, or Bodegon, who enticing him and
his Mate in, soone tripped up their heals with a little confectioned
wine for that purpose, and tooke away all his mony from the
intruded Indian, and beat them out of his house; who thus drunk
being forced to ride home, the Indian that had received the money,
fell from his mule, and broke his neck; the other got home without
his Mate, or money. The Farmer prosecuted John Ramos in the Court
for his money, but Ramos being rich and abler to bribe, then the
Farmer, got off very well, and so had done formerly in almost the like
cases. These are but peccadillo's among those Spaniards, to make
drunke, rob, and occasion the poor Indians death; whose death with
them is no more regarded nor vindicated, then the death of a sheep
or bullock, that falls into a pit. And thus having spoken of apparrell,
houses, eating and drinking, it remaines that I say somewhat of
their civility, and Religion of those who lived under the Government
of the Spaniards. From the Spaniards they have borrowed their Civill
Government, and in all Townes they have one, or two Alcaldes, with
more or lesse Regidores, (who are as Aldermen or Jurates amongst
us) and some Alguaziles, more or lesse, who are as Constables, to
execute the orders of the Alcalde, (who is a Maior) with his Brethren.
In Towns of three or four hundred Families, or upwards, there are
commonly two Alcaldes, six Regidores, two Alguaziles Maiors, and
six under, or petty Alguaziles. And some Towns are priviledged with
an Indian Governour, who is above the Alcaldes, and all the rest of
the Officers. These are changed every yeer by new election, and are
chosen by the Indians themselves, who take their turnes by the
tribes or kindreds, whereby they are divided. Their offices begin on
New-Yeers day, and after that day their election is carryed to the City
of Guatemala (if in that district it bee made) or else to the heads of
Justice, or Spanish Governours of the severall Provinces, who
confirm the new Election, and take account of the last yeers
expences made by the other Officers, who carry with them their
Town-Book of accounts; and therefore for this purpose every Town
hath a Clerk, or Scrivener, called Escrivano, who commonly
continueth many yeers in his office, by reason of the paucity and
unfitnesse of Indian Scriveners, who are able to bears such a
charge. This Clerk hath many fees for his writings and informations,
and accounts, as have the Spaniards, though not so much money or
bribes, but a small matter, according to the poverty of the Indians.
The Governour is also commonly continued many yeers, being some
chief man among the Indians, except for his misdemeanours hee
bee complained of, or the Indians in generall doe all stomack him.
Thus they being setled in a civill way of government, they may
execute justice upon all such Indians of their Town as doe
notoriously and scandalously offend. They may imprison, fine, whip,
and banish, but hang and quarter they may not; but must remit
such cases to the Spanish Governour. So likewise if a Spaniard
passing by the Town, or living in it, doe trouble the peace, and
misdemean himself, they may lay hold on him, and send him to the
next Spanish Justice, with a full information of his offence, but fine
him, or keep him about one night in Prison they may not. This order
they have against Spaniards, but they dare not execute it, for a
whole Town standeth in awe of one Spaniard, and though hee never
so hainously offend, and bee unruly, with oathes, threatnings, and
drawing of his sword, hee maketh them quake and tremble, and not
presume to touch him; for they know if they doe, they shall have the
worst, either by blowes, or by some mis-information, which hee will
give against them. And this hath been very often tried, for where
Indians have by virtue of their order indeavoured to curbe an unruly
Spaniard in their Town, some of them have been wounded, others
beaten, and when they have carried the Spaniard before a Spanish
Justice and Governour, hee hath pleaded for what hee hath done,
saying it was in his owne defence, or for his King and Sovereign, and
that the Indians would have killed him, and began to mutiny all
together against the Spanish Authority, and Government, denying to
serve him with what hee needed for his way and journey; that they
would not bee slaves to give him or any Spaniard any attendance;
and that they would make an end of him, and of all the Spaniards.
With these and such like false and lying mis-informations, the unruly
Spaniards have often been beleeved, and too much upheld in their
rude and uncivill misdemeanors, and the Indians bitterly curbed, and
punished, and answer made them in such cases, that if they had
been killed for their mutiny and rebellion against the King, and his
best subjects they had beene served well enough; and that if they
gave not attendance unto the Spaniard, that passed by their Town,
their houses should bee fired, and they and their children utterly
consumed. With such like answers from the Justices, and credency
to what any base Spaniard shall inform against them, the poore
Indians are fain to put up all wrongs done unto them, not daring to
meddle with any Spaniard, bee hee never so unruly, by virtue of that
Order, which they have against them. Amongst themselves, if any
complaint be made against any Indian, they dare not meddle with
him untill they call all his kindred, and especially the head of that
Tribe, to which hee belongeth; who if hee and the rest together, find
him to deserve imprisonment, or whipping, or any other punishment,
then the Officers of Justice, the Alcaldes or Maiors, and their
Brethren the Jurates inflict upon him that punishment; which all shall
agree upon. But yet after judgment and sentence given, they have
another, which is their last appeale, if they please, and that is to
their Priest, and Fryer, who liveth in their Town, by whom they will
sometimes bee judged, and undergoe what punishment hee shall
think fittest. To the Church therefore they often resort in points of
Justice, thinking the Preist knoweth more of Law and equity, then
themselves; who sometimes reverseth what judgement hath been
given in the Town house, blaming the Officers for their partiality and
passion against their poore Brother, and setting free the party
judged by them; which the Preist does oftentimes, if such an Indian
doe belong to the Church, or to the service of their house, or have
any other relation to them, peradventure for their wives sake, whom
either they affect, or imploy in washing, or making their Chocolatte.
Such, and their husbands may live lawlesse as long as the Preist is in
the Town. And if when the Preist is absent, they call them to triall for
any misdemeanor, and whip, fine, or imprison, (which occasion they
will sometimes pick out on purpose) when the Preist returnes, they
shall bee sure to heare of it, and smart for it, yea, and the Officers
themselves peradventure bee whipped in the Church, by the Preists
order and appointment; against whom they dare not speake, but
willingly accept what stripes and punishment hee layeth upon them,
judging his wisdome, sentence, and punishing hand, the wisdome,
sentence and hand of God; whom as they have been taught to be
over all Princes, Judges, worldly Officers, so likewise they beleeve,
(and have been so taught) that his Preists and Ministers are above
theirs, and all worldly power and authority. It happened unto mee
living in the Town of Mixco, that an Indian being judged to bee
whipped for some disorders, which hee committed, would not yeeld
to the sentence, but apealed to mee, saying hee would have his
stripes in the Church, and by my order, for so hee said his whipping
would doe him good, as comming from the hand of God. When hee
was brought unto mee, I could not reverse the Indians judgment,
for it was just, and so caused him to be whipped, which hee tooke
very patiently and merrily, and after kissed my hands and gave mee
an offering of mony for the good hee said, I had done unto his
soule. Besides this civility of justice amongst them, they live as in
other Civill and Politick and well governed Common-wealths; for in
most of their Townes, there are some that professe such trades as
are practised among Spaniards. There are amongst them Smiths,
Taylors, Carpenters, Masons, Shoomakers, and the like. It was my
fortune to set upon a hard and difficult building in a Church of
Mixco, where I desired to make a very broad and capacious vault
over the Chappell, which was the harder to bee finished in a round
circumference, because it depended upon a triangle, yet for this
work I sought none but Indians, some of the Town, some from other
places, who made it so compleat, that the best & skilfullest workmen
among the Spaniards had enough to wonder at it. So are most of
their Churches vaulted on the top, and all by Indians; they onely in
my time built a new Cloister in the Town of Amatitlan, which they
finished with many Arches of stone both in the lower walks and in
the upper galleries, with as much perfection as the best Cloister of
Guatemala, had before beene built by the Spaniard. Were they more
incouraged by the Spaniards, and taught better principles both for
soule and body, doubtlesse they would among themselves make a
very good Common-wealth. For painting they are much inclined to it,
and most of the pictures, and Altars of the Country Townes are their
workmanship. In most of their Townes they have a Schoole, where
they are taught to read, to sing, and some to write. To the Church
there doe belong according as the Town is in bignesse, so many
Singers, and Trumpeters, and Waits, over whom the Preist hath one
Officer, who is called Fiscal; he goeth with a white Staffe with a little
Silver Crosse on the top to represent the Church, and shew that he
is the Preists Clerk and Officer. When any case is brought to be
examined by the Preist, this Fiscall or Clerk executeth Justice by the
Preists Order. He must be one that can read & write, and is
commonly the Master of Musick. He is bound upon the Lords Day
and other Saints dayes, to gather to the Church before and after
Service all the yong youths, and maids, and to teach them the
Prayers, Sacraments, Commandements, and other points of
Catechisme allowed by the Church of Rome. In the morning hee and
the other Musicians at the sound of the Bell, are bound to come to
Church to sing and officiate at Masse, which in many Townes they
performe with Organs and other musicall Instruments, (as hath
beene observed before) as well as Spaniards. So likewise at Evening
at five of the clock they are again to resort to the Church, when the
Bell calleth, to sing Prayers, which they call Completa's, or
Completory, with Salve Regina, a prayer to the Virgin Mary. This
Fiscal is a great man in the Town, and beares more sway then the
Majors, Jurates, and other Officers of Justice, and when the Preist is
pleased, giveth attendance to him, goeth about his arrants,
appointeth such as are to wait on him, when hee rideth out of Town.
Both hee and all that doth belong unto the Church, are exempted
from the common weekely service of the Spaniards, and from giving
attendance to Travellers, and from other Officers of Justice. But they
are to attend with their Waits, Trumpets, and Musick, upon any great
man or Preist that cometh to their Town, and to make Arches with
boughes and flowers in the streets for their entertainment. Besides
these, those also that doe belong unto the service of the Preists
house, are priviledged from the Spaniards service. Now the Preist
hath change of servants by the week, who take their turnes so, that
they may have a weeke or two to spare to doe their work. If it bee a
great Town, hee hath three Cookes allowed him, (if a small Town,
but two) men Cookes who change their turnes, except hee have any
occasion of feasting, then they all come. So likewise hee hath two or
three more (whom they call Chahal) as Butlers, who keepe
whatsoever Provision is in the house under lock and Key; and give to
the Cooke what the Preist appointeth to bee dressed for his dinner,
or supper; these keep the Table Clothes, Napkins, Dishes, and
Trenchers, and lay the Cloth, and take away, and wait at the Table;
hee hath besides three or foure, and in great Towns half a dozen of
boyes to doe his arrants, wait at the Table, and sleep in the house all
the week by their turnes, who with the Cookes and Butlers dine and
sup constantly in the Preists house, and at his charges. Hee hath
also at dinner and supper times the attendance of some old women
(who also take their turnes) to oversee half a dozen yong maids,
who next to the Priests house doe meet to make him, and his family
Tortilla's or Cakes of Maiz, which the boyes doe bring hot to the
Table by halfe a dozen at a time. Besides these servants, if hee have
a Garden hee is allowed two or three gardeners; and for his stable,
at least half a dozen Indians, who morning and evening are to bring
him Sacate (as there they call it) or herb and grasse for his Mules or
Horses, these diet not in the house; but the groome of the stable,
who is to come at morning, noone, and Evening, (and therefore are
three or foure to change) or at any time that the Preist will ride out;
these I say and the Gardners (when they are at work) dine and sup
at the Priests charges; who sometimes in great Townes hath above a
dozen to feed and provide for. There are besides belonging to the
Church priviledged from the weekly attendance upon the Spaniards
two or three Indians, called Sacristanes, who have care of the Vestry
and Copes, and Altar Clothes, and every day make ready the Altar or
Altars for Masse; also to every Company or Sodality of the Saints, or
Virgin, there are two or three, whom they call Mayordomo's, who
gather about the Towne Almes for the maintaining of the Sodality;
these also gather Egges about the Town for the Preist every week,
and give him an account of their gatherings, and allow him every
moneth, or fortnight, two Crownes for a Masse to bee sung to the
Saint.
If there be any fishing place neer the Town, then the Preist also is
allowed for to seek him fish three or foure, and in some places half a
dozen Indians, besides the offerings in the Church, and many other
offerings which they bring whensoever they come to speak unto the
Preist, or to confesse with him, or for a Saints feast to bee
celebrated, and besides their Tithes of every thing, there is a
monethly maintenance in money allowed unto the Preist, and
brought unto him by the Alcaldes, or Maiors, and Jurates, which he
setteth his hand unto in a book of the Townes expences. This
maintenance (though it be allowed by the Spanish magistrate, and
paid in the Kings name for the preaching of the Gospel) yet it comes
out of the poor Indians purses and labour, and is either gathered
about the Town, or taken out of the Tribute, which they pay unto the
King, or from a common plat of ground which with the help of all is
sowed and gathered in and sold for that purpose. All the Townes in
America, which are civilized and under the Spanish government,
belong either to the Crowne, or to some other Lords, whom they cal
Encomendero's, and pay a yeerly tribute unto them. Those that are
tenants to their Lords or Encomendero's (who commonly are such as
descend from the first conquerors) pay yet unto the King some small
tribute in mony, besides what they pay in other kind of commodities
unto their owne Encomendero, and in mony also. There is no Town
so poor, where every married Indian doth not pay at the least in
mony four Rials a yeer for tribute to the King, besides other four
Rials to his Lord, or Encomendero. And if the Town pay only to the
King, they pay at least six, and in some places eight Rials by statute,
besides what other commodities are common to the Town or
Country where they live, as Maiz, (that is paid in all Townes) hony,
Turkeys, fowles, salt, Cacao, Mantles of Cotton-wool; and the like
commodities they pay who are subject to an Encomendero; but such
pay only mony, not commodities to the King. The Mantles of tribute
are much esteemed of, for they are choise ones, and of a bigger
size, then others, so likewise is the tribute Cacao, Achiotte, Cochinil,
where it is paid; for the best is set apart for the tribute; and if the
Indians bring that which is not prime good, they shall surely be
lashed, and sent backe for better. The heads of the severall Tribes
have care to gather it, and to deliver it to the Alcaldes and
Regidores, Maiors and Jurates, who carry it either to the Kings
Exchequer in the City, or to the neerest Spanish Justice (if it belong
to the King) or to the Lord, or Encomendero of the Towne. In
nothing I ever perceived the Spaniards mercifull and indulgent unto
the Indians, but in this, that if an Indian bee very weak, poore, and
sickly and not able to work, or threescore and ten yeers of age, he is
freed from paying any tribute. There be also some Towns priviledged
from this tribute; which are those that can prove themselves to have
descended from Tlaxcallan, or from certaine Tribes or families of or
about Mexico, who helped the first Spaniards in the conquest of that
Country. As for their carriage and behaviour, the Indians are very
courteous and loving, and of a timorous nature, and willing to serve
and to obey, and to doe good, if they be drawn by love; but where
they are too much tyrannized, they are dogged, unwilling to please,
or to worke, and will choose rather strangling and death then life.
They are very trusty, and never were known to commit any robbery
of importance; so that the Spaniards dare trust to abide with them in
a wildernesse all night, though they have bags of gold about them.
So for secrecy they are very close; and will not reveal any thing
against their own Natives, or a Spaniards credit and reputation, if
they be any way affected to him. But above all unto their Preist they
are very respective unto him; and when they come to speak unto
him; put on their best clothes, study their complements and words
to please him. They are very abundant in their expressions, and full
of circumloquutions adorned with parables and simile's to expresse
their mind and intention. I have often sate still for the space of an
houre, onely hearing some old women make their speeches unto
me, with so many elegancies in their tongue (which in English would
be non-sense, or barbarous expressions) as would make me wonder,
and learne by their speeches more of their language, then by any
other endeavour or study of mine owne. And if I could reply unto
them in the like phrases and expressions (which I would often
endeavour) I should be sure to win their hearts, and get any thing
from them. As for their Religion, they are outwardly such as the
Spaniards, but inwardly hard to beleeve that which is above sense,
nature, and the visible sight of the eye; and many of them to this
day doe incline to worship Idols of stocks and stones, and are given
to much superstition, and to observe crosse waies, and meeting of
beasts in them, the flying of birds, their appearing and singing neer
their houses at such and such times. Many are given to witchcraft,
and are deluded by the devill to beleeve that their life dependeth
upon the life of such and such a beast (which they take unto them
as their familiar spirit) and think that when that beast dieth they
must die; when he is chased, their hearts pant, when he is faint they
are faint; nay it happeneth that by the devils delusion they appear in
the shape of that Beast, (which commonly by their choice is a Buck,
or Doe, a Lion, or Tigre, or Dog, or Eagle) and in that shape have
been shot at and wounded, as I shall shew in the Chapter following.
And for this reason (as I came to understand by some of them) they
yeeld unto the Popish Religion, especially to the worshiping of Saints
Images, because they looke upon them as much like unto their
forefathers Idols; and secondly, because they see some of them
painted with Beasts; as Hierom with a Lion, Anthony with an Asse,
and other wild Beasts, Dominick with a Dog, Blas with a Hog, Mark
with a Bull, and John with an Eagle, they are more confirmed in their
delusions, and thinke verily those Saints were of their opinion, and
that those beasts were their familiar spirits, in whose shape they
also were transformed when they lived, and with whom they died.
All Indians are much affected unto these Popish Saints, but
especially those which are given to witchcraft, and out of the
smalnesse of their means they will be sure to buy some of these
Saints and bring them to the Church, that there they may stand and
be worshipped by them and others. The Churches are full of them,
and they are placed upon standers gilded or painted, to be carried in
procession upon mens shoulders, upon their proper day. And from
hence cometh no little profit to the Preists; for upon such Saints
daies, the owner of the Saint maketh a great feast in the Towne, and
presenteth unto the Preist sometimes two or three, sometimes four
or five crownes for his Masse and Sermon, besides a Turkey and
three or four fowls, with as much Cacao as will serve to make him
Chocolatte for all the whole Octave or eight daies following. So that
in some Churches, where there are at least fourty of these Saints
Statues and Images, they bring unto the Preist at least fourty
pounds a yeer. The Preist therefore is very watchfull over those
Saints daies, and sendeth warning before hand unto the Indians of
the day of their Saint, that they may provide themselves for the
better celebrating it both at home and in the Church. If they
contribute not bountifully, then the Preist will chide, and threaten
that he will not preach. Some Indians through poverty have been
unwilling to contribute any thing at all, or to solemnize in the Church
and at his house his Saints day, but then the Preist hath threatned to
cast his Saints image out of the Church, saying, that the Church
ought not to be filled with such Saints as are unprofitable to soul
and body, and that in such a statues room one may stand, which
may doe more good by occasioning a solemn celebration of one day
more in the yeer. So likewise if the Indian that owned one of those
images die and leave children, they are to take care of that Saint as
part of their inheritance, and to provide that his day be kept; but if
no son, or heirs be left, then the Preist calleth for the heads of the
severall Tribes, and for the chief officers of justice, and maketh a
speech unto them, wherein he declareth that part of the Church
ground is taken up in vain by such an image, and his stander,
without any profit either to the Preist, the Church, or the town, no
heir or owner being left alive to provide for that orphan Saint, to
owne it; and that in case they will not seek out who may take
charge of him, and of his day, the Preist will not suffer him to stand
idle in his Church, like those whom our Saviour in the Gospel
rebuked, quid hic statis tota die otiosi? for that they stood idle in the
market all the day (these very expressions have I heard there from
some Friers) and therefore that he must banish such a Saints picture
out of the Church, and must deliver him up before them into the
Justices hands to be kept by them in the Town-house, untill such
time as he may be bought and owned by some good Christian. The
Indians when they hear these expressions, begin to feare, lest some
judgement may befall their Town for suffering a Saint to be
excommunicated and cast out of their Church, and therefore present
unto the Preist some offering for his prayers unto the Saint, that he
may doe them no harme, and desire him to limit them a time to
bring him an answer for the disposing of that Saint (thinking it will
prove a disparagement and affront unto their Town, if what once
hath belonged to the Church, be now out, and delivered up to the
secular power) and that in the mean time, they will find out some
good Christian, either of the neerest friends and kindred to him or
them who first owned the Saint, or else some stranger, who may buy
that Saint of the Preist (if he continue in the Church) or of the
secular power (if he be cast out of the Church and delivered up unto
them, which they are unwilling to yeeld to, having been taught of
judgements in such a case like to befall them) and may by some
speedy feast and solemnity appease the Saints anger towards them,
for having been so sleighted by the Town. Alas poore Indians, what
will they not be brought unto by those Friers and Preists, who study
nothing more than their own ends, and to enrich themselves from
the Church and Altar! their policies (who are the wise and prudent
children of this world spoken of in the Gospel) can easily overtop
and master the simplicity of the poor Indians; who rather then they
will bring an affront upon their Towne, by suffering any of their
Saints to be cast out of their Church, or to be with mony redeemed
out of the secular powers hands, will make hast to present unto him
an owner of that orphan Saint, who for him shall give to the Preist
not only what he may be prized to be worth in a Painters shop for
the workmanship, gold and colours belonging to him; but besides
shall present him what before hath been observed, for the
solemnizing of his Feast. These feasts bring yet unto the Saints more
profit then hitherto hath been spoken of; for the Indians have been
taught that upon such daies they ought to offer up somewhat unto
the Saints; and therefore they prepare either mony (some a Riall,
some two, some more) or else commonly about Guatemala white
wax-candles, and in other places Cacao, or fruits, which they lay
before the image of the Saint, whilst the Masse is celebrating. Some
Indians will bring a bundle of candles of a dozen tied together of
Rials a peice some, some of three or four for a Riall, and will if they
be let alone light them all together and burne them out, so that the
Preist at the end of the Masse will find nothing but the ends.
Therefore (knowing well of the waies of policy and covetousnesse)
he chargeth the Church officers, whom I said before were called
Mayordomo's to looke to the offerings, and not to suffer the Indians
who bring candles to light more then one before the Saint, and to
leave the other before him unlighted (having formerly taught them,
that the Saints are as well pleased with their whole candles as with
their burnt candles) that so hee may have the more to sell and make
mony of. After Masse the Preist and the Mayordomo's take and
sweep away from the Saint whatsoever they find hath been offered
unto him; so that sometimes in a great Towne upon such a Saints
day the Preist may have in mony twelve or twenty Rials, and fifty or
a hundred candles, which may be worth unto him twenty or thirty
shillings, besides some ends and pieces. Most of the Friers about
Guatemala are with these offerings as wel stored with candles, as is
any Wax-chandlers shop in the City. And the same candles, which
thus they have received by offerings they need not care to sell them
away to Spaniards, who come about to buy them (though some will
rather sell them together to such though cheaper, that their mony
might come in all at once) for the Indians themselves when they
want again any candles for the like feast, or for a Christening, and
for a womans Churching (at which times they also offer candles) will
buy their own againe of the Preist, who sometimes receiveth the
same candles and mony for them again five or six times. And
because they find that the Indians incline very much to this kind of
offerings, and that they are so profitable unto them, the Friers doe
much presse upon the Indians in their preaching this point of their
Religion, and devotion. But if you demand of these ignorant, but
zealous offerers the Indians an account of any point of faith, they
will give you little or none. The mystery of the Trinity, and of the
incarnation of Christ, and our redemption by him is too hard for
them; they will only answer what they have been taught in a
Catechisme of questions and answers; but if you ask them if they
beleeve such a point of Christianity, they will never answer
affirmatively, but only thus, Perhaps it may be so. They are taught
there the doctrin of Rome, that Christs body is truely and really
present in the Sacrament, and no bread in substance, but only the
accidents; if the wisest Indian be asked, whether he beleeve this, he
will answer, Perhaps it may be so. Once an old woman, who was
held to be very religious, in the Town of Mixco, came to me about
receiving the Sacrament, and whilst I was instructing of her, I asked
her if she beleeved that Christ body was in the Sacrament, she
answered, Peradventure it may be so. A little while after to try her
and get her out of this strain and common answer, I asked her what
& who was in the Sacrament which she received from the Preists
hand at the Altar; she answered nothing for a while, and at last I
pressed upon her for an affirmative answer; and then she began to
looke about to the Saints in the Church, (which was dedicated to a
Saint which they call St. Dominick) and, as it seemed, being troubled
and doubtful what to say, at last she cast her eyes upon the high
Altar, but I seeing she delayed the time, asked her again who was in
the Sacrament? to which she replyed S. Dominick who was the
Patron of that Church and Town. At this I smiled, and would yet
further try her simplicity with a simple question. I told her she saw
S. Dominick was painted with a dog by him holding a torch in his
mouth, and the globe of the world at his feet; I asked her, whether
all this were with St. Dominick in the Sacrament? To which she
answered, Perhaps it might be so; wherewith I began to chide her,
and to instruct her. But mine instruction, nor all the teaching and
preaching of those Spanish Preists hath not yet well grounded them
in principles of faith; they are dull and heavie to beleeve or
apprehend of God, or of heaven, more then with sense or reason
they can conceive. Yet they goe and run that way they see the
Spaniards run, and as they are taught by their idolatrous Preists.
Who have taught them much formality, and so they are (as our
Formalists formerly in England) very formall, but little substantiall in
Religion. They have been taught that when they come to confession,
they must offer somewhat to the Preist, and that by their gifts and
almes, their sins shall be sooner forgiven; this they doe so formally
observe, that, whensoever they come to confession, but especially in
Lent, none of them dareth to come with empty hands; some bring
mony, some honey, some egs, some fowls, some fish, some Cacao,
some one thing, some another, so that the Preist hath a plentifull
harvest in Lent for his pains in hearing their Confessions. They have
been taught that also when they receive the Communion, they must
surely every one give at least a Riall to the Preist, (surely England
was never taught in America to buy the Sacrament with a two pence
offering, and yet this custome too much practised and pressed upon
the people) which they performe so, that I have known some poor
Indians, who have for a week or two forborne from coming to the
Communion untill they could get a Riall offering. It is to be wondred
what the Preists doe get from those poore wretches in great Towns
by Confession and Communion Rials in great Townes, where they
denie the Sacrament to none that will receive it, (and in some
Townes I have knowne a thousand Communicants) and force all
above twelve or thirteen yeers of age to come to Confession in the
Lent. They are very formall also in observing Romes Monday,
Thursday, and good-Friday, and then they make their monuments
and sepulchres, wherein they set their Sacrament, and watch it all
day and night, placing before it a Crucifix on the ground, with two
basins on each side to hold the single or double Rials, which every
one must offer when he cometh creeping upon his knees, and bare-
footed to kisse Christs hands, feet, and side. The candles which for
that day and night and next morning are burned at the sepulchre
are bought with another Contribution-Riall, which is gathered from
house to house from every Indian for that purpose. Their Religion is
a dear and lick-penny religion for such poor Indians, and yet they
are carried along in it formally and perceive it not. They are taught
that they must remember the souls in Purgatory, and therefore that
they must cast their almes into a chest, which standeth for that
purpose in their Churches, whereof the Preist keepeth the key, and
openeth it when he wanteth mony, or when he pleaseth. I have
often opened some of those chests; and have found in them many
single Rials, some halfe pieces of eight, and some whole pieces of
eight. And because what is lost and found in the high-waies, must
belong to some body, if the true owner be not knowne, they have
been taught that such monies or goods belong also to the soules
departed; wherefore the Indians (surely more for fear or vanities
sake that they may be well thought on by the Preist) if they find any
thing lost will bestow it upon the soules surer then the Spaniards
themselves (who if they find a purse lost will keep it,) and will bring
it either to the Preist or cast it into the chest. An Indian of Mixco had
found a patacon or peece of eight in a high-way, and when he came
to Confession, he gave it unto me telling me he durst not keep it,
lest the soules should appear unto him, and demand it. So upon the
second day of November which they call All soules day, they are
extraordinary foolish and superstitious in offering monies, fowles,
egs and Maiz, and other commodities for the soules good, but it
proves for the profit of the Preist, who after Masse wipes away to his
chamber all that which the poore gulled and deluded Indians had
offered unto those soules, which needed neither mony, food, nor any
other provision, and he fills his purse, and pampers his belly with it.
A Frier that lived in Petapa boasted unto me once that upon their All
Soules day, his offerings had been about a hundred Rials, two
hundred Chickens and fowls, half a dozen Turkeyes, eight bushels of
Maiz, three hundred egs, four sontles of Cacao, (every sontle being
four hundred granes) twenty clusters of plantins, above a hundred
wax candles, besides some loaves of bread, and other trifles of
fruits. All which being summed up according to the price of the
things there, and with consideration of the coyn of mony there (halfe
a Ryall or three pence being there the least coyn) mounts to above
eight pounds of our money, a faire and goodly stipend for a Masse,
brave wages for halfe an houres work; a politick ground for that
Error of Purgatory, if the dead bring to the living Preist such wealth
in one day onely. Christmas day with the rest of those holy daies is
no lesse superstitiously observed by these Indians; for against that
time they frame and set in some corner of their Church a little
thatched house like a stall, which they call Bethlehem, with a blazing
Starre over, pointing it unto the three Sage wise men from the East;
within this stall they lay in a Crib, a child made of wood, painted and
guilded (who represents Christ new borne unto them) by him stands
Mary on the one side, and Joseph on the other, and an Asse likewise
on the one side and an oxe on the other, made by hands, the three
wise men of the East kneel before the Crib offering gold,
Frankincense and Myrrhe, the shepheards stand aloof off offering
their Country gifts, some a Kid, some a Lambe, some Milk, some
Cheese, and Curds, some fruits, the fields are also there represented
with flocks of Sheep and Goats; the Angels they hang about the stall
some with Vialls, some with Lutes, some with Harps, a goodly
mumming and silent stage play, to draw those simple souls to look
about, and to delight their senses and fantasies in the Church.
There is not an Indian that cometh to see that supposed Bethlehem
(and there is not any in the Town but doth come to see it) who
bringeth not either money or somewhat else for his offering. Nay the
policy of the Preists hath been such, that (to stirre up the Indians
with their Saints example) they have taught them to bring their
Saints upon all the holy dayes, untill Twelfth day in Procession unto
this Bethlehem to offer their gifts, according to the number of the
Saints that stand in the Church, some daies there come five, some
daies eight, some daies ten, dividing them into such order, that by
Twelfth day all may have come and offered, some money, some one
thing, some another; The owner of the Saint, hee cometh before the
Saint with his friends and kindred (if there bee no sodality or
company belonging unto that Saint) and being very well apparelled
for that purpose, he bowes himselfe and kneels to the Crib, and then
rising takes from the Saint what hee bringeth and leaveth it there,
and so departs. But if there be a sodality belonging to the Saint,
then the Mayordomo's or chief Officers of that company they come
before the Saint, and doe homage, and offer as before hath been
said. But upon Twelfth day the Alcaldes, Maiors, Jurates, and other
Officers of Justice, must offer after the example of the Saints, and
the three Wise men of the East (whom the Church of Rome teacheth
to have been Kings) because they represent the Kings power and
authority. And all these daies they have about the Town and in the
Church a dance of Shepheards, who at Christmas Eve at midnight
begin before this Bethlehem, and then they must offer a Sheep
amongst them. Others dance clothed like Angels and with wings,
and all to draw the people more to see sights in the Church, then to
worship God in Spirit and in Truth. Candlemas day is no lesse
superstitiously observed; for then the picture of Mary comes in
procession to the Altar, and offereth up her Candles and Pigeons, or
Turtle-Doves unto the Preist, and all the Town must imitate her
example, and bring their Candles to be blessed and hallowed; of
foure or five, or as many as they bring, one onely shall bee restored
back unto them, because they are blessed, all the rest are for the
Preist, to whom the Indians resort after to buy them, and give more
then ordinary, because they are hallowed Candles. At Whitsontide
they have another sight, and that is in the Church also, whilst a
Hymne is sung of the Holy Ghost, the Preist standing before the
Altar with his face turned to the people, they have a device to let fall
a Dove from above over his head well dressed with flowers, and for
above half an houre, from holes made for that purpose, they drop
down flowers about the Preist shewing the gifts of the holy Ghost to
him, which example the ignorant and simple Indians are willing to
imitate, offering also their gifts unto him. Thus all the yeer are those
Preists and Fryers deluding the poore people for their ends,
enriching themselves with their gifts, placing Religion in meer Policy;
and thus doth the Indians Religion consist more in sights, shewes
and formalities, then in any true substance. But as sweet meat must
have sowre sawce; so this sweetnesse and pleasing delight of
shewes in the Church hath its sowre sawce once a yeer (besides the
sowrenesse of poverty which followeth to them by giving so many
gifts unto the Preist) for, to shew that in their Religion there is some
bitterness, & sowrenesse, they make the Indians whip themselves
the weeke before Easter, like the Spaniards, which those simples
both men and women perform with such cruelty to their owne flesh,
that they butcher it, mangle and teare their backs, till some swound,
nay some (as I have known) have died under their own whipping,
and have selfe murthered themselves, which the Preists regard not,
because their death is sure to bring them at least three or foure
Crownes for a Masse for their soules, and other offerings of their
friends.
Thus in Religion they are superstitiously led on, and blinded in the
observance of what they have been taught more for the good and
profit of their Preists, then for any good of their soules, not
perceiving that their Religion is a Policy to inrich their teachers. But
not onely doe the Fryers and Preists live by them and eat the sweat
of their browes; but also all the Spaniards, who not onely with their
worke and service (being themselves many given to idlenesse) grow
wealthy and rich; but with needlesse offices, and authority are still
fleecing them, and taking from them that little which they gaine with
much hardnesse and severity.
The President of Guatemala, the Judges of that Chancery, the
Governours and High Justices of other parts of the Country, that
they may advance and inrich their meniall servants, make the poor
Indians the subject of their bountifulnesse towards such. Some have
offices to visit as often as they please their Towns, and to see what
every Indian hath sowed of Maiz, for the maintenance of his wife
and children; Others visit them to see what fowles they keepe for
the good and store of the County; others have order to see whether
their houses bee decently kept and their beds orderly placed
according to their Families; others have power to call them out to
mend and repaire the high wayes, and others have Commission to
number the Families and Inhabitants of the severall Townes, to see
how they increase that their Tribute may not decrease, but still bee
raised. And all this, those officers doe never perform but so, that for
their pains they must have from every Indian an allowance to bear
their charges, (which indeed are none at all) for as long as they stay
in the Town, they may call for what fowles and provision they please
without paying for it. When they come to number the Townes, they
call by list every Indian and cause his children, sonnes and
daughters to be brought before them, to see if they bee fit to be
married; and if they be of growth and age, and bee not married, the
fathers are threatned for keeping them unmarried, and as idle livers
in the Towne without paying tribute; and according to the number of
the sonnes and daughters that are marriageable, the fathers tribute
is raised and increased, untill they provide husbands and wives for
their sons and daughters, who as soone as they are married, are
charged with tribute; which that it may increase, they will suffer
none above fifteen yeers of age to live unmarried; Nay the set time
of age of marriage appointed for the Indians, is at fourteen yeers for
the man, and thirteene for the woman, alleadging that they are
sooner ripe for the fruit of Wedlock, and sooner ripe in knowledge
and malice, and strength for worke and service, then are any other
people. Nay sometimes they force them to marry who are scarce
twelve and thirteene yeeres of age, if they find them well limbed,
and strong in body, explicating a point of one of Romes Canons,
which alloweth fourteene and fifteen yeers, nisi malitia suppleat
ætatem. When I my selfe lived in Pinola, that Town by order of Don
Juan de Guzman, (a great Gentleman of Guatemala, to whom it
belonged) was numbred, and an increase of tributary Indians was
added unto it by this meanes. The numbring it lasted a full week,
and in that space I was commanded to joyne in marriage neer
twenty couple, which, with those that before had been married since
the last numbring of it, made up to the Encomendero or Lord of it an
increase of about fifty Families. But it was a shame to see how
young some were that at that time were forced to marriage, neither
could al my striving and reasoning prevail to the contrary, nor the
producing of the Register Book to shew their age, but that some
were married of between twelve and thirteene yeers of age, and one
especially who in the Register booke was found to bee not fully of
twelve yeers, whose knowledge and strength of body was judged to
supply the want of age. In this manner even in the most free act of
the will, (which ought to bee in marriage) are those poore Indians,
forced and made slaves by the Spaniards, to supply with tribute the
want of their purses, and the meannesse of their Estates. Yet under
this yoke and burden they are cheerfull, and much given to feasting,
sporting and dancing, as they particularly shew in the chief feasts of
their Townes, which are kept upon that Saints day to whom their
Town is dedicated. And certainly this superstition hath continued also
in England from the Popish times, to keep Faires in many of our
Towns upon Saints dayes (which is the intent of the Papists to draw
in the people and country by way of commerce and trading one with
another, to honor, worship, and pray to that Saint, to whom the
Town is dedicated) or else why are our Faires commonly kept upon
John Baptist, James, Peter, Matthew, Bartholomew, Holy Rood, Lady
dayes, and the like, and not as well a day or two before, or a day or
two after, which would bee as good and fit dayes to buy and sell, as
the other? True it is, our Reformation alloweth not the worshipping
of Saints, yet that solemne meeting of the people to Fairs and mirth,
and sport upon those daies it hath kept and continued, that so the
Saints and their dayes may bee and continue still in our
remembrance. There is no Town in the India's great or small (though
it be but of twenty Families) which is not dedicated thus unto our
Lady or unto some Saint, and the remembrance of that Saint is
continued in the mindes not onely of them that live in the Towne,
but of all that live farre and neere by commercing, trading, sporting,
and dancing, offering unto the Saint, and bowing, kneeling, and
praying before him. Before this day day cometh, the Indians of the
Town two or three Moneths have their meetings at night, and
prepare themselves for such dances as are most commonly used
amongst them; and in these their meetings they drinke much both
of Chocolatte and Chicha. For every kind of dance they have severall
houses appointed, and masters of that dance, who teach the rest
that they may bee perfected in it against the Saints day. For the
most part of these two or three moneths the silence of the night is
unquieted, what with their singing, what with their hollowing, what
with their beating upon the shels of fishes, what with their Waits,
and what with their piping. And when the feast cometh, then they
act publikely, and for the space of eight dayes, what privately they
had practised before. They are that day well apparelled with silkes,
fine linnen, ribbands and feathers according to the dance; which first
they begin in the Church before the Saint, or in the Church yard, and
from thence all the Octave, or eight dayes they goe from house to
house dancing, where they have Chocolatte or some heady drink or
Chicha given them. All those eight daies the Towne is sure to bee full
of drunkards; and if they bee reprehended for it; they will answer,
that their heart doth rejoyce with their Saint in heaven, and that
they must drinke unto him, that hee may remember them. The chief
dance used amongst them is called Toncontin, which hath been
danced before the King of Spain, in the Court of Madrid by
Spaniards, who have lived in the India's to shew unto the King
somewhat of the Indians fashions; and it was reported to have
pleased the King very much. This dance is thus performed. The
Indians commonly that dance it (if it bee a great Towne) are thirty or
forty, or fewer, if it be a small Town. They are clothed in white, both
their dublets, linnen drawers, and Aiates, or towels, which on the
one side hang almost to the ground. Their drawers and Aiates are
wrought with some workes of Silk, or with birds, or bordered with
some Lace. Others procure dublets and drawers and Aiates of Silk,
all which are hired for that purpose. On their backs they hang long
tuffes of feathers of all colours, which with glew are fastned into a
little frame made for the purpose, and guilded on the outside; this
frame with Ribbands they tie about their shoulders fast that it fall
not, nor slacken with the motion of their bodies. Upon their heads