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Fuzzy Image
Processing and
Applications
®
with MATLAB
Tamalika Chaira
Ajoy Kumar Ray
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
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Tamalika Chaira
vii
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
viii Contents
During the last two decades, the art and science of image processing have
witnessed significant developments and have found applications in many
active areas, such as remote sensing, medical imaging, video surveillance,
and so on. In contrast to classical image-analysis techniques that use crisp
mathematics, fuzzy set theoretic techniques provide an elegant foundation
and a set of rich methodologies in diverse image-processing tasks. In view
of this, it has become extremely important to present this science along with
some applications in a textbook.
Fuzzy image processing—Application in MATLAB® is an exciting and
dynamic branch of image processing, which has received lots of importance
during the last decade. Ever since the introduction of fuzzy set theory by
Professor L.A. Zadeh in 1965, there has been an explosion of interest and
a significant growth of active application of fuzzy set theory in image pro-
cessing in such areas as enhancement, segmentation, filtering, edge detec-
tion, content-based image retrieval, pattern recognition, and clustering. The
progress in this field can be seen through the introduction of the increasing
numbers of software products in the market.
There are many texts available in the market that deal with the fundamen-
tals of image processing and its applications using crisp sets. In this book,
we have attempted to introduce the concepts of fuzzy set theory and their
applications in image processing. Imprecision arises in image processing
in several of the following ways: (1) ambiguity arising from imprecision in
the grey level of the image; (2) imprecision in the geometry of the object;
(3) imprecision in the definition of the edges or the boundary of the objects
of an image; and (4) uncertainty in the knowledge representation, object
recognition, and image interpretation.
Keeping in mind the above considerations, we felt the need to write this
book, which deals with the application of fuzzy set theory to various image-
processing operations, such as thresholding, segmentation, edge detection,
enhancement, clustering, color retrieval, and so on.
The results of the experimental results using fuzzy set theory are presented
in each chapter. Finally, a concise summary highlighting the ideas discussed
in each chapter is included.
There are many excellent textbooks on image processing. An important
feature of this book, however, is the inclusion of a separate chapter in which a
brief introduction to MATLAB and its implementations has been presented.
This book is useful for undergraduate and graduate students in universi-
ties world wide. It is extremely useful for teachers, scientists, engineers, and
all those who are interested in the fuzzy set theory of image processing.
xiii
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
xiv Preface
Chapter 11 introduces MATLAB and includes the programs for each appli-
cation in image processing that are mentioned in this book. Finally, problems
for each chapter are included at the end of the book. To help the reader to
acquire practical knowledge, a set of projects have been suggested, which are
also included at the end of the book.
During the writing of this book, we have received the support and encour-
agement of many individuals. We gratefully acknowledge the contributions
of each one of those who have helped in various ways in the completion of this
project. Professor G.S. Sanyal, former director of IIT Kharagpur; Professor
Arun Kumar Majumdar, Computer Science and Engineering Department,
IIT Kharagpur; and Dr. Tinku Acharya have always been a great source
of inspiration and encouragement throughout our research. Many others
of the Computer Vision Laboratory of IIT Kharagpur have helped us in
shaping this book. Dr. C.V. Jawahar, IIIT Hyderabad; Dr. B.M. Mannan,
Philips Innovation; Professor K.M. Bhurchandi, SRKNEC, Nagpur; Professor
Sukesh Kumar, BIT Mesra; Rajesh Thakur, KITS, Bhubaneswar; Koushik
Mallick; Arumoy Mukhopadhyaya; and J. Chakraborty of the Electronics
and ECE Department have all helped us in various ways. We acknowledge
their contributions.
We are thankful to Dr. Chandan Chakraborty, Roshan Joy Martis, and
Rusha Patra of the School of Medical Science and Technology, IIT Kharagpur,
for meticulously going through some of the chapters of this book.
Finally, this book would not have been complete without the support of
our near and dear ones.
Tamalika Chaira
Ajoy Kumar Ray
xvii
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
1
Fuzzy Subsets and Operations
1.1 Introduction
In classical set theory, a set consists of several elements and the elements
may or may not present in the set. The membership value of each element in
a classical crisp set is either 0 or 1, depending on its absence or its presence
in the set. Such a set does not support any fractional membership and each
element in it has either full membership or zero membership.
In 1965, Professor L.A. Zadeh introduced fuzzy set theory on the basis of
the principles of uncertainty, ambiguity, and vagueness. He suggested that
the classes of objects encountered in the real world do not always have pre-
cisely defined membership values. There are sets that do not have a rigid
demarcating boundary and thus there is a gradual transition from zero to
unity membership. These sets are known as fuzzy sets and the elements in
these sets have different membership values in the interval [0, 1]. Fuzzy sets
have been extensively used in many application areas such as image process-
ing, pattern recognition, decision-support systems, and so on, and they have
been effectively used to model the uncertainties, imprecisions, and vague-
nesses inherent in these application areas.
μ A ( x) = 1
Otherwise, for all other elements of X that are not members of A, we can
write μA(x) = 0, where μA(x) is termed as the characteristic or membership
function of the elements in the set.
1
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Example 1.1
A = {x1, x2 , x3 , x6 }
μ A ( x1) = 1, μ A ( x2 ) = 1, μ A ( x3 ) = 1, μ A ( x6 ) = 1.
A = {(x1,1), (x2 ,1), (x3 ,1), (x4 ,0), (x5 ,0), (x6 ,1), (x7 ,0)}
or
A = {x , μ A ( x ), x ∈ X }
A = {(x1 /0.8), ( x2 /0.7), (x3 /0.9), (x4 /0.4), (x5 /0.3), (x6 /1), (x7 /0.3)}
where xi is an element of the set A, followed by the membership value of the ele-
ment xi, which lies between 0 and 1, with 0 signifying “no membership” and 1
signifying “full membership.” It is a measure of the degree of belongingness of an
object in a set.
Example 1.2
Let us take an example of a set of persons and “age.” A fuzzy subset OLD is
defined as “to what degree is person x old?” To each person in the universe of
discourse, we have to assign a degree of membership in the fuzzy subset OLD.
The easiest way to deal with this is by using a membership function based on the
person’s age.
Old (x ) = 0, if age( x ) ≤ 50
= 1 if age( x ) > 70
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Membership
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Age
FIGURE 1.1
Membership function of “age.”
Example 1.3
1. Non-monotonic functions
a. Triangular membership function
μ( x ) = 0 if x ≤ a
x−a
= if a ≤ x ≤ b
b−a
c−x
= if b ≤ x ≤ c
c−b
=0 c≤x
a, b, and c, are the three parameters as shown in Figure 1.2. a and c are at
the feet of the triangle and b is the vertex of the triangle.
b. Trapezoidal membership function
μ( x ) = 0 if x ≤ a
x−a
= if a ≤ x ≤ b
b−a
=1 if b ≤ x ≤ c
d−x
= if c ≤ x ≤ d
d −c
=0 d≤x
2. Monotonic functions
a. Zadeh’s S-membership function [12]
0.9
0.8
0.7
Membership values
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
a b c
Numbers (elements)
FIGURE 1.2
Triangular membership function.
0.9
0.8
0.7
Membership values
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
a b c d
Numbers (elements)
FIGURE 1.3
Trapezoidal membership function.
0.8
Membership value
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Numbers (elements)
FIGURE 1.4
S-membership function.
μ( x ) = 0 x<a
=1 x >c
⎛ ( x − m)2 ⎞
μ( x ) = exp ⎜ − 2 ⎟
, m = mean,
⎝ 2⋅ σ ⎠
1
μ( x ) = , k>0
( k · x)
1+
k is a constant and can take any value, but the value of k is normally
taken as the inverse of the difference between a maximum and minimum
values in a set.
0.9
0.8
0.7
Membership value
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Numbers (elements)
FIGURE 1.5
Gaussian membership function.
0.95
0.9
0.85
Membership value
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Numbers (elements)
FIGURE 1.6
Inverse membership function.
0.9
0.8
Membership value
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Numbers (elements)
FIGURE 1.7
Exponential membership function.
μ( x ) = e − kx , k>0
c is a constant and c > 0. c can take the value which is the inverse of the
difference of the maximum and minimum values in a set.
Consoli
Vincenzo e Fravita.
Consoli
Flavio Arcadio Augusto per la quinta volta, e Flavio Onorio
Augusto per la quinta.
Consoli
Teodosio Augusto e Flavio Rumorido.
Consoli
Onorio Augusto per la sesta volta, e Aristeneto.
Consoli
Flavio Stilicone per la seconda volta ed Antemio.
Consoli
Arcadio Augusto per la sesta volta ed Anicio Probo.
Consoli
Onorio Augusto per la settima volta, e Teodosio Augusto per la
seconda.
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