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C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition 9-1
Chapter 9
Records (structs)
At a Glance
• Objectives
• Teaching Tips
• Quick Quizzes
• Additional Projects
• Additional Resources
• Key Terms
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition 9-2
Lecture Notes
Overview
In Chapter 9, students will be introduced to a data type that can be heterogeneous. They
will learn how to group together related values that are of differing types using records,
which are also known as structs in C++. First, they will explore how to create
structs, perform operations on structs, and manipulate data using a struct.
Next, they will examine the relationship between structs and functions and learn
how to use structs as arguments to functions. Finally, students will explore ways to
create and use an array of structs in an application.
Objectives
In this chapter, the student will:
• Learn about records (structs)
• Examine various operations on a struct
• Explore ways to manipulate data using a struct
• Learn about the relationship between a struct and functions
• Discover how arrays are used in a struct
• Learn how to create an array of struct items
Teaching Tips
Records (structs)
1. Define the C++ struct data type and describe why it is useful in programming.
Discuss how previous programming examples and projects that used parallel
Teaching
arrays or vectors might be simplified by using a struct to hold related
Tip
information.
3. Using the examples in this section, explain how to define a struct type and then
declare variables of that type.
1. Explain how to access the members of a struct using the C++ member access
operator.
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition 9-3
2. Use the code snippets in this section to illustrate how to assign values to struct
members.
Mention that the struct and class data types both use the member access
operator. Spend a few minutes discussing the history of the struct data type
and how it relates to C++ classes and object-oriented programming. Note that the
struct is a precursor to the class data type. Explain that the struct was
introduced in C to provide the ability to group heterogeneous data members
together and, for the purposes of this chapter, is used in that manner as well.
Teaching However, in C++, a struct has the same ability as a class to group data and
Tip
operations into one data type. In fact, a struct in C++ is interchangeable with
a class, with a couple of exceptions. By default, access to a struct from
outside the struct is public, whereas access to a class from outside the
class is private by default. The importance of this will be discussed later in the
text. Memory management is also handled differently for structs and
classes.
Quick Quiz 1
1. True or False: A struct is typically a homogenous data structure.
Answer: False
4. True or False: A struct is typically defined before the definitions of all the functions
in a program.
Answer: True
Assignment
1. Explain that the values of one struct variable are copied into another struct
variable of the same type using one assignment statement. Note that this is equivalent to
assigning each member variable individually.
Ask your students why they think assignment operations are permitted on
Teaching
struct types, but not relational operations. Discuss the issue of determining
Tip
how to compare a data type that consists of other varying data types.
Input/Output
1. Note that unlike an array, aggregate input and output operations are not allowed on
structs.
Mention that the stream and the relational operators can be overloaded to provide
Teaching
the proper functionality for a struct type and, in fact, that this is a standard
Tip
technique used by C++ programmers.
2. Illustrate parameter passing with structs using the code snippets in this section.
1. Using Table 9-1, discuss the similarities and differences between structs and arrays.
Spend a few minutes comparing the aggregate operations that are allowed on
Teaching structs and arrays. What might account for the differences? Use your previous
Tip exposition on the history of structs and memory management to facilitate this
discussion.
Arrays in structs
2. Using Figure 9-5, discuss situations in which creating a struct type with an array as a
member might be useful. In particular, discuss its usefulness in applications such as the
sequential search algorithm.
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition 9-5
structs in Arrays
1. Discuss how structs can be used as array elements to organize and process data
efficiently.
Emphasize that using a structured data type, such as a struct or class, as the
Teaching element type of an array is a common technique. Using the vector class as an
Tip example, reiterate that object-oriented languages typically have containers such
as list or array types that in turn store objects of any type.
1. Discuss how structs can be nested within other structs as a means of organizing
related data.
2. Using the employee record in Figure 9-8, illustrate how to reorganize a large amount of
related information with nested structs.
3. Encourage your students to step through the “Sales Data Analysis” Programming
Example at the end of the chapter to consolidate the concepts discussed in this chapter.
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition 9-6
Quick Quiz 2
1. What types of aggregate operations are allowed on structs?
Answer: assignment
3. True or False: A variable of type struct may not contain another struct.
Answer: False
Additional Projects
1. In Chapter 8, you were asked to write a program that keeps track of important birthdays.
Modify this program to store one person’s birthday information in a struct data type.
The struct should consist of two other structs: one struct to hold the person’s
first name and last name, and another to hold the date (day, month, and year). Consider
including other information as well, such as a vector of strings with a list of possible
gift ideas.
2. In Chapter 8, you were asked to write a program that listed all the capitals for countries
in a specific region of the world. Modify this program to use an array of structs to
store this information. The struct should include the capital, the country, and the
continent. You might include additional information as well, such as the languages
spoken in each capital.
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition 9-7
Additional Resources
1. Data Structures:
www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/structures.html
2. struct (C++):
http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/64973255.aspx
Key Terms
Member access operator: the dot (.) placed between the struct and the name of one
of its members; used to access members of a struct
struct: a collection of heterogeneous components in which the components are
accessed by the variable name of the struct, the member access operator, and the
variable name of the component
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