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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
1. A class is an example of a structured data type.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 652
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

2. In C++, class is a reserved word and it defines only a data type.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 653
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

3. If the heading of a member function of a class ends with the word const, then the function member cannot modify the
private member variables, but it can modify the public member variables.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 655
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

4. In C++ terminology, a class object is the same as a class instance.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 656
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

5. Given this declaration:

class myClass
{
public:
void print(); //Output the value of x;
MyClass();

private:
int x;
};

myClass myObject;

The following statement is legal.

myObject.x = 10;
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 657
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2016 12:12 PM

6. If an object is declared in the definition of a member function of the class, then the object can access both the public
and private members of the class.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 657
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

7. If an object is created in a user program, then the object can access both the public and private members of the
class.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2

Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
REFERENCES: 657
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

8. You can use arithmetic operators to perform arithmetic operations on class objects.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 659
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

9. As parameters to a function, class objects can be passed by reference only.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 660
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

10. The public members of a class must be declared before the private members.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 670
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

11. The components of a class are called the ____ of the class.
a. elements b. members
c. objects d. properties
ANSWER: b
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 652
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

12. Which of the following class definitions is correct in C++?

a. class studentType
{
public:
void setData(string, double, int);
private:
string name;
};

b. class studentType
{
public:
void setData(string, double, int);
void print() const;
private:
string name;
double gpa;
}

c. class studentType
{
public void setData(string, double, int);
private string name;
};

d. studentType class
{
public: void setData(string, double, int);
private: string name;
};

ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 654
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

13. If a member of a class is ____, you cannot access it outside the class.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
a. public b. automatic
c. private d. static
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 654
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

14. A class and its members can be described graphically using a notation known as the ____ notation.
a. OON b. OOD
c. UML d. OOP
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 656
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

clockType
-hr: int
-min: int
-sec: int
+setTime(int, int, int): void
+getTime(int&, int&, int&) const: void
+printTime() const: void
+incrementSeconds(): int
+incrementMinutes(): int
+incrementHours(): int
+equalTime(const clockType&) const: bool

15. The word ____ at the end of several the member functions in the accompanying figure class clockType specifies
that these functions cannot modify the member variables of a clockType object.
a. static b. const
c. automatic d. private
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 655
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: clockType definition
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10

16. Consider the UML class diagram shown in the accompanying figure. Which of the following is the name of the class?
a. clock b. clockType
c. Type d. +clockType
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 656
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: clockType definition
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

17. Consider the UML class diagram shown in the accompanying figure. According to the UML class diagram, how many
private members are in the class?
a. none b. zero
c. two d. three
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 656
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: clockType definition
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

18. A ____ sign in front of a member name on a UML diagram indicates that this member is a public member.
a. + b. -
c. # d. $
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 656
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

19. A ____ sign in front of a member name on a UML diagram indicates that this member is a protected member.
a. + b. -
c. # d. $
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 656
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

class rectangleType
{
public:
void setLengthWidth(double x, double y);
//Postcondition: length = x; width = y;
void print() const;
//Output length and width;
double area();
//Calculate and return the area of the rectangle;
double perimeter();
//Calculate and return the parameter;
rectangleType();
//Postcondition: length = 0; width = 0;
rectangleType(double x, double y);
//Postcondition: length = x; width = y;

private:
double length;
double width;
};

20. Consider the accompanying class definition. Which of the following variable declarations is correct?
a. rectangle rectangleType;
b. class rectangleType rectangle;
c. rectangleType rectangle;
d. rectangle rectangleType.area;
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 657
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: rectangleType class
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

21. Consider the accompanying class definition, and the declaration:

rectangleType bigRect;

Which of the following statements is correct?

a. rectangleType.print(); b. rectangleType::print();
c. bigRect.print(); d. bigRect::print();
ANSWER: c
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 657
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: rectangleType class
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

22. Consider the accompanying class definition, and the object declaration:

rectangleType bigRect(14,10);

Which of the following statements is correct?

a. bigRect.setLengthWidth();
b. bigRect.setLengthWidth(3.0, 2.0);
c. bigRect.length = 2.0;
d. bigRect.length = bigRect.width;
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 658
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: rectangleType class
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

23. In C++, the ____ is called the member access operator.

a. . b. ,
c. :: d. #
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 657
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

24. A class object can be ____. That is, it is created each time the control reaches its declaration, and destroyed when
the control exits the surrounding block.
a. static b. automatic
c. local d. public
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8

Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
REFERENCES: 660
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

25. A class object can be ____. That is, it can be created once, when the control reaches its declaration, and destroyed
when the program terminates.
a. static b. automatic
c. local d. public
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 660
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

26. In C++, you can pass a variable by reference and still prevent the function from changing its value by using the
keyword ____ in the formal parameter declaration.
a. automatic b. private
c. static d. const
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 660
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

27. In C++, the scope resolution operator is ____.

a. : b. ::
c. $ d. .
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 662
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

28. A member function of a class that only accesses the value(s) of the data member(s) is called a(n) ____ function.
a. accessor b. mutator

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9

Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
c. constructor d. destructor
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 666
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

29. To guarantee that the member variables of a class are initialized, you use ____.
a. accessors b. mutators
c. constructors d. destructor
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 671
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

class secretType
{
public:
static int count;
static int z;

secretType();
secretType(int a);
void print();
static void incrementY();

private:
int x;
static int y;
};

secretType::secretType()
{
x = 1;
}

secretType::secretType(int a)
{
x = a;
}

void secretType::print()
{
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
cout << "x = " << x << ", y = " << y
<< "z = " << z
<< ", count = " << count << endl;
}

static void secretType::incrementY()

{
y++;
}

30. Consider the accompanying class and member functions definitions. How many constructors are present in the class
definition?
a. none b. one
c. two d. three
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 672
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: secretType class
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

31. How many destructors can a class have?

a. no explicit destructors b. one
c. two d. any number
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 681
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2016 12:15 PM

32. A destructor has the character ____, followed by the name of the class.
a. . b. ::
c. # d. ˜
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 681
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 11

Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
33. What does ADT stand for?
a. abstract definition type b. asynchronous data transfer
c. abstract data type d. alternative definition type
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 682
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

34. Which of the following is true about classes and structs?

a. By default, all members of a struct are public and all members of a class are private.
b. A struct variable is passed by value only, and a class variable is passed by reference only.
c. An assignment operator is allowed on class variables, but not on struct variables.
d. You cannot use the member access specifier private in a struct.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 685
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

35. If a function of a class is static, it is declared in the class definition using the keyword static in its ____.
a. return type b. parameters
c. heading d. main function
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 701
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

36. With ____________________ functions, the definitions of the member functions are placed in the implementations
file.
ANSWER: inline
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 700
QUESTION TYPE: Completion
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 12
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2016 12:22 PM

37. If a class object is passed by ____________________, the contents of the member variables of the actual parameter
are copied into the corresponding member variables of the formal parameter.
ANSWER: value
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 660
QUESTION TYPE: Completion
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

38. Non-static member variables of a class are called the ____________________ variables of the class.
ANSWER: instance
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 666
QUESTION TYPE: Completion
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

39. A program or software that uses and manipulates the objects of a class is called a(n) ____________________ of that
class.
ANSWER: client
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 666
QUESTION TYPE: Completion
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

40. A(n) ____________________ function of a class changes the values of the member variable(s) of the class.
ANSWER: mutator
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 666
QUESTION TYPE: Completion
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

41. A(n) ____________________ contains the definitions of the functions to implement the operations of an object.
ANSWER: implementation file
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 686
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 13
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
QUESTION TYPE: Completion
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

42. The header file is also known as the ____________________.

ANSWER: interface file
interface
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 686
QUESTION TYPE: Completion
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

43. A(n) ____________________ is a statement specifying the condition(s) that must be true before the function is called.
ANSWER: precondition
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 687
QUESTION TYPE: Completion
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 14

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPRESENTATIVE

BRITISH ORATIONS VOLUME 1 (OF 4) ***
 Uniform with British Orations

AMERICAN ORATIONS, to illustrate

American Political History, edited, with
introductions, by Alexander Johnston,
Professor of Jurisprudence and
Political Economy in the College of
New Jersey. 3 vols., 16 mo, $3.75.
PROSE MASTERPIECES FROM MODERN
ESSAYISTS, comprising single
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Smith, Thackeray, Emerson, Arnold,
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Gladstone, Newman, Leslie Stephen. 3
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and $4.50.

G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York and London

 REPRESENTATIVE

BRITISH ORATIONS

WITH
INTRODUCTIONS AND EXPLANATORY NOTES

BY
CHARLES KENDALL ADAMS.

Videtisne quantum munus sit oratoris historia?

—Cicero, DeOratore, ii, 15

✩
NEW YORK & LONDON
G . P. P U T N A M ’ S S O N S
The Knickerbocker Press
1884
 COPYRIGHT
G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
1884.

Press of
G. P. Putnam’s Sons
New York

TO

A. D. A.
 CONTENTS.

PAGE
Sir John Eliot 1

Sir John Eliot 13

On the Condition of England under the Duke of
Buckingham. Delivered in House of Commons, June 3,
1628.

John Pym 27

John Pym 37
On the Subject of Grievances in the Reign of Charles I.
House of Commons, April 5, 1640.

Lord Chatham 85

Lord Chatham 98
On the Right of Taxing America. House of Commons,
January 14, 1766.

Lord Chatham 120

On an Address to the Throne concerning Affairs in
America. House of Lords, November 18, 1777.

Lord Mansfield 143

Lord Mansfield 150

On the Right of England to Tax America. House of Lords,
February 3, 1766.
Edmund Burke 172

Mr. Burke 182

On Moving Resolutions for Conciliation with America.
House of Commons, March 22, 1775.

Illustrative Notes 299

 PREFACE.
The three small volumes here offered to the public have been
prepared in the hope that they would be of some service in showing
the great currents of political thought that have shaped the history
of Great Britain during the past two hundred and fifty years. The
effort has been not so much to make a collection of the most
remarkable specimens of English eloquence, as to bring together the
most famous of those oratorical utterances that have changed, or
here tended to change, the course of English history.
Eliot and Pym formulated the grievances against absolutism, a
contemplation of which led to the revolution that established
Anglican liberty on its present basis. Chatham, Mansfield, and Burke
elaborated the principles which, on the one hand, drove the
American colonies into independence, and, on the other, enabled
their independence to be won and secured. Mackintosh and Erskine
enunciated in classical form the fundamental rights which
permanently secured the freedom of juries and the freedom of the
press. Pitt, in the most elaborate as well as the most important of all
his remarkable speeches, expounded the English policy of
continuous opposition to Napoleon; and Fox, in one of the most
masterly of his unrivalled replies, gave voice to that sentiment which
was in favor of negotiations for peace. Canning not only shaped the
foreign policy of the nation during the important years immediately
succeeding the Napoleonic wars, but put that policy into something
like permanent form in what has generally been considered the
masterpiece of his eloquence. Macaulay’s first speech on the Reform
Bill of 1832 was the most cogent advocacy of what proved to be
nothing less than a political revolution; and Cobden, the inspirer and
apostle of Free Trade, enjoys the unique distinction of having
reversed the opinions of a prime-minister by means of his persuasive
reasonings. Bright embodied in a single eloquent address the
reasons why so many have thought the foreign policy of England to
be only worthy of condemnation. Beaconsfield concentrated into one
public utterance an expression of the principles which it has long
been the object of the Conservative party to promulgate and defend;
and Gladstone, in one of his Mid-Lothian speeches, put into
convenient form the political doctrines of the Liberals in regard to
affairs both at home and abroad. It is these speeches, which at one
time or another have seemed to go forth as in some sense the
authoritative messages of English history to mankind, that are here
brought together.
The speeches are in almost all cases given entire. A really great
oration is a worthy presentation of a great subject, and such an
utterance does not lend itself readily to abridgment, for the reason
that its very excellence consists of a presentation in just proportion
of all its parts. An orator who has a great message to deliver, and
who fulfils his task in a manner worthy of his subject, excludes every
thing that does not form an essential part of his argument; and
therefore in editing these orations it has seldom been thought wise
to make either reductions or omissions. In a few instances, notably
in the speeches of Fox and Cobden, a few elaborations of purely
local and temporary significance have been excluded; but the
omissions in all cases are indicated by asterisks.
In the introductions to the several speeches an effort has been
made to show not only the political situation involved in the
discussion, but also the right of the orator to be heard. These two
objects have made it necessary to place before the reader with some
fulness the political careers of the speakers and the political
questions at issue when the speeches were made. The illustrative
notes at the end of the volumes are designed simply to assist the
reader in understanding such statements and allusions as might
otherwise be obscure.
 I cannot submit these volumes to the public without expressing
the hope that they will in some small measure at least contribute to
a juster appreciation of that liberty which we enjoy, and to a better
understanding of the arduous means by which free political
institutions have been acquired.

C. K. A.
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
November 22, 1884.
 SIR JOHN ELIOT.
During the second half of the sixteenth century and the first half
of the seventeenth, the political and religious energies of Europe
were very largely devoted to the settlement of questions that had
been raised by that great upheaval known as the Protestant
Reformation. On the Continent a reaction had almost everywhere set
in. Not only were the new religious doctrines very generally stifled,
but even those political discontents which seemed to follow as an
inseparable consequence of the religious movement, were put down
with a rigorous hand. The general tendency was toward the
establishment of a firmer absolution both in Church and in State.
But in England this tendency was arrested. It was the good
fortune of the nation to have a monarch upon the throne who
vigorously resisted every foreign attempt to interfere with English
affairs. It was doubtless the political situation rather than
earnestness of religious conviction that led Elizabeth to make the
Church of England independent of the Church of Rome. But in
securing political independence she also secured the success of the
Reformation. Doubtless she was neither able nor inclined to resist
the prevailing tendency toward political absolutism; but it had been
indispensable to her success that she should enlist in the cause of
religious and political independence all the powers of the nation.
However, as soon as independence was established by the
destruction of the Spanish Armada, it became evident that there was
another question to be settled of not less significance. That question
was whether the English Constitution was to be developed in the
direction of its traditional methods, or whether the government and
people should adopt the reactionary methods that were coming to
be so generally accepted on the Continent. It took a century of strife
to answer the question. The struggle did not become earnest during
the reign of Elizabeth, but it cost Charles I. his head, and the Stuart
dynasty its right to the throne. For three generations the kings were
willing to stake every thing in favor of the Continental policy, while
Parliament was equally anxious to maintain the traditional methods.
It was unavoidable that a conflict should ensue; and the Great
Revolution of the seventeenth century was the result.
James I., during the whole of his reign, showed a disposition to
override whatever principles of the Constitution stood in the way of
his personal power. Charles I. was a man of stronger character than
his father, and he brought to the service of the same purpose a
greater energy and a more determined will. As soon as he ascended
the throne in 1625, it began to look as though a contest would be
inevitable between royal will on the one hand and popular freedom
on the other. The King, determined to rule in his own way, not only
questioned the right of Parliament to inquire into grievances, but
even insisted upon what he regarded as his own right to levy money
for the support of the Government without the consent of
Parliament. This determination Parliament was disposed to question,
and in the end to resist.
Under the maxim of the English Government, that “the King can
do no wrong,” there is but one way of securing redress, in case of an
undue exercise of royal power. As the Constitution presumes that the
King never acts except under advice, his ministers, as his
constitutional advisers, may be held responsible for all his acts. The
impeachment of ministers, therefore, is the constitutional method of
redress. It was the method resorted to in 1626. Articles of
Impeachment were brought by the House of Commons against the
King’s Prime Minister and favorite, the Duke of Buckingham.
One of the most prominent members of Parliament, and the
foremost orator of the day was Sir John Eliot. This patriot, born in
1590, and consequently now thirty-six years of age, was appointed
by the Commons one of the managers of the impeachment. With
such skill and vigor did he conduct the prosecution against
Buckingham, that the king determined to put a stop to the
impeachment by ordering Eliot’s arrest and imprisonment. Eliot was
thrown into the Tower; but the Commons regarded the arrest as so
flagrant a violation of the rights of members that they immediately
resolved “not to do any more business till they were righted in their
privileges.” The King, in view of this unexpected evidence of spirit on
the part of the Commons, deemed it prudent to relent. Eliot was
discharged; and the Commons, on his triumphal reappearance in the
House, declared by vote “that their managers had not exceeded the
commission entrusted to them.”
Thus the first triumph in the contest was gained by the
Commons. But the King was not unwilling to resort to even more
desperate measures. He determined to raise money independently
of Parliament, and, if Parliament should continue to pry into the
affairs of his minister, to dispense with Parliament almost or quite
altogether. This desperate determination he undertook to carry out
chiefly by the raising of forced loans and the issuing of monopolies.
But here again the King met with a more strenuous opposition than
he had anticipated. Eliot and Hampden, with some seventy-six other
members of the English gentry refused to make the contribution
demanded. As such defiance threatened to break down the whole
system, the King was forced either to resort to extreme measures or
to abandon his method. He resolved upon the former course, but he
was forced to the latter. He threw Eliot and Hampden into prison;
but the outcry of the people was so great and so general that the
necessary money could not be raised, and so he was obliged to call
his third Parliament. Eliot and Hampden, though in prison, were
elected members; and the King, not deeming it prudent to retain
them, ordered their release a few days before the opening of the
session.
The special object for which Parliament had been called by the
King was the granting of money; but the members were in no mood
to let the opportunity pass without securing from the monarch an
acknowledgment of their rights in definite form. Accordingly, they
appointed Sir Edward Coke, the most distinguished lawyer of the
time, to draw up a petition to the King that should embody a
declaration of the constitutional privileges on which they reposed
their rights. The result was the famous “Petition of Right,” an
instrument which, in the history of English liberty, has been only
second in importance to the Great Charter itself. The petition asked
the King’s assent to a number of propositions, the most important of
which were that no loan or tax should be levied without the consent
of Parliament; that no man should be imprisoned except by legal
process; and that soldiers should not be quartered upon the people
without the people’s consent. These propositions introduced nothing
new into the Constitution. They professed simply to ask the King’s
approval of principles and methods that had been acknowledged and
acted upon for hundreds of years. The great significance of the
Petition of Right was that it designed to secure the assent of the
monarch to a reign of law instead of a reign of arbitrary will. The
object of Parliament was to put into definite form a clear expression
of the King’s purpose. They desired to know whether his intention
was to rule according to the precedents of the English Constitution
that had been taking definite form for centuries, or whether, on the
contrary, he was determined to build up a system of absolutism
similar to that which was very generally coming to prevail on the
Continent. The petition passed the two Houses and went to the King
1; A
for his approval. He gave an evasive answer. Parliament was
taken by surprise and seemed likely to be baffled. It was a crisis of
supreme danger. Sir John Eliot was the first to see that if they were
now to thwart the King’s purpose it must be done by availing
themselves immediately of the responsibility of Buckingham. He
determined that the proper course was a remonstrance to the King;
and it was in moving this remonstrance that his great speech was
made.

A
Numerals inserted in the course of the work refer the
reader to corresponding Illustrative Notes at the end of
 each volume.

On hearing the King’s answer, Parliament, in great perplexity and

despondency, immediately adjourned till the next day. When, on the
morning of June 3, 1628, the Commons came together, “the King’s
answer,” says Rushworth, “was read, and seemed too scant, in
regard to so much expense, time, and labor as had been expended
in contriving the petition. Whereupon Sir John Eliot stood up and
made a long speech, and a lively representation of all grievances,
both general and particular, as if they had never before been
2
mentioned.”
Throughout the speech there is a compactness and an
impetuosity truly remarkable. No one at all familiar with the history
and condition of the time, will fail to see that it was a masterly
presentation of the issues at stake. It is pervaded with a tone of
loyalty—even of affection—toward the King. The argument was
founded on the theory that even under the best of kings, with an
irresponsible form of administration, there can be no security against
selfish and ambitious ministers, and that under any government
whatever there can be no adequate guarantees against such abuses
except in the provisions of law. The orator introduces no grievance
personal to himself, though he had already twice suffered
imprisonment for words spoken in debate. His entire object seems to
have been to expose abuses that had oppressed the people during
the ten years under Buckingham’s rule, and to show how, by means
of his duplicity and incompetency, the honor of the country had been
sacrificed, its allies betrayed, and those necessities of the King
created which gave rise to the abuses complained of in the Petition
of Right.
Aside from the striking oratorical merits of the speech and the
light it throws on the all-important struggles of the time, there are
two circumstances that tend to give it peculiar interest. It is the
earliest parliamentary speech of real importance that has been
preserved to us. The age in which it was delivered is enough to
account for the antique air of the orator’s style—a style, however,
which will be especially relished by all those who have learned to
enjoy the quaint literary flavor of our early masters of English prose.
The other circumstance of especial interest is the fact that soon after
the delivery of the speech, and in consequent of it, Eliot was thrown
into prison, where, after an ignominious confinement and a brutal
treatment of two and a half years, he died a martyr’s death. His
earnest plea not only cost him his life, but it cost him a long period
of ignominy that was far worse than death. But he kept the faith,
and calmly underwent his slow martyrdom. The last word that he
sent out from his prison was an expression of belief that upon the
maintenance or the abandonment of the privileges of Parliament
would depend the future glory or misery of England. By the ability of
his advocacy, by the constancy of his purpose, and by the manner of
his death, he fully deserved that the author of the “Constitutional
History of England” should call him, as he does, “the most illustrious
confessor in the cause of liberty whom that time produced.”
 SIR JOHN ELIOT.
ON THE CONDITION OF ENGLAND
UNDER THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM,
DELIVERED IN THE HOUSE OF
COMMONS, JUNE 3, 1628.

Mr. Speaker:
We sit here as the great council of the King, and, in that capacity
it is our duty to take into consideration the state and affairs of the
kingdom; and, where there is occasion, to give them in a true
representation by way of council and advice, what we conceive
necessary or expedient for them.
In this consideration, I confess, many a sad thought has frighted
me: and that not only in respect of our dangers from abroad, which
yet I know are great, as they have been often in this place prest and
dilated to us; but in respect of our disorders here at home, which do
inforce those dangers, as by them they were occasioned.
For I believe I shall make it clear unto you, that as at first the
causes of those dangers were our disorders, our disorders still
remain our greatest dangers. It is not now so much the potency of
our enemies, as the weakness of ourselves, that threatens us; and
that saying of the Father may be assumed by us, Non tam potentia
sua quam negligentia nostra. Our want of true devotion to Heaven,
our insincerity and doubling in religion, our want of councils, our
precipitate actions, the insufficiency or unfaithfulness of our generals
abroad, the ignorance or corruption of our ministers at home, the
impoverishing of the sovereign, the oppression and depression of
the subject, the exhausting of our treasures, the waste of our
provisions, consumption of our ships, destruction of our men!—
These make the advantage to our enemies, not the reputation of
their arms. And if in these there be not reformation, we need no
foes abroad! Time itself will ruin us.
You will all hold it necessary that what I am about to urge seem
not an aspersion on the state or imputation on the government, as I
have known such mentions misinterpreted. Far is it from me to
purpose this, that have none but clear thoughts of the excellency of
his Majesty, nor can have other ends but the advancement of his
glory.
To shew what I have said more fully, therefore, I shall desire a
little of your patience extraordinary to open the particulars: which I
shall do with what brevity I may, answerable to the importance of
the cause and the necessities now upon us; yet with such respect
and observation to the time as I hope it shall not be thought too
troublesome.
For the first, then, our insincerity and doubling in religion, the
greatest and most dangerous disorder of all others, which has never
been unpunished, and for which we have so many strange examples
of all states and in all times to awe us,—what testimony does it
want? Will you have authority of books? look on the collections of
the committee for religion, there is too clear an evidence. Will you
have records? see then the commission procured for composition
with the papists in the North? Note the proceedings thereupon. You
will find them to little less amounting than a toleration in effect,
though upon some slight payments; and the easiness in them will
likewise shew the favor that’s intended. Will you have proofs of
men? witness the hopes, witness the presumptions, witness the
reports of all the papists generally. Observe the dispositions of
commands, the trust of officers, the confidence of secrecies of
employments, in this kingdom, in Ireland, and elsewhere. They all
will shew it has too great a certainty. And, to these, add but the
incontrovertible evidence of that all-powerful hand which we have
felt so sorely, to give it full assurance! For as the Heavens oppose
themselves to us, it was our impieties that first opposed the
Heavens.
For the second, our want of councils, that great disorder in a
3
State with which there cannot be stability, if effects may shew their
causes, as they are often a perfect demonstration of them, our
misfortunes, our disasters, serve to prove it! And (if reason be
allowed in this dark age, by the judgment of dependencies, the
foresight of contingencies, in affairs) the consequences they draw
with them confirm it. For, if we view ourselves at home, are we in
strength, are we in reputation, equal to our ancestors? If we view
ourselves abroad, are our friends as many, are our enemies no
more? Do our friends retain their safety and possessions? Do our
enemies enlarge themselves, and gain from them and us? What
4
council, to the loss of the Palatinate, sacrificed both our honor and
our men sent thither; stopping those greater powers appointed for
that service, by which it might have been defensible? What council
gave directions to that late action whose wounds lie yet a bleeding?
5
I mean the expedition unto Rhée, of which there is yet so sad a
memory in all men! What design for us, or advantage to our State,
could that work import? You know the wisdom of our ancestors, the
practice of their times; and how they preserved their safeties! We all
know, and have as much cause to doubt as they had, the greatness
and ambition of that kingdom, which the old world could not satisfy!
Against this greatness and ambition we likewise know the
proceedings of that princess, that never to be forgotten excellence,
Queen Elizabeth; whose name, without admiration, falls not into
mention with her enemies. You know how she advanced herself, how
she advanced this kingdom, how she advanced this nation, in glory
and in State; how she depressed her enemies, how she upheld her
friends; how she enjoyed a full security, and made them then our
6
scorn, who now are made our terror!
 Some of the principles she built on, were these; and if I be
mistaken, let reason and our statesmen contradict me.
First, to maintain, in what she might, a unity in France, that that
kingdom, being at peace within itself, might be a bulwark to keep
back the power of Spain by land. Next, to preserve an amity and
league between that State and us; that so we might join in aid of
the Low Countries, and by that means receive their help and ships
by sea.
Then, that this treble cord, so wrought between France, the
States, and us, might enable us, as occasion should require, to give
assistance unto others; by which means, the experience of that time
doth tell us, we were not only free from those fears that now
possess and trouble us, but then our names were fearful to our
enemies. See now what correspondence our action hath had with
this.
Square it by these rules. It did induce as a necessary
consequence the division in France between the Protestants and
their king, of which there is too woeful, too lamentable an
experience. It has made an absolute breach between that State and
us; and so entertains us against France, France in preparation
against us, that we have nothing to promise to our neighbors, hardly
for ourselves. Nay, but observe the time in which it was attempted,
and you shall find it not only varying from those principles, but
directly contrary and opposite ex diametro to those ends; and such
as from the issue and success rather might be thought a conception
B
of Spain than begotten here with us.

B
This allusion or insinuation of Eliot’s provoked an
instantaneous uproar. Buckingham had visited the Courts of
Spain and France, and his name had been associated with
discreditable intrigues. In the streets of London there had
been talk of “treasonable correspondence,” and of “a
sacrifice to vanity or passion of the most sacred duties of
patriotism.” When Eliot, therefore, alluded to the act of
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