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Chapter 8: Arrays and Strings

TRUE/FALSE

1. All components of an array are of the same data type.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 507

2. The array index can be any integer less than the array size.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 509

3. The statement int list[25]; declares list to be an array of 26 components, since the array
index starts at 0.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 509

4. Given the declaration int list[20]; the statement list[12] = list[5] + list[7];
updates the content of the twelfth component of the array list.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 509

5. Suppose list is a one dimensional array of size 25, wherein each component is of type int. Further,
suppose that sum is an int variable. The following for loop correctly finds the sum of the elements
of list.

sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < 25; i++)

sum = sum + list;

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 512

6. If an array index goes out of bounds, the program always terminates in an error.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 515

7. Arrays can be passed as parameters to a function by value, but it is faster to pass them by reference.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 518

8. When you pass an array as a parameter, the base address of the actual array is passed to the formal
parameter.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 523

9. The one place where C++ allows aggregate operations on arrays is the input and output of C-strings.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 539

10. In a two-dimensional array, the elements are arranged in a table form.

 ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 557

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following statements declares alpha to be an array of 25 components of the type int?
a. int alpha[25]; c. int alpha[2][5];
b. int array alpha[25]; d. int array alpha[25][25];
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 507-508

2. Assume you have the following declaration char nameList[100];. Which of the following
ranges is valid for the index of the array nameList?
a. 0 through 99 c. 1 through 100
b. 0 through 100 d. 1 through 101
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 509

3. Assume you have the following declaration int beta[50];. Which of the following is a valid
element of beta?
a. beta['2'] c. beta[0]
b. beta['50'] d. beta[50]
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 509

4. Assume you have the following declaration double salesData[1000];. Which of the following
ranges is valid for the index of the array salesData?
a. 0 through 999 c. 1 through 1001
b. 0 through 1000 d. 1 through 1000
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 509

5. Suppose that sales is an array of 50 components of type double. Which of the following correctly
initializes the array sales?
a. for (int 1 = 1; j <= 49; j++)
sales[j] = 0;
b. for (int j = 1; j <= 50; j++)
sales[j] = 0;
c. for (int j = 0; j <= 49; j++)
sales[j] = 0.0;
d. for (int j = 0; j <= 50; j++)
sales[j] = 0.0;
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 512

6. Suppose that list is an array of 10 components of type int. Which of the following codes correctly
outputs all the elements of list?

a. for (int j = 1; j < 10; j++)

cout << list[j] << " ";
cout << endl;

b. for (int j = 0; j <= 9; j++)

cout << list[j] << " ";
cout << endl;
 c. for (int j = 1; j < 11; j++)
cout << list[j] << " ";
cout << endl;

d. for (int j = 1; j <= 10; j++)

cout << list[j] << " ";
cout << endl;

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 512

7. What is the output of the following C++ code?

int list[5] = {0, 5, 10, 15, 20};

int j;

for (j = 0; j < 5; j++)

cout << list[j] << " ";
cout << endl;

a. 0 1 2 3 4 c. 0 5 10 15 20
b. 0 5 10 15 d. 5 10 15 20
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 512

8. What is the value of alpha[2] after the following code executes?

int alpha[5];
int j;

for (j = 0; j < 5; j++)

alpha[j] = 2 * j + 1;

a. 1 c. 5
b. 4 d. 6
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 512

9. What is the output of the following C++ code?

int alpha[5] = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10};

int j;

for (j = 4; j >= 0; j--)

cout << alpha[j] << " ";
cout << endl;

a. 2 4 6 8 10 c. 8 6 4 2 0
b. 4 3 2 1 0 d. 10 8 6 4 2
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 512

10. What is the output of the following C++ code?

 int list[5] = {0, 5, 10, 15, 20};
int j;

for (j = 1; j <= 5; j++)

cout << list[j] << " ";
cout << endl;

a. 0 5 10 15 20 c. 5 10 15 20 20
b. 5 10 15 20 0 d. Code results in index out-of-bounds
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 515-516

11. Suppose that gamma is an array of 50 components of type int and j is an int variable. Which of the
following for loops sets the index of gamma out of bounds?
a. for (j = 0; j <= 49; j++)
cout << gamma[j] << " ";
b. for (j = 1; j < 50; j++)
cout << gamma[j] << " ";
c. for (j = 0; j <= 50; j++)
cout << gamma[j] << " ";
d. for (j = 0; j <= 48; j++)
cout << gamma[j] << " ";
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 515-516

12. Consider the following declaration: int alpha[5] = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11};. Which of the
following is equivalent to this statement?
a. int alpha[] = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11};
b. int alpha[] = {3 5 7 9 11};
c. int alpha[5] = [3, 5, 7, 9, 11];
d. int alpha[] = (3, 5, 7, 9, 11);
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 516

13. In C++, the null character is represented as ____.

a. '\0' c. '0'
b. "\0" d. "0"
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 535

14. Which of the following correctly declares name to be a character array and stores "William" in it?
a. char name[6] = "William";
b. char name[7] = "William";
c. char name[8] = "William";
d. char name[8] = 'William';
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 536

15. Consider the following declaration: char str[15];. Which of the following statements stores
"Blue Sky" into str?
a. str = "Blue Sky";
b. str[15] = "Blue Sky";
c. strcpy(str, "Blue Sky");
d. strcpy("Blue Sky");
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 537
16. Consider the following declaration:
char charArray[51];
char discard;

Assume that the input is:

Hello There!
How are you?

What is the value of discard after the following statements execute?

cin.get(charArray, 51);
cin.get(discard);

a. discard = ' ' (Space) c. discard = '\n'

b. discard = '!' d. discard = '\0'
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 540

17. Consider the following statement: double alpha[10][5];. The number of components of
alpha is ____.
a. 15 c. 100
b. 50 d. 150
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 544

18. Consider the statement int list[10][8];. Which of the following about list is true?
a. list has 10 rows and 8 columns.
b. list has 8 rows and 10 columns.
c. list has a total of 18 components.
d. list has a total of 108 components.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 544

19. Consider the following statement: int alpha[25][10];. Which of the following statements about
alpha is true?
a. Rows of alpha are numbered 0...24 and columns are numbered 0...9.
b. Rows of alpha are numbered 0...24 and columns are numbered 1...10.
c. Rows of alpha are numbered 1...24 and columns are numbered 0...9.
d. Rows of alpha are numbered 1...25 and columns are numbered 1...10.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 544

20. Which of the following correctly declares and initializes alpha to be an array of four rows and three
columns with the component type int?
a. int alpha[4][3] = {{0,1,2} {1,2,3} {2,3,4} {3,4,5}};
b. int alpha[4][3] = {0,1,2; 1,2,3; 2,3,4; 3,4,5};
c. int alpha[4][3] = {0,1,2: 1,2,3: 2,3,4: 3,4,5};
d. int alpha[4][3] = {{0,1,2}, {1,2,3}, {2,3,4}, {3,4,5}};
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 546

21. After the following statements execute, what are the contents of matrix?
 int matrix[3][2];
int j, k;

for (j = 0; j < 3; j++)

for (k = 0; k < 2; k++)
matrix[j][k] = j + k;

a. 0 0 c. 0 1
1 1 1 2
2 2 2 3
b. 0 1 d. 1 1
2 3 2 2
4 5 3 3
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 548-550

22. Given the following declaration:

int j;
int sum;
double sale[10][7];

which of the following correctly finds the sum of the elements of the fifth row of sale?
a. sum = 0;
for(j = 0; j < 7; j++)
sum = sum + sale[5][j];
b. sum = 0;
for(j = 0; j < 7; j++)
sum = sum + sale[4][j];
c. sum = 0;
for(j = 0; j < 10; j++)
sum = sum + sale[5][j];
d. sum = 0;
for(j = 0; j < 10; j++)
sum = sum + sale[4][j];
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 550

23. Given the following declaration:

int j;
int sum;
double sale[10][7];

which of the following correctly finds the sum of the elements of the fourth column of sale?
a. sum = 0;
for(j = 0; j < 7; j++)
sum = sum + sale[j][3];
b. sum = 0;
for(j = 0; j < 7; j++)
sum = sum + sale[j][4];
c. sum = 0;
for(j = 0; j < 10; j++)
sum = sum + sale[j][4];
d. sum = 0;
 for(j = 0; j < 10; j++)
sum = sum + sale[j][3];
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 551

24. In row order form, the ____.

a. first row is stored first c. first column is stored first
b. first row is stored last d. first column is stored last
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 552

25. A collection of a fixed number of elements (called components) arranged in n dimensions (n>=1) is
called a(n) ____.
a. matrix c. n-dimensional array
b. vector d. parallel array
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 557

COMPLETION

1. A data type is called ____________________ if variables of that type can store only one value at a
time.

ANS: simple

PTS: 1 REF: 506

2. In a(n) ____________________ data type, each data item is a collection of other data items.

ANS: structured

PTS: 1 REF: 506

3. Complete the following statement so that it outputs the array sales.

double sales[10];
int index;

for (index = 0; index < 10; index++)

cout << ____________________ << " ";

ANS: sales[index]

PTS: 1 REF: 512

4. The word ____________________ is used before the array declaration in a function heading to
prevent the function from modifying the array.

ANS: const

PTS: 1 REF: 519

5. The ____________________ of an array is the address (that is, the memory location) of the first array
component.
 ANS: base address

PTS: 1 REF: 521

6. The ____________________ sort algorithm finds the location of the smallest element in the unsorted
portion of the list and moves it to the top of the unsorted portion of the list.

ANS: selection

PTS: 1 REF: 530-531

7. For a list of length n, the ____________________ sort makes exactly (n(n - 1))/2 key
comparisons and 3(n-1) item assignments.

ANS: selection

PTS: 1 REF: 535

8. The declaration char str[] = "Hello there"; declares str to be a string of

____________________ characters.

ANS:
12
twelve

PTS: 1 REF: 535-536

9. The function ____________________ returns the length of the string s, excluding the null character.

ANS: strlen(s)

PTS: 1 REF: 537

10. The statement strlen("Marylin Stewart"); returns ____________________.

ANS: 15

PTS: 1 REF: 537-538

11. The following statements store the value ____________________ into len.

int len;
len = strlen("Sunny California");

ANS: 16

PTS: 1 REF: 537-538

12. The header file string contains the function ____________________,which converts a value of type
string to a null-terminated character array.

ANS: c_str
 PTS: 1 REF: 541

13. Two (or more) arrays are called ____________________ if their corresponding components hold
related information.

ANS: parallel

PTS: 1 REF: 542

14. The following statement creates alpha to be a two-dimensional array with

____________________ rows.

int alpha[10][25];

ANS:
10
ten

PTS: 1 REF: 544

15. In the following declaration, the array gamma has ____________________ components.

int gamma[5][6][10];

ANS:
300
three hundred

PTS: 1 REF: 558

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 I Adam Black a Justice of the peace of Daviess county do hereby
Sertify to the people coled Mormin, that he is bound to suport the
constitution of this State, and of the United State, and he is not
attached to any mob, nor will not attach himself to any such people,
and so long as they will not molest me, I will not molest them. This the
8th day of August, 1838.

Adam Black J. P.

No force nor unkindness was used with Black. No threat was uttered against
him. The Prophet merely visited him as he visited other men of prominence
or notoriety in that region, in a manly endeavor to subdue the kindling
flame. Whatever contempt Joseph felt for the wretch who, with a judge's
dignity upon him, could connive with a lawless, murderous mob, he was
able to suppress; his demeanor was that of dignity and repose. But, as
subsequent events proved, Black could not forgive the Prophet for the
humiliation which he had made him feel.

That night some of the leading citizens of the county called upon the
Prophet, and together they agreed to hold a conference at Adam-ondi-
Ahman the next day at 12 o'clock. Pursuant to this appointment, both
parties met in friendly council, and entered into a covenant of peace, to
preserve each other's rights and to stand in their defense. For the Saints such
men as Lyman Wight, John Smith, Vinson Knight, Reynolds Cahoon, and
others resident there, gave this pledge. And for the other settlers, Joseph
Morin, senator-elect; John Williams, representative-elect; James P. Turner,
clerk of the circuit court; and other men of influence and character, made
their solemn promise. Having accomplished so much, the assembly
dispersed on terms of amity, and the Prophet and his companions returned
to Far West.

The covenant of protection extended by the prominent men of Daviess

County, who knew and by their acts admitted that the Saints had been
unjustly dealt with and unlawfully threatened, was without avail. On the
10th day of August, 1838, William P. Peniston and several of his creatures
made affidavit before Judge Austin A. King that a large body of armed men,
whose movements and conduct he declared to be of a highly insurrectionary
character, had been collecting in the county of Daviess under the leadership
of Joseph Smith and Lyman Wight, to intimidate and take vengeance upon
the other settlers, to drive from the county all the old citizens and possess
their lands. He further averred that they had already committed great
violence upon Adam Black by forcing him to sign a paper of a disgraceful
character. This affidavit was made in Ray County; and on the 11th day of
August a committee of citizens came from that place to Far West to make
inquiry of the Saints concerning the charges therein made. It stands as a
monument of disproof against the assertions of Peniston, that the citizens of
Ray County did not hesitate to place themselves in the power of the
"Mormons" and their Prophet—knowing full well, as they did from past
experience, that the Saints were full of kind disposition toward all men who
would treat them as fellow-citizens possessed of equal rights.

In answer to the inquiry of the committee from Ray the Saints appointed a
delegation of seven men, to make a full explanation of the facts and to
demonstrate to all fair-minded men their own innocence as well as the
wrongs inflicted upon them.

On the 11th of August, 1838, the Prophet went to visit some brethren from
Canada who had settled on the banks of the Grand River, and remained with
them through the succeeding day, which was the Sabbath, offering such
counsel as their situation required. On the 13th, while returning to Far West,
he was pursued by some of the mobbers but managed to elude them. When
within eight miles of Far West he was met by several of the brethren who
had gone out to inform him that a writ had been issued by Judge King for
his arrest and that of Lyman Wight, on a complaint made by Peniston.
Calmly as one returning to his evening rest from the harvest field the
Prophet went to his home, despite the fears and warnings of his friends. He
remained there awaiting the coming of the officers for three days, and all
the time being engaged in labor for the prosperity and protection of the
community.

On the 16th of August, 1838, the sheriff of Daviess County, accompanied

by Judge Morin, appeared and said that he had a writ to take Joseph into
Daviess for trial, for the offense of visiting that county on the 7th of August.
The sheriff was no doubt surprised to find the Prophet and to serve his writ
without molestation, because a report had been spread by the mob that
Joseph would not be apprehended by legal process. Joseph informed the
sheriff that he always hoped to submit to the law of his country. The sheriff
was impressed as well as astonished by the calm action and dignified
deportment of the Prophet; and when Joseph expressed a wish to be tried in
Caldwell instead of Daviess County, since he thought that the statute of the
state gave him that privilege and justice for him in Daviess was out of the
question, the sheriff declined to serve the writ and said he would go to
Richmond to consult Judge King. Joseph promised to remain at home until
the sheriff returned. The pledge was fulfilled; and when the officer got back
he told Joseph that Caldwell was out of his jurisdiction and he would not
act.

For the greater general prosperity, the Saints in the various parts of
Caldwell County now organized under the Prophet's direction into
agricultural companies, to enclose their lands into large fields. Joseph
showed them how this plan would be economical and add facility to the
tilling of the soil. So readily could this inspired man turn from the tragic
tribulations of life to render to his brethren calm assistance in their daily
labors!

On the 28th day of August, 1838, Adam Black made oath before a justice of
the peace of Daviess County that he had been threatened with instant death
by an armed force of more than one hundred and fifty men on the 8th day of
August. He named several of the brethren whom he charged with aiding and
abetting in the perpetration of the offense, and this was Black's revenge
upon the Prophet who had detected him in an attempt to steal back the land
which he had sold to the Saints.

The agitation in Daviess County and the perjuries of the foiled mobbers
aroused Lilburn W. Boggs, of memory already infamous, who was now
governor of the state; and he sent letters to General David R. Atchison and
six other generals, ordering them to raise immediately within the limits of
their divisions four hundred mounted men armed and equipped as infantry
or riflemen. This act, which was ostensibly for the protection of good order,
accomplished its wicked purpose. It aroused intense excitement and
inflamed the desire of the mob to find an excuse for an attack upon the
Saints, since they knew that the militia would be composed of men who
hated the "Mormons" and would be willing to plunder them on the first
opportunity.

Joseph saw the tendency of events and wrote at this time in his journal as
follows:

There is great excitement at present among the Missourians, seeking if

possible an occasion against us. They are continually chaffing us, and
provoking us to anger if possible; one sign of threatening following
another. But we do not fear them; for the Lord God, the Eternal Father
is our God, and Jesus, the Mediator is our Savior, and in the great I
AM is our strength and confidence. We have been driven from time to
time, and that without cause, and been smitten again and again, and
that without provocation, until we have proved the world with
kindness, and the world proved us that we have no design against any
man or set of men; that we injure no man; that we are peaceable with
all men; minding our own business, and our own business only. We
have suffered our rights and our liberties to be taken from us; we have
not avenged ourselves for those wrongs. We have appealed to
magistrates, to sheriffs, judges, to governors and to the President of the
United States, all in vain. Yet we have yielded peaceably to all these
things. We have not complained at the great God. We murmured not;
but peaceably left all, and retired into the back country, in the broad
wild prairie, in the barren and desolate plains, and there commenced
anew. We made the desolate places to bud and blossom as the rose; and
now the fiend-like race are disposed to give us no rest.
 CHAPTER XXXVII.
JOSEPH VOLUNTEERS FOR TRIAL AND
LYMAN WIGHT FOLLOWS—
BEGINNING THE STUDY OF LAW—THE
TRIAL BEFORE A COWARD JUDGE,
WITH A PERJURED WITNESS—MILITIA
CALLED OUT, BUT THE MOB
PRACTICALLY DEFIES IT—BOGGS
CONTINUES THE WORK OF
OPPRESSION.

Angered at the frustration of their plots of force and legal treachery against
the Prophet, the mob continued to spread reports in August and September
of 1838, that he was defying the law and refusing submission to process of
court. This perjured tale received additional credence among the
uninformed from the fact that the Daviess County sheriff had failed to arrest
him; though, as all should have known, this failure was no fault of Joseph.
But the falsehood was bringing renewed menace upon the Saints. Upper
Missouri erupted a lava stream of bad men into Daviess, Carroll, Saline and
Caldwell Counties. Something must be done to turn aside the overflow or it
would sweep over all the dwelling places of the Saints.

To stay the fiery river of hate, the Prophet offered himself as a sacrifice. On
the fourth day of September, 1838, he volunteered, through his lawyers,
Generals Atchison and Doniphan, to be tried before Judge King, in Daviess
County. Lyman Wight, who had been charged with him, followed his
example.

It was characteristic of this industrious Prophet, that on the day when he

tendered his liberty and his life as a price for the physical and political
redemption of his brethren, he began the methodical study of law. The
anxiety natural to his position was unfelt. He had looked so often upon
danger that its face was no longer terrible. And he knew that such learning
as he should ever acquire must be gained in the midst of turmoil. He wanted
to know the science upon which statutes were based, and to become learned
in the knowledge of his country's constitution and enactments that he might
the better minister temporal salvation to his fellowmen, and the hour when
prison and even murder menaced him was as propitious as any he might
ever see.

The time appointed for the trial in Judge King's court was Thursday, the 6th
day of November, 1838. Joseph was there, but the case could not proceed,
because the prosecuting witness was absent, and no testimony was
forthcoming. The court adjourned for the day, and Joseph returned to his
home, but the next morning he was again in attendance and the trial
proceeded. Peniston prosecuted and Adam Black swore to everything which
Peniston asked. He had been bribed by money, promises or threats, else he
was incited by murderous hate, and he told things which manifestly could
not have had any existence except in his false mind. He was the only
witness against the defendants. In their behalf four reputable men testified,
proving incontestably that Black's oaths were perjury and Peniston's
complaint was a lie. Judge King admitted in private conversation that
nothing had been proved against the Prophet and his companion, and yet he
bound them over in bonds of $500. Without a murmur the Prophet and
Lyman submitted and gave the necessary bail.

From the trial they were followed to Far West by two gentlemen who stated
that they had come from Chariton County as a commission of inquiry in
behalf of their fellow citizens. A demand had been made by the mobbers
upon the residents of Chariton County for assistance to capture Joseph
Smith and Lyman Wight, and a committee had been appointed by the fair-
minded people of Chariton to investigate the situation. When these
gentlemen saw that the real purpose of the request was to secure ruffian
help to impoverish the defenseless Saints and drive them once again into
the wilderness, they declared that they had been outrageously imposed upon
by the demand of the mob, and they returned to their own county filled with
sympathy and friendly feeling for Joseph and his brethren. Their findings
they subsequently embodied in an affidavit.
An attack was planned by the mob upon Adam-ondi-Ahman; on the 9th a
wagon laden with guns and ammunition in charge of a party of the
murderous rabble was going to that place from Richmond. But it was
intercepted by Captain William Allred, who arrested the men in charge,
John B. Comer and two others—Miller and McHoney—and took
possession of the weapons. A letter was addressed to Judge King
immediately by the Saints, asking him what should be done with the
prisoners and the captured munitions. This coward responded to turn the
prisoners loose and let them receive kind treatment. He was the judicial
officer who, to satisfy the mob instead of satisfying justice, had placed the
Prophet and Lyman Wight under bonds when, by his own confession, not
one illegal act could be proved against them. Concerning the guns he was
reluctant to give advice, although he promised that they should not be taken
from the Saints to be converted and used for illegal purposes.

Under the same date this unjust judge wrote to General Atchison to send
two hundred or more men to force the "Mormons" to surrender. He well
knew that the Saints were not in a rebellious or unlawful attitude, nor in a
position to fight. They had not even the power to resist mobocratic
aggression against themselves, to say nothing of being the assailants in any
illegal movement.

On the 12th of September, the men who had been arrested while
transporting guns to the mob in Daviess County, were held to bail for their
appearance at the circuit court.

About the same time a large body of the mob entered De Witt in Carroll
County, and warned the brethren to leave on pain of death.

William Dryden, justice of the peace in Daviess County, complained falsely

to the Governor that service of process from his court, issued against
Alanson Ripley, George A. Smith and others for threatening Adam Black,
had been withstood.

General Atchison called out the militia of Clay and Ray Counties which,
under the command of Brigadier-General Doniphan, marched to the timber
on Crooked River, while he went with a single aide to Far West, the county
seat of Caldwell, to confer with the leading men among the Saints. Here he
was the guest of the Prophet.

Doniphan's troops had ostensibly been called into the field to suppress an
insurrection and preserve peace. But instead of the military powers being
used as a menace to the mob, it was operated as if the long-suffering Saints
had been the aggressors. General Doniphan, a friendly, fair and kindly-
disposed man, was acting under the Governor's orders, and the
responsibility of his conduct falls chiefly upon the executive of the state.
The mob prisoners were demanded and were set free with no regard for any
other law than that which seemed to reign supreme in Missouri—the law of
mobocratic will. The arms which had been seized on the way from
Richmond into Daviess County were collected and delivered up to the
General. From Crooked River General Doniphan brought his troops through
Millport in Daviess County to the spot where a mob had congregated to
make an attack upon the Saints. When the General read an order of
dispersion to the rabble they declared that their object was solely for
defense; and yet they would not even permit the General in command of the
state militia to approach them without going through such military
formalities as might have greeted a flag of truce from an opposing force,
while all the time that he was conferring with them guards were marching
in and out, showing that the camp was being kept in a state of activity.
Although they promised to obey the order requiring them to withdraw, they
failed to do so.

From this place the General proceeded to the spot where the Saints had
assembled together for mutual protection under the direction of Lyman
Wight. A conference ensued in which the Saints agreed to disband, to
surrender up any one of their number accused of crime, on condition that
the hostile forces of the mob, only a few miles distant, should be dispersed.
The Saints had every wish to comply with the law and to avoid every
appearance of resistance, but they knew too well that if they scattered,
unless the mobbers were also disbanded, they would be murdered and
plundered. General Atchison, also in command of troops, was joined on the
15th at the county seat of Daviess by General Doniphan and his regiments.
He found that the mobbers were still under arms and still aggressive, while
the Saints were still huddled together for safety. To him the Saints also
stated their willingness to yield to any legal requirement, and they would
cheerfully submit to any investigation which might be demanded. General
Atchison thought that peace might be restored and so wrote to the
Governor; but immediately Boggs ordered the Booneville guards to be
mounted with ten days' provisions and in readiness to march on his arrival;
and he also ordered General Lucas to proceed immediately with four
hundred mounted men to co-operate with General Atchison. Similar orders
were issued to Major-Generals Lewis Bolton, John B. Clark and Thomas B.
Grant.

While this military movement was taking place the mob continued to seize
prisoners and to send threatening messages, hoping to incite the Saints to
some overt act that the whole power of the mob and militia combined might
be brought against them to annihilate them. Several times word was brought
to the encampment of the Saints that prisoners taken by the mob were being
tortured. This was done in the hope to provoke a spirit of retaliation. It
seems strange that this situation could have continued for more than a day
with such a military force at hand. A little prompt and vigorous action
would have dispersed the mob and taught them to respect the power of the
law. It would not have been necessary to shed blood, only to let
constitutional majesty be asserted; and the Saints might have remained in
peace. But this was not the purpose. The troops really had been called out,
not to protect the "Mormons," but to answer the lying call of a justice of the
peace. This mighty power of war was brought into operation to apprehend
two or three men, charged with a petty offense, and who had not resisted
any attempt to serve legal papers upon them.

On the 20th of September General Atchison wrote to the Governor that the
insurrection was practically ended; all the leading offenders against the law
had been arrested and bound over to appear at court. It is noticeable that the
people were called offenders, the plundering rabble going scot free. All of
the troops, except two companies of the Ray militia under command of
Brigadier General Parks, were discharged. In this same letter General
Atchison said:

They [the Mormons] appear to be acting on the defensive, and I must

further add, gave up the offenders with a good deal of promptness. The
 arms and prisoners taken by the Mormons were also given up upon
demand with seeming cheerfulness.

This candid opinion was re-enforced a few days later by a letter from
General Parks to the Governor, in which he uses the following expressions:

Whatever may have been the disposition of the people called

"Mormons" before our arrival here, since we have made our
appearance they have shown no disposition to resist the laws, or of
hostile intentions. There has been so much prejudice and exaggeration
concerned in this matter that I found things entirely different from
what I was prepared to expect. When we arrived here we found a large
body of men from the counties adjoining, armed and in the field, for
the purpose, as I learned, of assisting the people of this county against
the "Mormons," without being called out by the proper authorities.

P.S.—Since writing the above, I have received information that if the

committee do not agree, the determination of the Daviess County men
is to drive the "Mormons" with powder and lead.

Near the same time, General Atchison wrote to Governor Boggs as follows:

Things are not so bad in this county [Daviess] as represented by rumor,

and, in fact, from affidavits I have no doubt your Excellency has been
deceived by the exaggerated statements of designing or half-crazy
men. I have found there is no cause of alarm on account of the
"Mormons;" they are not to be feared; they are very much alarmed.

About the 26th day of September, 1838, a committee from the mob met
some of the leading brethren at Adam-ondi-Ahman and entered into an
agreement whereby the Saints were to purchase lands and possessions of all
who desired to sell; but this resulted in nothing, for the mob had other
purposes in view.

About fifteen or twenty of the Saints with Lyman Wight were pledged to
appear before the court at Gallatin for trial on the 29th of September.
Hundreds of men drawn into the militia service of Generals Atchison,
Doniphan, Parks, and Lucas were in personal affiliation with the mob.
When the greater part of the forces were disbanded in Daviess County a
general movement took place toward De Witt, in Carroll County. On their
way the bandits breathed their murderous intent against the Saints; and
before the onslaught, the brethren addressed a humble petition to Lilburn W.
Boggs, imploring him to send succor, but he was deaf to the appeal. His
ears were always open to the voice of the murderer; never to that of the
victim. The mob could not ask him in vain for help; the injured Saints
supplicated again and again without a reply. With the opening of October,
the mob pressed hard upon the Saints in De Witt, threatening death to men,
captivity to children and outrage to women.
 CHAPTER XXXVIII.
BOMBARDMENT OF DE WITT—
APPEAL OF THE SAINTS TO
GOVERNOR BOGGS—HIS HEARTLESS
REPLY—JOSEPH'S PRESENCE
ENCOURAGES THE BRETHREN—THE
SAINTS LEAVE THEIR POSSESSIONS IN
DE WITT—THEY GO TO FAR WEST—
ADAM ONDI-AHMAN DEVASTATED—
THE SAINTS ORGANIZE FOR DEFENSE
—JOSEPH CONTROLS A MOB WHO
DESIGN TO MURDER HIM—APOSTASY
OF THOMAS B. MARSH—DEATH OF
DAVID W. PATTEN—"WHATEVER YOU
DO ELSE, OH, DO NOT DENY THE
FAITH."

Greater love hath no man than this, that he lay down his life for his
friend.

On the 5th day of October, 1838, word came to the Prophet of the
bombardment of the town of De Witt, in Carroll County, by a mob army
with muskets and artillery. The ravenous wretches, many of whom had been
in the militia companies of Atchison, Doniphan and Parks, foiled for the
moment in Daviess and Caldwell Counties, had concentrated upon the more
remote and defenseless places for the purpose of plundering the Saints and
driving them forth. As soon as Joseph heard the news he hastened to the
scene of conflict. The rage of the mob naturally fell against him more
heavily than against anyone else; but it was his nature always to be where
danger threatened his brethren.

It was on the 2nd of October that the mob, under the leadership of Dr.
Austin, Major Ashley, a member of the legislature, and Sashiel Woods, a
Presbyterian clergyman, fired first upon the town of De Witt. They
continued during that day and the next, when they were reinforced by two
companies of militia under the command of Captains Bogart and Houston,
who were soon followed by Brigadier-General Parks. It is not wrong to
speak of these troops as a reinforcement of the mob. They were nothing
else. Bogart was a Methodist preacher by profession, and only led the
company of militia to De Witt for the purpose of wreaking the sectarian
vengeance of a bigot upon the Saints. Parks himself confessed that Bogart's
men would not be controlled and were with the mob in feeling; and this was
the General's excuse for allowing the outrages of this time to go unchecked.
On the 4th of October, after forty-eight hours of siege, the people of the
town, in command of Colonel Hinkle, returned the fire. Parks made no
effort to check the mob's plan of organized murder. On the 6th he coolly
wrote in his report to Atchison, as follows:

The Mormons are at this time too strong and no attack is expected
before Wednesday or Thursday next, at which time Dr. Austin [who
with Bogart was leader of the mob] hopes his forces will amount to
five hundred men, when he will make a second attempt on the town of
De Witt, with small arms and cannon. In this posture of affairs I can do
nothing but negotiate between the parties until further aid is sent me.

Evidently in this posture of affairs Parks wanted to do nothing. The

"Mormons" were too strong. He would wait until Austin's rabble increased
to five hundred, and by that time he hoped to have more companies of
militia, which in turn would swell the ranks of the plundering besiegers.
Parks' conduct indicates his utter lack of conscience; because in the same
letter he says: "As yet they, the Mormons, have acted only on the defensive
as far as I can learn."

General Lucas had been an observer of the gathering at De Witt and had
been informed that a fight had taken place there, in which several persons
were killed. Upon this he wrote to the Governor that if his information was
true it would create excitement in the whole of Upper Missouri, "and those
base and degraded beings will be exterminated from the face of the earth."
He added that if one of the citizens of Carroll should be killed, before five
days there would be raised against the "Mormons" five thousand volunteers
whom nothing but blood would satisfy. Without attempting to suggest a
remedy to Boggs, this cruel and sanguinary Lucas significantly informs his
Excellency that his troops of the fourth division were only dismissed
subject to further order and could be called into the field at an hour's
warning. He wanted to share in the work of extermination!

These events had happened before the Prophet reached De Witt. It was a
trying journey, in which he had been obliged to travel by unfrequented
roads and had put his life in constant jeopardy because mobs guarded every
ingress to the town. When Joseph entered the place he found the brethren
only a handful in comparison to their assailants. Their provisions were
exhausted, and there was no prospect of obtaining more. The Prophet
concluded to send a message to the Governor and secured the services of
several influential and honest gentlemen who lived in that vicinity and who
had been witnesses of the wanton attack upon the Saints. These men were
bold as well as honest for they made affidavit of the outrages which had
been perpetrated within their sight, and they accompanied the supplication
for redress to the executive office. The answer of the men who had been
chosen by the suffrages of his fellow-citizens as the chief officer of the
state, sworn to uphold its honor, protect its dignity and maintain the
supremacy of its laws, was only this:

The quarrel is between the Mormons and the mob, and they may fight
it out.

Joseph's presence was a solace and a sustaining power to the Saints. He

animated them by the courage of his presence and taught them patience by
his own tenacity of endurance. He was not there as a warrior; he did not
bear arms; and yet he was a tower of strength to his brethren.

Mobs were gathering in from Ray, Saline, Howard, Livingston, Clinton,

Clay, Platte and other parts of the state to reinforce the besiegers. For the
combined assailants a man named Jackson was chosen as the leader. The
Saints were forbidden to leave the town under penalty of death. It was the
purpose to starve them, since even this large crowd of mobbers,
outnumbering the Saints ten to one, feared to risk a hand to hand contest.
Fires were set to some of the houses; the cattle were stolen and roasted; the
horses were driven off; while the mob made merry in feasting within sight
of the starving people whom they had plundered.

Joseph directed applications for protection to the judges of the circuit court
and in other quarters but without avail; for where aid was given, it consisted
of men willing to join and abet the mobs and to share in the spoils. In the
town, men were perishing for want of food; women and children cried for
bread. There was no hope of earthly succor.

In this crisis, Henry Root and David Thomas, two men who had been the
sole cause of the settlement at De Witt, solicited the Saints to leave the
place, claiming that they had assurance from the besiegers that, in such
case, no further attack would be made and all the losses would be paid.
Yielding to a necessity the Saints agreed to this proposition. A committee of
appraisement was appointed from men not connected with the Saints. They
placed a meagre value on the bare land, and said nothing about the houses
and other improvements which were still standing or had been destroyed by
the mob, and nothing about the stock and the vehicles which had been run
off. It was, however, an unnecessary economy of valuation; because the
price, meagre as it was, has never been paid.

On the 11th day of October, 1838, the Prophet and the Saints vacated De
Witt and started for Caldwell with the small remnants of their possessions
which they could gather and hope to convey. They were harassed
continually on the journey by the mob which, in violation of its pledge,
fired upon the retreating people. Among the exiles men died from fatigue
and starvation—for the journey was greatly hurried because of the
mobocratic threats; and one poor woman, who had given birth to a child on
the very eve of the banishment, died on the journey and was buried in a
grave without a coffin.

The experience at De Witt and on the journey from that place to Far West
taught the Prophet and the Saints anew that they had no hope of protection,
no hope of redress, while they remained in Missouri; and no hope that if
they attempted to leave they would not be set upon and massacred by the
blood-thirsty mob. Nothing was left them but to organize in some fashion
for self defense, as they came fleeing into Far West from all the surrounding
country, leaving their worldly all and glad to escape with their lives.
The tiger spirit of the mob had grown upon its food. As the brethren left De
Witt, Sashiel Woods called many of the mobocrats together and invited
them to hasten into Daviess County to continue their work there. He said
that the land sales were coming on, and that if the "Mormons" could be first
driven out the mob could get all the land entitled to preemption; besides,
they could get back without pay the property already bought from them by
the Saints. It was a welcome invitation, and, taking their artillery, this
horde, with appetites whetted for their base and cruel work, departed for
Adam-ondi-Ahman.

Other mobs were raised in other parts to join in this general movement for
rapine, among the rabble being a man named Cornelius Gilliam who called
himself Delaware Chief, with a party of miscreants painted to represent
Indians.

When the Prophet arrived in Far West from De Witt, on the 12th day of
October, General Doniphan informed him that a mob of eight hundred men
was marching against the people in Daviess County. A small party of militia
had been on the way and might have intercepted the rabble; but Doniphan
ordered them back, knowing well that instead of hindering they would join
the mob. He said: "They are damned rotten-hearted."

Pursuant to an order made by General Doniphan a company of militia was

raised in the county of Caldwell to act under Colonel Hinkle and to proceed
to Adam-ondi-Ahman for the protection of that place. Joseph went with the
militia to give counsel to his friends, risking his own life again, and taking
with him many who were willing to stand with him in martyrdom if need
were.

At Adam-ondi-Ahman the scenes of De Witt were repeated. Houses were

burned, cattle were run off, women and children were driven out and
exposed to a terrible storm which prevailed on the 17th and 18th of
October. In many cases people in ill health were torn from their beds and
were refused time to secure comfortable clothing in which to make their
flight. Among the fugitives was Agnes Smith, the wife of the Prophet's
brother, Don Carlos, who was absent on a mission to Tennessee. Her house
had been burned by the mob, her property seized, and she had fled three
miles, wading Grand River and carrying all the way two helpless babes in
her arms—glad to escape death and outrage.

Joseph's soul rose in arms at these crimes. The sacrifice had been sufficient.
Every possible appeal had been made and denied. Henceforth the Saints
must protect themselves, and God arm the right! It was this resolve alone
which saved the remaining element of the Church that finally escaped from
Missouri. At Adam-ondi-Ahman the mob intended to make a work of
extermination; but after the arrival of the troops there, promises were
demanded and secured from General Parks for the organization of a militia
company to resist the attack and quell the mob. The force was immediately
raised and placed under the command of Colonel Lyman Wight who held a
commission in the fifty-ninth regiment under General Parks. These troops
went out with a determination to drive the mob or die. They no longer
fought in the state of Missouri for their rights as American citizens; that day
had passed. They fought for life, for home, and for that which was dearer
than all, the honor and safety of their wives and daughters who had been
threatened with ravishment.

A remembrance of the day at Gallatin, when twelve had put one hundred
and fifty to flight, suddenly came upon the mob as they saw the advancing
forces of the Saints; and they fled. But fleeing, they resorted to stratagem.
They removed everything of value from some of their own old log cabins
and then set fire to these structures, afterwards spreading abroad through all
the country the declaration that the "Mormons" had plundered and burned
the mansions of law-abiding citizens.

An incident of this period shows the Prophet's calmness and self-command

in the face of danger, as well as the influence of his presence even upon
sworn enemies.

He was sitting in his father's house near the edge of the prairie one day,
writing letters, when a large party of armed mobocrats called at the place.
Lucy Smith, the Prophet's mother, demanded their business, and they
replied that they were on the way to kill "Joseph, the Mormon Prophet." His
mother remonstrated with them; and Joseph, having finished his writing and
hearing the threats against himself, walked to the door and stood before
them with folded arms, bared head and such a look of majesty in his eyes
that they quailed before him. Though they were unacquainted with his
identity, they knew they were in the presence of greatness; and when his
mother introduced him as the man they sought, they started as if they had
seen a spectre.

The Prophet invited the leaders into the house, and without alluding to their
purpose of murder, he talked to them earnestly with regard to the
persecutions against the Saints. When he concluded, so deeply had they
been impressed, that they insisted upon giving him an escort to protect him
to his home.

As they departed, one of the mob leaders said to another:

Didn't you feel strange when Smith took you by the hand?

And his companion replied:

I could not move. I would not harm a hair of that man's head for the
whole world.

It was always so when men would listen to Joseph long enough to let the
Spirit which animated him assert itself to their reason.

The extent of the unhallowed league against the Saints is shown by the fact
that not even the United States mails were safe during this period, for every
post was plundered and all letters addressed to the Prophet were opened.

Unable to bear the pressure and to face the terrors of the time, Thomas B.
Marsh had apostatized and had joined with McLellin and other evil men to
act the part of Judas against the Prophet. The faith of others also failed, and,
thinking by apostasy to save themselves from the destruction which seemed
impending, they came out against Joseph and the Church and went over to
their enemies.

On the 24th of October, eight armed mobbers plundered a house some little
distance from Far West and took three of the brethren prisoners, namely,
Nathan Pinkham, William Seely and Addison Green. With much exultation,
these brigands declared their intention to murder their prisoners that night.
Learning of this awful boast, the judge of the county instructed Colonel
Hinkle to send out a company to rescue the men and disperse their captors.
Seventy-five of the militia, under command of David W. Patten, were
directed by Hinkle to fulfil this order. In departing, Captain Patten
announced his hope to rescue his unoffending brethren without shedding
any blood and to bring them back to Far West. Fifty men of this company
marched to the ford on Crooked River, where they came upon an
ambuscade of the mob, who fired upon them, mortally wounding a young
man named O'Banion. Captain Patten ordered a charge upon the enemy, at
the same time shouting the watchword, "Our God and liberty!" The
concealed mobocrats fired as the company rushed down upon them. A
musket ball pierced the bowels of David W. Patten, fatally wounding him.
At the same fire a shower of bullets struck Gideon Carter, who fell to the
ground to die after a few moments of agony. So defaced was Carter by his
many wounds, that later, when his brethren were gathering up their dead
and wounded, they failed to recognize his body. Several others among the
brethren were wounded. The others, even after the fall of their leader,
dashed on in pursuit and put the mob to flight. The prisoners were rescued,
but one of them was shot by the mob during the engagement. From them it
was learned that Bogart had commanded the marauders and that his forces
had been greater than those of the attacking party.

When the affray was over, David W. Patten—still alive, but gasping in
mortal extremity—was lifted up by his brethren, and they carried him
tenderly to his home.

A courier brought the news to Far West, and Joseph and Hyrum went out to
meet the sorrowful cavalcade. Several were with Apostle Patten when he
died that night, in the triumph of the faith. He had fulfilled his covenant to
yield life rather than to yield the right. As he was departing, he spoke with
holy exultation of the eternity opening to his view, and with sorrow of those
traitorous Apostles and Elders who had forsaken the Saints to save their
own lives and property. One of his last expressions to his wife was:

WHATEVER YOU DO ELSE, OH, DO NOT DENY THE FAITH.

Thus perished the first apostolic martyr to the cause of Christ in this
dispensation. How much better his fate than that of the Judases who helped
to bring him to his death!

At the funeral, Joseph stood in the presence of the assemblage, and,

pointing at the noble form marred by the assassin's bullet, testified:

There lies a man who has fulfilled his word: he has laid down his life
for his friends.
 CHAPTER XXXIX.
BOGGS ISSUES AN ORDER OF
EXTERMINATION—GENERAL
ATCHISON'S THREAT AGAINST THE
TYRANT—AVARD ORGANIZES THE
DANITES—THE HAUN'S MILL
MASSACRE—FAR WEST BESIEGED—
THREE NOBLE ONES REFUSE TO
DESERT THEIR FRIENDS—COLONEL
HINKLE'S BASE TREACHERY—"THESE
ARE THE PRISONERS I AGREED TO
DELIVER UP"—A COURT MARTIAL
SENTENCES JOSEPH AND HIS
COMPANIONS TO DEATH—GENERAL
DONIPHAN'S NOBLE ACTION—
DEMONIAC DEEDS ENACTED IN FAR
WEST.

On the day of the martyr Patten's funeral at Far West, Lilburn W. Boggs
issued to General John B. Clark an order of extermination against the
Saints. His words were:

The Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated

or driven from the state, if necessary for the public good. Their
outrages are beyond all description.

The excuse of this tyrant was the encounter between the militia, sent out by
Colonel Hinkle under judicial endorsement, and Bogart's mobbers. How
quickly Boggs could respond when any of his assassins were checked in
their career of massacre and plunder! Before making his order of
extermination he had already directed two thousand troops to be raised; and
in his edict of death, entrusted to General Clark, he authorized any desired
increase of forces. He also directed Major-General Wallock and General
Doniphan, with one thousand men, to intercept the retreat of the Saints,
should they attempt one, by this act proving that the Saints were not to be
permitted to leave the state, and that his order of extermination was
intended to be construed absolutely and without alternative. He had taken
the command from General Atchison and given it to General Clark because
the latter was more suitable to his purpose, since he feared that Atchison
might have some qualms of conscience. Incensed at this official slight, at a
later time, General Atchison declared in a public speech:

If the governor does not restore my commission to me, I will kill him,
so help me God.

To make some show of palliation for this unparalleled act of atrocity, Boggs
published the most infamous lies concerning the doings and intentions of
the "Mormons," making it appear that they, a little handful of poverty-
stricken exiles, were about to flood the state with a ruinous war. His stories
were full of tragedy and bombast. They would have been too ridiculous to
be believed for an instant, but that the infuriate element for whose
incitement they were addressed were eager as he to plunge the knife into the
heart of innocence.

All the vile characters in that section of the country soon flocked to the
mob-organizations. The most diabolical combinations were formed: one of
the worst being under the direction of Dr. Sampson Avard, one of the
apostate spirits, who formed a band which he called Danites, to aid him in
purposes of plunder and murder, which he intended to attribute to the
Church, and thus furnish an excuse for the attacks upon his former brethren.
But his plot was discovered by the Prophet, and Avard was publicly
excommunicated, so that the world might know that the Church had no part
in this infamy. His plan was, by this prompt action, defeated almost before
it had birth.

By the 26th of October twenty-five hundred of the mob militia had

congregated at Richmond, and from there they took up their march for Far
West, robbing, plundering, shooting, and threatening ravishment by the
way. It was such rare sport, this outrage of the innocents, that it drew an
overwhelming force to execute the ghastly order of Boggs, the executioner
at wholesale.
The executive decree of massacre fell like music upon the ears of the
wicked mob. On Tuesday, the 30th of October, 1838, a party of two hundred
and forty of them fell upon a few families of Saints at Haun's Mill on Shoal
Creek, and butchered them. The awful particulars of that deed must be left,
with many others of like character, for another publication now in course of
preparation, since the scope of this volume will not permit of more than a
general view of events, however important, in which the Prophet had no
personal part. But one or two circumstances of that atrocious deed can be
detailed to show the unquenchable thirst for blood of Boggs' emissaries.
Among the Saints at Haun's Mill was one old man named McBride, who
had fought for independence under General Washington. This veteran
patriot the mob seized and shot with his own gun, then they slashed him to
pieces with a corn cutter. Stalwart Missourians slew and mutilated little
children, and afterwards boasted of their deeds. They even robbed the dead.

On the 30th day of October the mob army beleaguered Far West. Their
ranks were constantly augmented, and during the ensuing week six
thousand demoniac men had taken part against that city.

On the first day of the siege a messenger was sent into the town to demand
three persons to whom amnesty was to be accorded, as the mob declared
their intention to massacre all the rest of the people and lay Far West in
ashes. Adam Lightner, John Cleminson and wife were these three persons.
When the messengers offered them the chance of life they responded: "If
the people must be destroyed, we will die with them."

Elder Charles C. Rich was sent out, bearing a flag of truce, to hold a
conference with General Doniphan and others; but when he approached the
camp of the besiegers, Bogart, the Methodist preacher, fired upon him.

The defenders of the city threw up a temporary fortification of wagons and

timber on the south, for they were in hourly expectation of the attack.

About eight o'clock on the morning of Wednesday, the 31st day of October,
a white flag approached the city from the camp of the mobbers.

Colonel George M. Hinkle went out to meet it and accompanied it back to

the camp. What he did there ought to have made even a Judas blush. He
returned at evening and said to Joseph that hope had arisen for the
settlement of the difficulties, and that the presence of the Prophet and some
of his leading friends was desired by the officers of the militia. Hinkle
pledged his own honor and that of the besieging generals that no harm was
intended or would be permitted against the brethren.

Always ready to meet personal danger in a just cause, the Prophet

complied, and was joined by the men whom Hinkle designated: Sidney
Rigdon, Parley P. Pratt, Lyman Wight and George W. Robinson. Led by
Colonel Hinkle they proceeded toward the camp and were met by General
Lucas with one piece of artillery and the whole army at his heels. At this
moment Hinkle earned his thirty pieces of silver, for he said:

These are the prisoners I agreed to deliver up.

Lucas brandished his sword and ordered his men to surround the Prophet
and his companions. A fierce and exultant yell burst from the throats of the
mob, and horrid blasphemies poured from them in torrents. They would not
wait for an order to butcher before assailing the Prophet, so eager were they
to take his life; and several of them snapped their guns at him, but he was
spared. Arrived at the camp, the prisoners were placed in charge of a strong
guard of obscene and blasphemous wretches, who hour after hour profaned
the name of God, mocked at Jesus Christ and boasted of having defiled
virgins and wives by force. They demanded a miracle from Joseph, saying:

There is one of your brethren here in camp whom we took prisoner

yesterday in his own house, and knocked his brains out with his own
rifle, which we found hanging over his own mantel; he lies speechless
and dying; speak the word and heal him, and then we will all believe.

Among the people who came to gloat over them was William E. McLellin,
the apostate. He taunted them with their impending fate, declaring that there
was no hope for them.

When the news reached Far West the people were appalled. They had feared
for Joseph and his brethren, because they knew that to go out was to enter
the lair of a monster; and now they felt that their worst fears were
confirmed.
That night the Prophet and his friends lay upon the wet ground, chilled by
the rains of dawning November and subject to the most cruel and
exasperating insults. The next morning Hyrum Smith and Amasa M. Lyman
were dragged from their families in Far West and brought as prisoners into
the camp.

On the evening of November 1st, 1838, Lucas convened a court martial,

over which he presided. It was composed of seventeen preachers and some
of the principal officers of the mob army. Its purpose was to put the Prophet
and his friends on trial for their lives, but not one of them was permitted to
be present during any part of its deliberations. A few moments were
sufficient for the promulgation of its edict, since no testimony was to be
heard and no pleas admitted. The sentence was that Joseph and his
companions should be shot at eight o'clock the next morning, November
2nd, 1838, on the public square at Far West in the presence of their helpless
wives and little children.

When the sentence was passed, General Doniphan said:

I wash my hands of this thing; it is murder!

Then he ordered his brigade of troops off the ground, or he would not
permit them to take part in the assassination. General Graham also resisted
the sentence with honor and manliness.

After the adjournment of the court martial the Prophet demanded from
General Wilson the reason why he should be shot, since he had always been
a supporter of the constitution and the government of his country. Wilson's
answer was:

I know it, and that is the reason why I want to kill you.

It was an absurdity to try by court martial, even if that body had been a
legal and just tribunal, a man who had not borne arms nor engaged in
warfare nor committed any overt act. Joseph was a licensed minister of the
gospel, not a soldier. He belonged to the class recognized always and
everywhere as non-combatant. Probably this was the reason why Lucas had
seventeen preachers as members of the court, to give the proceedings an
ecclesiastical air.

On this same day, November 1st, 1838, Lucas required the Caldwell militia
to give up their arms. They only numbered five hundred men, all told; while
the mob army numbered thousands. But the diabolical purpose which they
had in view made it desirable to the attacking horde that no one in the city
should have any power of resistance remaining. Lucas gave color to his
demand by the fact that Hinkle, the betrayer, who had commanded the
forces in Far West, had made a treaty by which the disarmament of the
Caldwell militia was conceded.

The brethren were all marched out of the town and their weapons taken
from them. Then gangs of miscreants were turned loose in Far West to work
their will. They rushed through the streets like wolves, tearing and
devouring whatever came in their way. Such deeds were done that day as
would make a savage hang his head in shame. Property was seized and
carried away without a pretext; houses were fired; the sick and the infantile
were insulted and abused; the men were secured as prisoners; and women
were outraged in sight of their helpless husbands and fathers.

The Prophet's house was singled out for a special attack; his family was
driven out and all his property seized or destroyed.

The brethren who possessed real estate were brought before Lucas, and at
the point of the bayonet, were compelled to sign deeds of trust of all their
possessions to pay the expenses of the mob.

A more appalling instance of cruelty history does not record. An innocent

people are ordered exterminated. But before proceeding to the final act of
massacre the immolators demand their pay in advance from the victims.

It was an awful night at Far West; but more awful it was feared the morrow
would be, for the sentence of death pronounced upon the Prophet and his
fellow-captives was promised to be executed at eight o'clock the next
morning.
 CHAPTER XL.
THE PROPHET'S LIFE SAVED BY THE
VANITY OF LUCAS—FAREWELL OF
THE PRISONERS TO THEIR FAMILIES—
ON TOWARD INDEPENDENCE—
CONTINUED RAVAGES AT FAR WEST—
GENERAL CLARK'S INHUMAN
ADDRESS—THE MOVEMENT AGAINST
ADAM-ONDI-AHMAN.

On the morning of Friday, November 2nd, 1838, in pursuance of the

sentence of the secret tribunal of preachers and mobocrats—misnamed a
court-martial—the Prophet and his fellow-prisoners were marched into the
public square at Far West. But the brutal murder which had been decreed,
did not take place. The failure of Lucas to enforce that part of the sentence
was due in part to the manly rebellion of Generals Doniphan and Graham,
and in part to his own wish to drag the Prophet and his brethren through the
country and exhibit them as his captives. General Clark was expected
immediately at Far West. He wanted the prisoners delivered to him; and
jealousy worked in the mind of Lucas. It was esteemed a high honor to hold
Joseph Smith in captivity; and Lucas was determined not to share this
glorious trophy of war with another. What the tears of women and children,
the innocence of men, and a sense of justice could not accomplish in this
bad man's mind, was easily achieved by the base motives of envy and
vanity. He wanted to be recognized as a victorious general, and the presence
of the captives would add to the pageantry of his march. If greater notoriety
could have been achieved or greater admiration for his prowess secured by
the murder of these men at Far West, he would not have stayed his hand. It
was an opportunity of a lifetime for a militia leader to cover himself with
the dishonors of war. Less than a quarter of a century from that time, the
state of Missouri and all its citizens had ample occasion to deal with real
enemies and to view in every city and village, and every field and every
forest, and in every home the misery of fratricidal strife. Men who had
thirsted for blood were given more than a glut of it, for hundreds of them
weltered in their own gore.

Lucas prepared to continue his triumphal march, intending to take the

brethren to Jackson County and expose them as captives at Independence.
Before they left they begged to be permitted to bid their families farewell.
This boon, so estimable to them and so trifling to the mob, was ostensibly
granted, but under conditions which showed an inhuman desire to torture.
Every prisoner was permitted, under a strong guard, to seek out his beloved
ones, but was forbidden to speak to them. He might gaze on them with
tearful eyes and wave them farewell, a long farewell—forever, if he would;
but no word from his lips might fall as balm upon their bruised spirits.

Hyrum, the Prophet's beloved brother, who was never very far away from
Joseph, was one of the captives. Hyrum's young wife, Mary—for he was
again a husband—was prostrated with suffering. When he was dragged
before her by his armed captors he would have solaced her agony with a
few words of comfort and cheer. He wanted to bid her look up and trust in
God; but the mob soldiers threatened to kill him at her feet if he breathed a
syllable, and to spare her tortured soul this awful pang he held his peace.
Mary saw her husband carried from her, perhaps to death; she gathered the
motherless little children of Jerusha about her and sought to comfort them.
She did not see her noble husband again until after she had passed through
the trial and pain of maternity; for her son, Joseph Fielding Smith, was born
eleven days after, and while his father was still a captive in the hands of the
mob.

To moan and weep over the captive Prophet came his wife and babes, and
his aged father and mother. He had begged to have a moment in which to
comfort his wife, for she was utterly overpowered with fear for his life. He
wanted to reassure her that the sentence of death was not to be executed that
morning and to promise her that they should meet again in this life. But the
mob guards with their swords rudely thrust his wife and little ones away
from Joseph's side, and threatened to kill him if he should speak.

Joseph gazed upon the overwhelming scene at Far West as he was being
marched forth a captive. He commended the city and its people to the care
of that God whose kindness had always followed them into the dark valley
of tribulation, and who alone could protect them from death and defilement.

That night the Prophet with Hyrum Smith, Sidney Rigdon, Parley P. Pratt,
Lyman Wight, Amasa M. Lyman and George W. Robinson, were started for
Independence. Under a strong guard, commanded by Generals Lucas and
Wilson, they camped at night on Crooked River.

A vision of hope and security came to Joseph that night, and when he arose
in the morning he spoke to his brethren in a low and cheerful tone, saying:

Be of good cheer, my brethren, the word of the Lord came to me last

night that our lives should be given us, and that whatever else we
might suffer during this captivity, not one of us should die.

An express from General Clark demanding the august prisoners reached

Lucas at this point. This commanding general had so far achieved little, the
triumphs of the cruel contest being with his subordinates. He was therefore
determined that the prisoners should be dragged at his chariot wheels and
that their slaughter should be under his personal direction, to show Boggs
and the populace that he was worthy of the truculent enterprise entrusted to
him. But Lucas was no less determined that, having won the victory, he
himself should enjoy the spoils and the plaudits; and with all possible speed
he hastened forward with the captives.

Leaving the Prophet and his companions advancing toward their unknown
fate, we must return with their anxious thoughts to the proceedings at Far
West; as General Clark was marching upon that place, and the prisoners
feared for their unprotected families.

Lucas had sent several companies of the mob militia including Neal
Gilliam's band of painted wretches under General Parks to Adam-ondi-
Ahman with instructions to disarm the militia at that place and to take
prisoners. By his orders also a large body of troops had been left to guard
some eighty brethren held captive at Far West.

General Clark did not arrive at the beleaguered city until the 4th of
November, 1838; but on that day he came at the head of two thousand
troops. In the interval of two days the people in the town had been subjected
to every possible indignity. Apostates prowled through the streets pointing
out to the mob all the men of influence or station in the Church, and aiding
to put them in irons. At first it had been ordered that all who were not held
as prisoners should flee the city on the instant. But finally the mob
concluded to keep the people within the town until General Clark's arrival.

It was a joy to the sectarian ministers of the neighborhood to see this work
of ruin; and many of them visited Far West to exult over the prisoners and
their suffering families.

Many privations and tortures were endured. The captives were kept without
food until they were on the verge of starvation. The mob continued their
work of ruin, hunting and shooting human beings like wild beasts; and
ravishing and murdering women.

Upon Clark's arrival at Far West he selected fifty-six of the leading men and
held them under a strong guard for trial, for what offense neither he nor
they could tell. He also sent a messenger to the commander of the troops
advancing to assault Adam-ondi-Ahman, requiring him to take all of the
"Mormons" prisoners and to secure all their property to pay the damages of
other citizens.

On the 6th day of November, 1838, Clark assembled the people and
delivered an address to them as follows:

GENTLEMEN:

You whose names are not attached to this list of names will now have
the privilege of going to your fields and of providing corn, wood, etc.,
for your families. Those who are now taken will go from this to prison,
be tried and receive the due demerit of their crimes; but you (except
such as charges may hereafter be preferred against), are at liberty, as
soon as the troops are removed that now guard the place, which I shall
cause to be done immediately.

It now devolves upon you to fulfill a treaty that you have entered into,
the leading items of which I shall now lay before you. The first
requires that your leading men be given up to be tried according to
law; this you already have complied with. The second is, that you
deliver up your arms: this has been attended to. The third stipulation is
that you sign over your properties to defray the expenses of the war.
This you have also done. Another article yet remains for you to comply
with—and that is, that you leave the state forthwith. And whatever
may be your feelings concerning this, or whatever your innocence, it is
nothing to me. General Lucas (whose military rank is equal with
mine), has made this treaty with you, I approve of it. I should have
done the same had I been here. I am therefore determined to see it
executed.

The character of this state has suffered almost beyond redemption,

from the character, conduct and influence that you have exerted; and
we deem it an act of justice to restore her character to its former
standing among the states by every proper means. The orders of the
Governor to me were, that you should be exterminated, and not
allowed to remain in the state. And had not your leaders been given
up, and the terms of the treaty complied with, before this time you and
your families would have been destroyed and your houses in ashes.

There is a discretionary power vested in my hands, which, considering

your circumstances, I shall exercise for a season. You are indebted to
me for this clemency. I do not say that you shall go now, but you must
not think of staying here another season or of putting in crops; for the
moment you do this the citizens will be upon you; and if I am called
here again in case of a non-compliance of a treaty made, do not think
that I shall do as if I have done now. You need not expect any mercy,
but extermination, for I am determined the Governor's order shall be
executed.

As for your leaders, do not think, do not imagine for a moment, do not
let it enter into your minds, that they will be delivered and restored to
you again, for their fate is fixed, their dye is cast, their doom is sealed.

I am sorry, gentlemen, to see so many apparently intelligent men found

in the situation that you are; and oh! if I could invoke that Great Spirit,
THE UNKNOWN GOD to rest upon and deliver you from that awful
 chain of superstition, and liberate you from those fetters of fanaticism
with which you are bound—that you no longer do homage to a man.

I would advise you to scatter abroad, and never again organize

yourselves with Bishops, Presidents, etc., lest you excite the jealousies
of the people and subject yourselves to the same calamities that have
now come upon you. You have always been the aggressors—you have
brought upon yourselves these difficulties, by being disaffected, and
not being subject to rule. And my advice is, that you become as other
citizens, lest by a recurrence of these events you bring upon yourselves
irretrievable ruin.

The prisoners whom he had taken were sent by him to Richmond, in Ray
County, for trial.

About this same time Boggs wrote a letter requiring Clark to finish the
awful work which had been begun. He directed a movement against the
Saints at Adam-ondi-Ahman and said:

My instructions to you are to settle this whole matter completely, if

possible, before you disband your forces.

To fulfill this edict, Clark ordered General Wilson with his brigade to
Adam-ondi-Ahman, although there were enough mob troops already there
to furnish a special guard and a special executioner for every man, woman
and child in the place. On the 8th of November a cordon was drawn about
Adam-ondi-Ahman. A court of inquiry was instituted with the notorious
Adam Black on the bench, and with a man from General Clark's army as
prosecuting attorney. Not a thing could be proved against any of the
brethren, except that they had been long-suffering victims of senseless hate,
and they were acquitted; but not until a military order was prepared
requiring them, one and all to vacate the place in ten days and to be outside
of the state as early as the next spring or to be exterminated.
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