FOR LEARNERS

TLE-9 (ICT)
Second Quarter, Week 1 Day 1-4
Objectives:

1. Identify object/s or component to be measured

2. Obtain correct specifications from relevant source
3. Select measuring tools in line with job requirements
MELC Code: TLE_IACSS9-12PMC-IIa-b-10

Written by:
Reina T. Fabela
Tungawan National High School
DAY 1:
I - Mini Lesson

Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily,

like RAM (random access memory), or permanently, like ROM (read-only memory).
Memory devices utilize integrated circuits and are used by operating systems,
software, and hardware. Each device in a computer operates at different speeds
and computer memory gives your computer a place to quickly access data.

https://bit.ly/3i0twma

ROM (Read-Only Memory) refers to computer

memory chips containing permanent or semi-permanent data. Unlike RAM, ROM is
non-volatile; even after you turn off your computer, the contents of ROM will remain.

https://bit.ly/356Xdhx
Alternatively referred to as main memory, primary memory, or system memory, RAM
(random-access memory) is a hardware device that allows information to be stored
and retrieved on a computer. RAM is usually associated with DRAM, which is a type
of memory module. Because data is accessed randomly instead of sequentially like
it is on a CD or hard drive, access times are much faster. If the computer is turned
off, all data contained in RAM is lost. Here are some types of memory modules:
Dual in-line package
In microelectronics, a dual in-line package (DIP or DIL), or dual in-line pin package
(DIPP) is an electronic component package with a rectangular housing and two
parallel rows of electrical connecting pins.

https://bit.ly/31Yel7l

SIPP memory
A SIPP (single in-line pin package) or SIP (single in-line package) was a short-lived
variant of the 30-pin SIMM random-access memory.
It consisted of a small printed circuit board upon which were mounted a number of
memory chips. It had 30 pins along one edge which mated with matching holes in the
motherboard of the computer.

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This type of memory was used in some 80286 and 80386 (80386SX) systems. It was
soon replaced by SIMMs using edge connectors, which proved to be more economical
and durable.
30-pin SIPP modules were pin compatible with 30-pin SIMM modules explaining why
some SIPP modules were in fact SIMM modules with pins soldered onto the
connectors.

https://bit.ly/3h0PTXk

SIMM

A SIMM (single in-line memory module) is a type of memory module containing

random-access memory used in computers from the early 1980s to the late 1990s. It
differs from a dual in-line memory module (DIMM), the most predominant form of
memory module today, in that the contacts on a SIMM are redundant on both sides of
the module. SIMMs were standardized under the JEDEC JESD-21C standard.

https://bit.ly/2Z7hoYY

DIMM

A DIMM or dual in-line memory module, commonly called RAM stick, comprises a
series of dynamic random-access memory integrated circuits. These modules are
mounted on a printed circuit board and designed for use in personal computers,
workstations and servers. DIMMs began to replace SIMMs (single in-line memory
modules) as the predominant type of memory module as Intel P5-based Pentium
processors began to gain market share.

https://bit.ly/2R8eSgZ

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SO-DIMM

A SO-DIMM, SODIMM, or small outline dual in-line memory module, is a type of

computer memory built using integrated circuits. SO-DIMMs are a smaller
alternative to a DIMM, being roughly half the size of regular DIMMs.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SO-DIMM

STORAGE DRIVES

Storage drives read or write information on magnetic or optical storage media. The
drive can be used to store data permanently or to retrieve information from a media
disk. Storage drives can be installed inside the computer case, such as a hard drive.
For portability, some storage drives can connect to the computer using a USB port,
a FireWire port, or an SCSI port. These portable storage drives are sometimes
referred to as removable drives and can be used on multiple computers. Here are
some common types of storage drives: Floppy drive, Hard drive, Optical drive and
Flash drive.

A floppy disk or floppy diskette (sometimes casually referred to as a floppy or diskette)

is a type of disk storage composed of a thin and flexible disk of a magnetic storage
medium in a square or nearly square plastic enclosure lined with a fabric that removes
dust particles from the spinning disk.

https://www.google.com/search?q=floppy+disk&hl=en-
US&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBssmV4M_rAhUKHaYKHatTCx8
Q_AUoAXoECBMQAw&biw=1366&bih=655#imgrc=DP_GCddHG1EH4M

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A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk is an electro-mechanical
data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital data using
one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic material. The platters
are paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a moving actuator arm, which
read and write data to the platter surfaces. Data is accessed in a random-access
manner, meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored and retrieved in any
order. HDDs are a type of non-volatile storage, retaining stored data even when
powered off.

https://bit.ly/354rduu

In computing, an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disc drive that uses laser light or
electromagnetic waves within or near the visible light spectrum as part of the process
of reading or writing data to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read from
certain discs, but recent drives can both read and record, also called burners or writers
(since they physically burn the organic dye on write-once CD-R, DVD-R and BD-R
discs). Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common types of optical media
which can be read and recorded by such drives.
https://bit.ly/330UBPR

A USB flash drive is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an
integrated USB interface. It is typically removable, rewritable and much smaller than
an optical disc. Most weigh less than 30 g (1 oz). Since first appearing on the market
in late 2000, as with virtually all other computer memory devices, storage capacities
have risen while prices have dropped. As of March 2016, flash drives with anywhere
from 8 to 256 gigabytes (GB) were frequently sold, while 512 GB and 1 terabyte (TB)
units were less frequent. As of 2018, 2 TB flash drives were the largest available in
terms of storage capacity. Some allow up to 100,000 write/erase cycles, depending
on the exact type of memory chip used, and are thought to last between 10 and 100
years under normal circumstances (shelf storage time).

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 https://bit.ly/354yxGH

A processor or processing unit is a digital circuit which performs operations on some

external data source, usually memory or some other data stream. It typically takes the
form of a microprocessor, which can implement on a single metal–oxide–
semiconductor integrated circuit chip.

https://www.google.com/search?q=processor&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X
&ved=2ahUKEwiI2sDM0djrAhXywosBHdGmAsUQ_AUoAXoECB8QAw&biw=1366&
bih=657
A video card is used to process images so they can be displayed on your monitor. A
good video card can make a big difference in the quality of your graphics, so this is
particularly important if you play games or work with photography and video.

https://bit.ly/35gdwJ2

Types of Drive Interfaces

Hard drives and optical drives are manufactured with different interfaces that are used
to connect the drive to the computer. To install a storage drive in a computer, the
connection interface on the drive must be the same as the controller on the
motherboard. Here are some common drive interfaces:
 IDE – Integrated Drive Electronics, also called Advanced Technology
Attachment (ATA) is an early drive controller interface that connects computers
and hard disk drives. An IDE interface uses a 40-pin connector.
 SATA – Serial ATA refers to the serial version of the ATA drive controller
interface. A SATA interface uses a 7-pin data connector.
 SCSI – Small Computer System Interface is a drive controller interface that can
connect up to 15 drives. SCSI can connect both internal and external drives.
An SCSI interface uses a 50-pin, 68-pin, or 80-pin connector.

5
Let’s Practice

Direction: Match column A with the correct answer in column B. Write only the letter
of your answer on the blank before each number.

Column A Column B

_____1. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) a. An electro-mechanical data storage

device that uses magnetic storage to
store and retrieve digital data using
one or more rigid rapidly rotating
platters coated with magnetic
material.

_____2. USB flash drive b. It is typically removable, rewritable

and much smaller than an optical disc.

_____3. Floppy disk c. A type of disk storage composed of

a thin and flexible disk of a magnetic
storage medium in a square or nearly
square plastic enclosure lined with a
fabric that removes dust particles from
the spinning disk.
_____4. Read-Only Memory d. It refers to computer memory chips
containing permanent or semi-
permanent data.

_____5. Random-Access Memory e. It is a hardware device that allows

information to be stored and retrieved
on a computer.

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II - Guided Practice
Direction: Identify the given image and name the following. Write your answer on the
space provided.

1. ________________

2. ________________

3. ________________

4. ________________

5. ________________

III - Independent Practice

Direction: Read the following statement and answer the following questions. Write
your answers on the space provided.

__________1. Commonly called RAM stick, comprises a series of dynamic random-

access memory integrated circuits.

__________2. It is also called Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) in an early

drive controller interface that connects computers and hard disk drives. It also uses a
40-pin connector.

__________3. It is an electronic component package with a rectangular housing and

two parallel rows of electrical connecting pins.

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__________4. It is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily, like
RAM (random access memory), or permanently, like ROM (read-only memory).

__________5. It is a type of computer memory built using integrated circuits.

IV – Evaluation
Direction: Read and understand the questions and encircle your answer.
1. Which of the following reads information on magnetic or optical storage
media?
a. Dual in-line package b. CPU c. Storage drive

2. Which comprises a series of dynamic random-access memory integrated

circuits?
a. DIMM b. SIMM c. RAM

3. Which of the following identifies a compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are
common types of optical media which can be read and recorded by such
drives?
a. Memory b. Optical Media c. ROM

4. Which of the following stores pieces of data it will need to access, often in a
cache, and maintains certain special instructions in the register?
a. CPU b. ROM c. RAM

5. Which type of non-volatile storage, retaining stored data even when powered
off?
a. Hard Disk Drive b. Floppy Drive c. CD Drive

DAY 2:
I - Mini Lesson
Memory
Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information
temporarily, like RAM (random access memory), or permanently,
like ROM (read-only memory). Memory devices utilize integrated circuits and
are used by operating systems, software, and hardware.

Memory can either be a volatile and non-volatile memory. Volatile memory is a

memory that loses its contents when the computer or hardware device loses power.

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Computer RAM is an example of volatile memory. It is why if your computer freezes
or reboots when working on a program, you lose anything that hasn't been saved.

What happens to memory when the computer is being turned off?

As mentioned above, because RAM is volatile memory, when the computer loses
power, anything stored in RAM is lost. For example, while working on a document,
it is stored in RAM. If it were saved to a non-volatile memory (e.g., the hard drive) it
would be lost if the computer lost power.

How is memory used?

When a program, such as your Internet browser, is open, it is loaded from your hard
drive and placed into RAM. This process allows that program to communicate with
the processor at higher speeds. Anything you save to your computer, such as a
picture or video, is sent to your hard drive for storage.

Why is memory important or needed for a computer?

Each device in a computer operates at different speeds and computer memory gives
your computer a place to quickly access data. If the CPU had to wait for a secondary
storage device, like a hard disk drive, a computer would be much slower.

Types of memory

1. ROM

Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of storage medium that permanently stores

data on personal computers (PCs) and other electronic devices.
It contains the programming needed to start a PC, which is essential for boot-
up; it performs major input/output tasks and holds programs or software
instructions. This type of memory is often referred to as “firmware”—how it is
altered has been a source of design consideration throughout the evolution of
the modern computer.
Because ROM is read-only, it cannot be changed; it is permanent and non-
volatile, meaning it also holds its memory even when power is removed. By
contrast, random access memory (RAM) is volatile; it is lost when power is
removed.

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 One could say that ROM is, in a sense, “stateful” in its enduring state, where
RAM is “stateless.”
ROM is separated into three categories:
a. PROM or Programmable Read-Only Memory is a computer memory
chip that can be programmed once after it is created. Once the PROM is
programmed, the information written is permanent and cannot be erased
or deleted. PROM was first developed by Wen Tsing Chow in 1956. An
example of a PROM is a computer BIOS in early computers.

b. EPROM or Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory is a non-

volatile memory chip that was invented by Dov Frohman in 1971 while
at Intel that can only be read. If exposed to ultraviolet light, an EPROM
can be reprogrammed if needed, but otherwise does not accept or save
any new data. An EPROM chip is distinguishable by a small quartz crystal
(not glass) circle window that exposes the chip so that it will be
reprogrammed.

c. EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory is

a rewritable storage chip that holds its content without power. EEPROMs
are byte addressable but must be erased before being rewritten. In flash
memory, which evolved from EEPROMs and is almost identical in
architecture, an entire block of bytes must first be erased. In addition,
EEPROMs are typically used on circuit boards to store small amounts of
instructions and data, whereas flash memory modules hold gigabytes of
data for camera and computer storage.

2. RAM or Random Access Memory is a form of computer memory that can

be read and changed in any order, typically used to store
working data and machine code. A RAM device allows data items to
be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the
physical location of data inside the memory. In contrast, with other direct-
access data storage media such as hard disks, CD-RWs and DVD-RWs , the
time required to read and write data items varies significantly depending on
their physical locations on the recording medium, due to mechanical
limitations such as media rotation speeds and arm movement.

There are six types of RAM:

a. EDO RAM or Extended Data-Out Random Access Memory is an early
type of Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) chip which was
designed to improve the performance of fast page mode DRAM that was
used in the 1990s. Its main feature is to eliminate wait times by allowing
a new cycle to start while retaining the data output buffer from the previous
cycle active, which allows a degree of pipelining (overlap in operation)
that improved performance.

b. SDRAM or Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory:

"Synchronous" tells about the behaviour of the DRAM type. In late 1996,
SDRAM began to appear in systems. Unlike previous technologies, SDRAM

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 is designed to synchronize itself with the timing of the CPU. This enables
the memory controller to know the exact clock cycle when the requested
data will be ready, so the CPU no longer has to wait between memory
accesses. For example, PC66 SDRAM runs at 66 MT/s, PC100 SDRAM
runs at 100 MT/s, PC133 SDRAM runs at 133 MT/s, and so on.
SDRAM have to wait for the completion of the previous command to be able
to do another read/write operation.
c. DDR RAM or Double Data Rate Random Access Memory is an advanced
version of SDRAM, a type of computer memory. DDR-SDRAM, sometimes
called "SDRAM II," can transfer data twice as fast as regular SDRAM chips.
This is because DDR memory can send and receive signals twice per clock
cycle. The efficient operation of DDR-SDRAM makes the memory great for
notebook computers since it uses up less power.

d. DDR2 RAM or Double Data Rate 2 Random Access Memory is an

improved version of DDR memory that is faster and more efficient. Like
standard DDR memory, DDR2 memory can send data on both the rising
and falling edges of the processor's clock cycles. This nearly doubles the
amount of work the RAM can do in a given amount of time. DDR and DDR2
are also both types of SDRAM, which allows them to run faster than
conventional memory. DDR and DDR2 have many similarities; DDR2 RAM
uses a different design than DDR memory. The improved design allows
DDR2 RAM to run faster than standard DDR memory. The modified design
also gives the RAM more bandwidth, which means more data can be
passed through the RAM chip at one time. This increases the efficiency of
the memory. Since DDR2 runs more efficiently than standard DDR memory,
it actually uses less power than DDR memory, even though it runs faster.
The only downside of DDR2 memory is that it is not compatible with
standard DDR slots. So make sure your computer supports DDR2 RAM
before upgrading your memory.

e. DDR3 RAM or Double Data Rate 3 Random Access Memory is a type

of SDRAM that is used for system memory. It is available in
both DIMM and SO-DIMM form factors. DDR3 RAM is similar
to DDR2 RAM, but uses roughly 30% less power and can transfer data
twice as fast. While DDR2 memory can transfer data at up to 3200 MBps
(megabytes per second), DDR3 memory supports maximum data transfer
rates of 6400 MBps. This means computers with DDR3 memory can
transfer data to and from the CPU much faster than systems with DDR2
RAM. The faster memory speed prevents bottlenecks, especially when
processing large amounts of data. Therefore, if two computers have the
same processor clock speed, but different types of memory, the computer
with DDR3 memory may perform faster than the computer with DDR2
memory. DDR3 memory modules look similar to DDR and DDR2 chips, but
the gap that separates the two sets of pins on the bottom of each module is
in a different location. This prevents the RAM chip from being installed in a
slot that does not support DDR3 RAM. Therefore, when upgrading your
computer's memory, make sure you get the appropriate type of memory for
your computer.

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 f. DDR4 RAM or Double Data Rate 4 Random Access Memory is a fourth
generation of DDR RAM, a type of memory commonly used in a
desktop and laptop computers. DDR4 is designed to access faster data
transfer rates and larger capacities. DDR4 also operates at a lower voltage
(1.2V compared to 1.5V), so it is more power-efficient.

Below are some notable DDR4 specifications:

• 64 GB maximum capacity per memory module (common capacities include
16 GB and 32 GB)
• 16 internal memory banks
• 1600 Mbps to 3200 Mbps data transfer rates
• 1.2 volts of electrical power required
• 288 pins in a regular DIMM, 260 pins in a SO-DIMM

DDR4 memory modules come in two primary form factors — DIMMs and SO-DIMMs.
DIMMs are commonly generally used for desktop towers, while smaller SO-DIMMs
are designed for laptops and all-in-one desktop computers. DDR4 DIMMs are the first
to have a curved bottom edge, which makes it easier to insert them into and remove
them from RAM slots on a motherboard.

NOTE: SDRAM must be matched with the specific requirements of a computer. When
upgrading your memory, make sure you select the type (DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, etc.)
and speed (1600, 2400, 3200, etc.) that is compatible with your computer.

JEDEC Standard
DDR3 Speed Grade: 1333Mbps
Unbuffered DIMM: 240-pin
Memory Organization: x8 FBGA DRAM chip
DDR3 DRAM Interface: SSTL_15
CAS Latency: 9-9-9
Bandwidth: 10660MB/s

Where can you obtain the PC’s specification?

Method 1

1. Click the Windows logo in the bottom-left corner of the screen. The Start
menu will pop up.

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 2. Click Settings

3. Double-Click System

4. Click About and you can now know the specs of the installed RAM of your PC

Method 2
At the bottom part of your screen, type Control Panel on the search bar. And click
Control Panel.

13
Click System and Security, and then click System.

Finally, it will display the information of your PC.

Let’s Practice
Direction: Read and understand the statement below. Write your first name if the
statement is true and write your last name if the statement is false.
False_____1. Random Access Memory is a type of storage medium that permanently
stores data on personal computers and other electronic devices.
False_____2. DDR2 memory is that it is compatible with any standard DDR slots in
the motherboard of a system unit.
True_____3. DDR4 RAM data transfer rates ranges from 1600 Mbps to 3200 Mbps.
True_____4. Flash memory modules hold gigabytes of data for camera and
computer storage.
False____5. DDR RAM’s main feature is to eliminate wait times by allowing a new
cycle to start while retaining the data output buffer from the previous cycle active,
which allows a degree of pipelining that improved performance.

II - Guided Practice

Direction: Understand the following questions and explain briefly.

1. While working of an MS Word document, what will happen to a document

in the computer that has 4GB RAM memory that is being turned off?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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 2. What is/are the strengths of the six (6) types of Random Access Memory?
Give some examples.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

III - Independent Practice

Direction: Understand the following questions and explain briefly.

1. What do you think is the reason why does computer users’ should obtain
correct specifications for the gadgets?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. How can a user know that the computer’s specifications are good?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

3. Describe and/or cite an example that you’ve got a good gadget specs.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

IV - Evaluation
Direction: Read and understand the questions and encircle your answer.
1. Which of the following supports maximum data transfer rates of 6400 MBps?
a. DDR RAM b. DDR2 RAM c. DDR3 RAM

2. Which of the following eliminate wait times by allowing a new cycle to start while
retaining the data output buffer from the previous cycle active, which allows a
degree of pipelining (overlap in operation) that improved performance?
a. EDO b. SDRAM c. DDR RAM

3. Which of the following operates a lower voltage so it is more power-efficient?

a. DDR2 RAM b. DDR4 RAM c. EDO RAM

4. Which of the following uses roughly 30% less power and can transfer data twice
as fast?
a. DDR2 RAM b. DDR4 RAM c. EDO RAM

5. Memory devices utilize integrated circuits and are used by operating

systems, software, and hardware?
a. Memory b. Processor c. Video Card

15
DAY 3:
I - Mini Lesson
Data Storage Capacity
Storage is frequently used to describe the devices and data connected to the computer
through input/output (I/O) operations, including hard disks, flash devices, tape systems
and other media types.

How data storage works?

The term storage may refer both to a users’ data generally and, more specifically, to
the integrated hardware and software systems used to capture, manage and prioritize
the data. This includes information in applications, databases, data warehouses,
archiving, backup appliances and cloud storage.
Digital information is written to target storage media through the use of software
commands. The smallest unit of measure in a computer memory is a bit, described
with a binary value of 0 or 1, according to the level of electrical voltage contained in a
single capacitor. Eight bits make up one byte.
Other capacity measurements to know are: kilobit (Kb), megabit (Mb), gigabit (Gb),
terabit (Tb), petabit (Pb), exabit (Eb)
Larger measures include:
• kilobyte (KB) equal to 1,024 bytes
• megabyte (MB) equal to 1,024 KB
• gigabyte (GB) equal to 1,024 MB
• terabyte (TB) equal to 1,024 GB
• petabyte (PB) equal to 1,024 TB
• exabyte (EB) equal to 1,024 PB
Data storage capacity requirements define how much storage is needed to run an
application, a set of applications or data sets. Capacity requirements take into account
the types of data. For instance, simple documents may only require kilobytes of
capacity, while graphic-intensive files, such as digital photographs, may take up
megabytes, and a video file can require gigabytes of storage. Computer applications
commonly list the minimum and recommended capacity requirements needed to run
them.
Example of a movie or mp4 files data storage in a PC:

Example of a document files data storage in a PC:

Evaluating the storage hierarchy

Organizations increasingly use tiered storage to automate data placement on different
storage media, based on an application's capacity, compliance and performance
requirements.

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Enterprise data storage is often classified as primary and secondary storage,
depending on how the data is used and the type of media it requires.
Primary storage is occasionally referred to as main storage or primary memory. Data
is held in random access memory (RAM) and other built-in devices, such as the
processor's cache. Secondary storage encompasses data on flash, hard disk, tape
and other devices requiring I/O operations. Secondary storage media is often used in
backup and cloud storage.
Primary storage generally provides faster access than secondary storage due to the
proximity of storage to the computer processor. On the other hand, secondary storage
can hold much more data than primary storage. Secondary storage also replicates
inactive data to a backup storage device, yet keeps it highly available in case it is
needed again.

The main types of storage media in use today include hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-
state storage, optical storage and tape. Spinning HDDs use platters stacked on top of
each other coated in magnetic media with disk heads that read and write data to the
media. HDDs are widely used storage in personal computers, servers and enterprise
storage systems, but SSDs are starting to reach performance and price parity with
disk.
Samsung 2TB (HD204UI) Hard Disk Drive
Capacity * 2TB
Interface Serial ATA 3.0Gbps
Buffer DRAM Size 32 MB

Optical data storage is popular in consumer products, such as computer games and
movies, and is also used in high-capacity data archiving systems.

Flash memory cards are integrated in digital cameras and mobile devices, such as
smartphones, tablets, audio recorders and media players. Flash memory is found on
Secure Digital cards, CompactFlash cards, Multimedia Cards and USB memory sticks.

Physical magnetic floppy disks are rarely used in the era of

flash. Unlike older models, newer computer systems are not equipped with slots to
insert floppy disks, which emerged as an alternative to magnetic disk. Use of floppy
disks started in the 1970s but was phased out in the late
1990s. Virtual floppy disks are sometimes used in place of
the 3.5-inch physical diskette, allowing users to mount an image file
mapped to the A: drive on a computer.

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Enterprise storage networks and server-side flash
Enterprise storage vendors provide integrated NAS systems to help organizations
collect and manage large volumes of data. The hardware includes storage arrays or
storage servers equipped with hard drives, flash drives or a hybrid combination.

Let’s Practice
Direction: Read and understand the statement below. Write or draw if the statement
is true and if the statement is false.
False_____1. Data storage capacity requirements define how much memory is
needed to run an application, a set of applications or data sets.
False_____2. Flash data storage is popular in consumer products, such as computer
games and movies, and is also used in high-capacity data archiving systems.
True_____3. Flash memory can found on Multimedia Cards and USB memory sticks.
False_____4. Simple documents may only require megabytes of capacity, while
graphic-intensive files may take up gigabytes and a video file can require petabytes of
storage.
True_____5. Eight bits make up one byte.
II - Guided Practice

Direction: Read the following statement and answer the following questions. Write your
answers on the space provided.

_____1. Define how much storage is needed to run an application, a set of applications
or data sets.
_____2. Storage is frequently used to describe the devices and data connected to the
computer through input/output (I/O) operations, including hard disks, flash devices,
tape systems and other media types.
_____3. It is held in random access memory (RAM) and other built-in devices, such
as the processor's cache.
_____4. It provides integrated NAS systems to help organizations collect and manage
large volumes of data.
_____5. It is widely used storage in personal computers, servers and enterprise storage
systems.

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III - Independent Practice

Direction: Understand the following questions and explain/illustrate briefly.

1. How can you obtain simple document capacity storage in your PC?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

IV - Evaluation
Direction: Read and understand the questions and encircle your answer.
1. Which of the following is integrated in digital cameras and mobile devices, such
as smartphones, tablets, and audio recorders and media players?
a. Magnetic Floppy Disk b. Hard Disk Drive c. Flash Memory Card

2. Which of the following is written to target storage media through the use of
software commands?
a. Digital information b. Hardware Information c. Software information

3. Which of the following is a digital photographs that may take up megabytes,

and a video file can require gigabytes of storage.
a. Graphic-intensive file b. Documentary file c. Gaming file

4. Marie has 1GB file storage. How much files can be stored in terms of MB?
a. 1000MB b. 1024MB c. 1048MB

5. Which of the following are widely used storage in personal computers, servers and
enterprise storage systems?
a. SDD b. RAM c. HDD

DAY 4:
I - Mini Lesson
Processor
What is a PC processor and what does it do?
A processor or a central processing unit (CPU) is a piece of hardware that enables
your computer to interact with all of the applications and programs installed. A CPU
interprets the program's instructions and creates the output that you interface with
when you're using a computer.
CPU itself has following three components:
1. Memory or Storage Unit. Memory unit is the amount of data that can be stored
in the storage unit. This storage capacity is expressed in terms of Bytes.

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The following table explains the main memory storage units –
a. Bit (Binary Digit) - A binary digit is logical 0 and 1 representing a passive or
an active state of a component in an electric circuit.

b. Nibble - A group of 4 bits is called nibble.

c. Byte - A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit, which can
represent a data item or a character.

d. Word - A computer word, like a byte, is a group of fixed number of bits

processed as a unit, which varies from computer to computer but is fixed for
each computer.
The length of a computer word is called word-size or word length. It may be as
small as 8 bits or may be as long as 96 bits. A computer stores the information
in the form of computer words.

Unit Conversion of a Computer’s Component:

a. Kilobyte (KB)
1KB = 1024 Bytes
b. Megabyte (MB)
1MB = 1024 KB
c. GigaByte (GB)
1GB = 1024 MB
d. TeraByte (TB)
1TB = 1024 GB
e. PetaByte (PB)
1PB = 1024 TB

2. Control Unit. The control unit is the main component of a central processing
unit (CPU) in computers; it can direct the operations during the execution of a
program by the processor/computer. It is included as an internal part of the CPU
in modern computers. It controls and directs the main memory, arithmetic &
logic unit (ALU), input and output devices, and also responsible for the
instructions that are sent to the CPU of a computer. It fetches the instructions
from the main memory of a processor and sent to the processor instruction
register, which contains register contents.
The functions of the control unit include the following:
• It directs the flow of data sequence between the processor and other
devices.
• It can interpret the instructions and controls the flow of data in the processor.
• It generates the sequence of control signals from the received instructions
or commands from the instruction register.
• It has the responsibility to control the execution units such as ALU, data
buffers, and registers in the CPU of a computer.
• It has the ability to fetch, decode, handle the execution, and store results.
• It cannot process and store the data
• To transfer the data, it communicates with the input and output devices and
controls all the units of the computer.

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 3. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). This is the brain of the microprocessor. The ALU
performs basic arithmetic calculations like adding, subtracting, multiplication
and division of figures; it also performs logical operations like the comparison
of figures.

Register

Registers are a type of computer memory used to quickly accept, store, and transfer
data and instructions that are being used immediately by the CPU. The registers used
by the CPU are often termed as Processor registers.

A processor register may hold an instruction, a storage address, or any data (such as
bit sequence or individual characters).

The computer needs processor registers for manipulating data and a register for
holding a memory address. The register holding the memory location is used to
calculate the address of the next instruction after the execution of the current
instruction is completed.

• The Memory unit has a capacity of 4096 words, and each word contains 16
bits.
• The Data Register (DR) contains 16 bits which hold the operand read from the
memory location.
• The Memory Address Register (MAR) contains 12 bits which hold the address
for the memory location.
• The Program Counter (PC) also contains 12 bits which hold the address of the
next instruction to be read from memory after the current instruction is
executed.
• The Accumulator (AC) register is a general purpose processing register.
• The instruction read from memory is placed in the Instruction register (IR).
• The Temporary Register (TR) is used for holding the temporary data during the
processing.
• The Input Registers (IR) holds the input characters given by the user.
• The Output Registers (OR) holds the output after processing the input data

21
Let’s Practice

Direction:

G N P O I U U Y T R E W
B M C G F D H K L U Y T
A X P B K G Y U I O P C
Q W R S W R T H M N B V
S C O N T R O L U N I T
O I C G H T D S F S A A
M H E D C G S E T I O O
E C S S M K V B Y T E R
A F S Z J F S H U E T J
L K O H G F S P O U T R
S K R N D S G Z Z B D S
H I T R D D S R N C Z W
I U O Y R E G I S T E R
S E H D S K L P E Q E R
D S R H O P O S E D J E
M E M O R Y U N I T K J
1._________
2._________
3._________
4._________
5._________

Guided Practice

Direction: Read the following statement and answer the following questions. Write
your answers on the space provided.

_____1. It is a type of computer memory used to quickly accept, store, and transfer
data and instructions that are being used immediately by the CPU.

_____2. It contains 12 bits which hold the address of the next instruction to be read
from memory after the current instruction is executed.

_____3. It is the amount of data that can be stored. This storage capacity is expressed
in terms of Bytes.

_____4. It is a piece of hardware that enables your computer to interact with all of the
applications and programs installed.

_____5. It interprets the program's instructions and creates the output that you
interface with when you're using a computer.

22
III - Independent Practice

Direction: Understand the following questions and explain/illustrate briefly.

1. How important is the processor or Central Processing Unit (CPU) in the

computer?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

IV - Evaluation

Direction: Read and understand the questions and encircle your answer.
1. Which of the following composes of a logical 0 and 1 representing a passive
or an active state of a component in an electric circuit?
a. Bit b. Nibble c. Byte

2. Which of the following is a type of computer memory used to quickly accept,

store, and transfer data and instructions that are being used immediately by the
CPU?
a. Video Card b. Register c. Processor

3. Which of the following interprets a program instruction and creates the output
that you interface with when you're using a computer?
a. Register b. Memory c. Processor

4. Which of the following controls and directs the main memory, arithmetic & logic
units, input and output devices, and also responsible for the instructions that
are sent to the CPU of a computer?
a. Control Unit b. Storage Unit c. ALU

5. Which of the following has the ability to transfer data, can communicate with
the input and output devices and controls all the units of the computer?
a. Control Unit b. Storage Unit c. ALU

23
DAY 5:
I - Mini Lesson

Video card

A video card is an expansion card which generates a feed of output images to

a display device (such as a computer monitor). Frequently, these are advertised as
discrete or dedicated graphics cards, emphasizing the distinction between these
and integrated graphics.

Alternatively known as a display adapter, graphics card, video adapter, video board,
or video controller, a video card is an expansion card that connects to a computer
motherboard. It is used to create a picture on a display; without a video card, a user
would not be able to see anything on the monitor. More plainly, it's a piece
of hardware inside your computer that processes images and video, some of the tasks
normally handled by the CPU. Video cards are used by gamers in place of integrated
graphics due to their extra processing power and video RAM.
Video Memory is much like the main system's RAM in that it acts as a temporary
storage for data. Typically, the video card manufacture will use the amount of video
RAM that is appropriate for the power of the card, but sometimes multiple versions are
available. While more RAM is better, having more RAM than the software can use
dosses not yield much performance advantages. So depending on the software, cards
with more RAM may not always have a performance advantage over cards with less
RAM.

For instance, Asus GeForce GTX 750 TI 2GB 128-bit GDDR5 performance graphics
(GTX750TI-OC-2GD5)

Graphics Engine NVIDIA GeForce GTX 750 Ti

Bus Standard PCI Express 3.0
Video Memory GDDR5 2GB
Engine Clock GPU Boost Clock : 1150 MHz
GPU Base Clock : 1072 MHz
CUDA Core 640
Memory Clock 1350 MHz ( 5400 MHz GDDR5 )
Memory Interface 128-bit
Resolution DVI Max Resolution : 2560x1600
Digital Max Resolution:4096x2160
Interface D-Sub Output : Yes x 1
DVI Output : Yes x 2 (DVI-D)
HDMI Output : Yes x 1
HDCP Support : Yes
Power Consumption up to 150W1 additional 6 pin PCIe power required
Software ASUS GPU Tweak & Driver ASUS Features
OC Series Super Alloy Power
Dimensions 8.58 " x 4.527 " x 1.53 " Inch

24
WINDOWS

• Intel® Pentium® 4 or AMD Athlon® 64 processor

• Microsoft® Windows® XP with Service Pack 3 or Windows 7 with Service Pack
1. Adobe® Creative Suite® 5.5 and CS6 applications also support Windows 8.
See the CS6 FAQ for more information about Windows 8 support.
• 2 GB of RAM (3 GB recommended)
• 3.5 GB of available hard-disk space for installation; additional free space
required during installation (cannot install on removable flash storage devices)
• 1024 x 768 display (1280 x 800 recommended)
• Java™ Runtime Environment 1.6 (included)
• DVD-ROM drive
• QuickTime 7.6.6 software required for multimedia features
• Some features in Adobe Bridge rely on a DirectX 9–capable video adapter with
at least 64 MB of VRAM

Why does your graphics card matter?

If you’re not a gamer, then you might not care as much about your GPU’s capabilities
unless you run other kinds of applications that can make direct use of a GPU’s special
processing capabilities. Examples include video editing, where a GPU can be used to
speed up processes like encoding video and computer-aided design/manufacturing
(CAD/CAM) applications like AutoCAD, which can also use the GPU for significantly
better performance.
Choosing a GPU is, therefore, an important part of building, buying, or upgrading a
PC.
Another demanding group of users are those who perform complex tasks like 3D
rendering and video editing. High-end applications like AutoCAD and Adobe Premiere
Pro can make use of GPUs to speed up processing and make for faster and more
efficient workflows.

Guided Practice
Direction: Read and understand the statement below. Write T if the statement is true
and F if the statement is false.
_____1. Games are the only special capability of a PC video card.
_____2. A video card is an expansion card that generates a feed of output images to
a display device.
_____3. Video cards with more RAM always have a performance advantage over video
cards with less RAM.

_____4. High-end applications can make use of GPUs to speed up processing and
make for faster and more efficient workflows.
_____5. Video card is a piece of hardware inside your computer that processes
images and video.

25
III - Independent Practice:

Direction: Understand the following questions and explain/illustrate briefly.

1. How important is a video card in a PC?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
IV - Evaluation
Direction: Read and understand the questions and encircle your answer.
1. Which of the following generates a feed of output images to a display device ?
a. Expansion card b. Memory Card c. Video Card

2. Which of the following does not belong?

a. AutoCAD b. Adobe Photoshop c. MS Word

3-5. How important is video card of a computer unit? Explain briefly.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

RUBRICS

Criteria
Points
3 2 1
Explanation A complete Explanation is Misses key
and detailed unclear. points.
explanation.
Demonstrated Shows Response Response
Knowledge complete shows some shows a
understanding understanding complete lack
of the of the of
questions, problem. understanding
ideas and for the
processes. problem.
Requirements Goes beyond Hardly meets Does not meet
the the the
requirements requirements requirements
of the of the of the
problem. problem. problem.
TOTAL

26
References:
https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk02_3OWUFSpvVp1KmnT-
h0Ha7eXPfg%3A1600659758529&ei=LiFoX4D0H8HFmAWp3bXoBA&q=data+stora
ge&oq=data+storage&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzIECCMQJzIFCAAQkQIyBAgAEEM
yAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAOgUIABCxAzoICAAQsQMQgwE6B
wgAELEDEEM6CggAELEDEIMBEENQ5M8BWO3hAWCW6QFoAHABeACAAfQBiA
GSEZIBBTAuNy41mAEAoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdpesABAQ&sclient=psy-
ab&ved=0ahUKEwiAw8CiqvnrAhXBIqYKHaluDU0Q4dUDCA0&uact=5

https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk02aML7-
EoFMxunXoYiLYcSN0_jaKA%3A1600659581393&ei=fSBoX5G0F5aGoASD-
I6YBw&q=computer+memory&oq=computer+&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAxgAMgQIIx
AnMgQIIxAnMgQIABBDMgoIABCxAxCDARBDMgoIABCxAxCDARBDMgQIABBDM
gcIABCxAxBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgoIABCxAxCDARBDOgUIABCxAzoICAAQs
QMQgwE6DQgAELEDEIMBEBQQhwI6BwgAEBQQhwI6BwgjEOoCECdQosUDWPb
sA2CJ-
wNoA3ABeACAAekCiAG_FZIBBzAuNC43LjGYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6sAEKwA
EB&sclient=psy-ab

https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk00GhT6XNvO3ehxLTPAYaGzHP3WW
5A%3A1600659540346&ei=VCBoX7HZFMfh-
AaQ6pPoCQ&q=processor&oq=process&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAxgAMgQIIxAnMg
cIABCxAxBDMgQIABBDMgoIABCxAxCDARBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgoIABCxAx
CDARBDMgUIABCxAzIFCAAQsQMyCAgAELEDEIMBOgQIABBHOgIIAFCRUVi7X
GCnbmgAcAJ4AIAB9QKIAeYNkgEFMi02LjGYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6yAEIwAE
B&sclient=psy-ab

https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk00rcXbw25med83OiZquMW-
Q9q9OJg%3A1600659789747&ei=TSFoX8abLZj6-
QbHjZywCg&q=video+card+specification&oq=video+card&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQA
RgAMgQIIxAnMgQIIxAnMgcIABAUEIcCMgIIADICCAAyBQgAELEDMgIIADICCAAy
AggAMgIIADoECAAQRzoFCAAQkQI6CwguELEDEMcBEKMCOgQIABBDOgcIABC
xAxBDOggIABCxAxCDAToKCAAQsQMQgwEQQ1Dm_QdYy44IYO6wCGgAcAJ4AI
ABqgKIAboPkgEFMC42LjSYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6yAEIwAEB&sclient=psy-ab

27
Quality Assured/ Evaluated by the Following:

Elvin A. Esmeralda
Harold Kin B. Esparago

Grace Beta M. Ledda

Education Program Supervisor

Reviewed By:

Evelyn F. Importante
OIC- CID Chief EPS

Raymund M. Salvador
OIC- Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Jerry C. Bokingkito
OIC- Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Dr. Jeanelyn A. Aleman, CESE

OIC-Schools Division Superintendent

28