CSS NC II – Handouts (1st Quarter)

their standards and the right cost for materials to

APPLYING QUALITY STANDARDS buy.

WORK ORDER AND STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS TO BE USED FOR A
• For you to be able to work properly, you must be SPECIFIC PROJECT
able to know what is the scope of your task and how a. of good quality
you should be able to do it. A work order is a • The most important factor when selecting a material
document that contains details of a task to be done. to be purchased. Materials with good quality are
It has information regarding the client (the person long-lasting and safe to use because it follows a
who wants the task to be done), the technician (the certain standard before commercializing it.
person assigned to work on it), the deadline (when it b. reliable
should be done), and the person who authorized it. • It gives you an assurance to perform its function
It should also contain details such as location, steps well, operate safely, and will give the best it could
or instructions, and parts, tools, and equipment give.
needed. c. suitable for the application/purposes
• To make your project possible, choose the very
necessary material. Making a list of
products/materials to buy is a good trait of a wise
consumer. Products that are not to be used must be
crossed out.
d. low cost
• It doesn’t mean that you will choose the less
expensive one and exclude quality. Low cost means
you can afford to buy the materials without hurting
your pocket and assure of better quality

SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS

Materials Specification contains the important
details of the components and materials to be used. This may
include tolerance, wattage, length, or size of the material or
component. It is important to know the specific details of the
• To do a job properly, an organization must have materials and components to ensure that it meets the
Standard Operating Procedure or SOP. It helps requirement or standards for the task to be done.
workers or individuals by providing them with how
to perform a job properly promoting consistency. Wires
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is described as • are metals that have been shaped into thin flexible
instructions that describe a routine. This routine lines, shaped like a thread. Wires used in computers
must be repetitively followed by an organization. For are often seen inside power supply connectors and
example, when receiving materials in the workplace, network cables. These are color-coded and have
there are steps to be followed to ensure the quality assigned connections based on their colors.
and integrity of the materials. A cable
• is a group of wires which is covered by insulation.
FACTORS IN THE SELECTION OF MATERIALS There are different cables used in computers. You
In doing a particular task/project you must consider the may need the same cable but with different
following factors in the selection of the right materials for a specifications. For example, you may need a VGA
specific project. cable. A VGA cable may have different connection
types. In networking, cables to be used have specific
1. SELECTION OF MATERIAL categories based on what and where they are to be
• The ability to assess the material’s impact on the used. Always check the specification of the cable if it
performance of a product is crucial for reliable meets what is required.
performance. You must consider the label or name Electrical Tape
of the company which is producing the great quality • is commonly used in computer systems servicing to
of materials and are known in the market. Examples bundle wires, cover open wires, or conceal sharp
are the name HP for printers and Intel for some edges of computer cases. They may vary in color,
computer hardware. length, and size.
2. TESTING OF MATERIAL Resistors
• Testing the properties of the material is the key to • are used to restrict the flow of current in a circuit.
obtain data for a particular project, perform failure There are many kinds of resistors. They may vary in
analysis, or understand material interactions. It also power rating, resistance value, tolerance, and the
provides information on the quality of incoming and type of resistor.
outgoing materials. Capacitors
3. Cost of Material • are used to store electric charges. Film capacitors,
• When buying or selecting materials for a particular ceramic capacitors, and electrolytic capacitors are
project you must consider the cost of the material. some of the types of capacitors. Capacitors are
The amount may vary but never taken for granted characterized by their nominal capacitance, working
the quality and the reliability of the material. Will voltage, tolerance, leakage current, working
you buy the material which is less expensive but the temperature, temperature coefficient, polarization,
worst quality? Will you buy the material which you and equivalent series resistance (ESR).
cannot afford? People look for places that can meet
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CSS NC II – Handouts (1st Quarter)
2. That you are receiving the materials indicated on the
purchase order about quantity and discount.
3. That the materials are in acceptable condition.
Integrated Circuits 4. Those terms regarding the installation and/or set-up of
• are chips that contain different components such as equipment are met.
resistors, capacitors, and transistors. They are small B. Receiving Reports
and compact. They are often used in cellphones, 1. The person receiving the goods must document, using the
laptops, and other electronic devices. Material, administrative software, that all goods were received for
packaging, size, density, and integration are the each requisition before any payment can be made to the
things that need to be considered regarding vendor.
Integrated Circuits. 2. Any exceptions must be noted so that partial payments can
Diodes be processed or defective goods can be returned.
• have multiple uses. They can be used as switches,
oscillators, or rectifiers. You need to consider its C. Return of Merchandise
peak inverse voltage, maximum forward current, • When the merchandise received is incomplete or defective,
temperature, frequency, leakage current, and power immediately return the materials to the supplier or to the
dissipation. store where it was bought and make arrangements with
Transistors the vendor for replacement of particular material.
• can be used as a switch and an amplifier. The full
details of the specification of a transistor can be D. Make an Inventory Report of the Materials
found using its type number. You need to consider • Materials received must be listed and reported to monitor
the transistor’s polarity, material, frequency the number of materials that are already on hand,
transition, and package type. purchased, or damaged.
FAULTS
Factory defects are defined as flaws in a product Sample Form for Assessment of Received Materials:
that happened unintentionally during the
manufacturing process. These defects could cause a
product to differ from its original design and
functionality. There are times that these could
cause harm to the user.

Nonconformity to specifications are products that

do not follow their set specifications. These
products do not meet their specified standards. For
example, a resistor that does not have the right
resistance value. Nonconformity to government
standards and Philippine Electrical Codes,
environmental code refers to products that do not
follow the guidelines set by the government.
Sample Form of Log Report
These standards have been studied and set to ensure
that the products are safe for human use, the
environment, and will not cause hazards such as a
fire. Safety defects are faults in a product that could
distress the safe operation of the product. This could
be caused by the physical part of a product. This can
happen from the beginning of the product's life until
its end.

RECORDING AND REPORTING PROCEDURES

When receiving products, you need to check the
product’s specifications as well as its quality. When
the products do not meet the specifications, do not
conform to standards set by the government, or have
safety defects, it is important to take note of these
ASSESSING OWN WORK AND ENGAGING IN QUALITY
important details.
IMPROVEMENT
To be able to record and report effectively, you need to
identify the parts or components which have defects. The RELATED DOCUMENTS
supervisor concerned should be informed of the replacement Working in an organization may involve different
of parts or components to take place following workplace policies and procedures. Working efficiently requires the use
procedures. of documents such as service manuals and operations
manuals. These documents guide the workers on how to
Identification of Fault and Reporting work properly. This will also prevent accidents and injuries
The following are the things you must consider: from happening and ensure the quality of work.

A. Receiving Materials: SERVICE MANUAL

1. Match the packing slip to the items received and ensure • book that contains instructions on how to maintain
that the materials are destined for the tour department. equipment or machine. It contains information such
as how to diagnose, evaluate and act on problems
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CSS NC II – Handouts (1st Quarter)
regarding the machine or equipment. It helps turn the computer on. Then, open the word
employees on how to repair the machine or processing application. After that, type your
equipment. document. Then, select the printer and click print. In
OPERATION MANUALS process improvement, you need to look for a way to
• is an operations manual is a document that contains improve the process. How can you make it faster?
procedures on how the company functions. It should How are you going to make it better? These are just
be able to guide an employee on the day-to-day a few questions you may ask to improve the process.
procedures of the company. It serves as a guide for
new employees. An operations manual should have MONITORING OPERATION PERFORMANCE
the following information: steps on how to operate,
location of items, contact numbers, and policies. • is an essential component for a company to grow
and withstand the changes and needs of the time. To
QUALITY CONTROL effectively monitor operations, the following must
• Customers expect to receive high-quality products. be involved: management, employees, and
High-quality products result in customer loyalty, new customers.
customers, positive feedback, and safety. Quality
Control is a process that ensures the outputs of a THE FOLLOWING ARE TO BE CONSIDERED IN MONITORING
company are free of defects and the needs of the PERFORMANCE OPERATION:
customers are met. Without quality control, it may
result in defects in products and loss of customers. CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AND CUSTOMER FEEDBACK
FORM
RECORDS AND DOCUMENTS • is a product or service’s approval that can be
Employees need to have guides to be able to work measured through customer satisfaction. Customer
effectively. Guides can be provided by an experienced satisfaction can be evaluated through surveys and
worker, it can also be through training, or it can also be ratings.
through the form of a document. Some documents are • One way to measure customer satisfaction is
needed to ensure that guidelines and standards are followed. through the Customer Feedback Form.
Co-Workers Feedback
Organization Work Procedures • The relationship between workers can affect the
• are policies and procedures that work hand- performance of a company, its products, and its
in-hand to ensure the quality and safety of services. A harmonious relationship between
workers. Policy refers to guidelines that are workers can greatly improve the workers'
used as a basis for the company’s performance. Co-worker’s feedback is part of the
operation. The procedure refers to a performance management system. It provides ajar
specific action. It tells the employee what to communication between coworkers.
do. Organization Work Procedures state the
tasks which need to be undertaken by an Supervisor’s rating sheet.
employee. • A supervisor’s feedback is used to measure how an
• This ensures that the company runs employee performs in the workplace. This concerns
smoothly and efficiently. It states the how the employee performs his or her duties. This
responsibilities of employees individually or includes output and the ability to meet his or her
as a team. With Organization Work professional goals. The appraisal of the supervisor
Procedures, an employee will gain a clear may also help the employee grow professionally.
understanding of how they can perform
their tasks. Supplier’s feedback.
• Suppliers provide the companies with materials that
Manufacturer’s Instructional Manuals are needed to fulfill the needs of services to the
• contain instructions on how to operate a machine or customers.
equipment. This comes with the product to • A company may provide feedback to the supplier on
guarantee that the user will be able to use the how they can improve their services and products
product effectively. This will also prevent possible and the supplier may also provide feedback to the
harm caused by the product. company on how they can deliver the services and
goods.
Forms
• are used to ensure that product quality standards CHECKING QUALITY OUTPUT PROCEDURES
are met. An example of this is the Quality Assurance Checking quality output is an important step in providing
Checklist. A Quality Assurance Checklist is a list that products and services. This continually ensures that the
contains activities involved in quality assurance. clients are provided with products and services which meet
These activities serve as guides and must be the standards set by the company.
performed to ensure the quality of the process. A
defect report is also used to account for defects in The checking quality output procedure is also known as
products and machinery. A non-conformance report Quality Assurance. Quality Assurance aids in providing quality
is another form that states products and services.
UNDERSTANDING THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
PROCESS IMPROVEMENT PROCEDURE As an aspiring computer technician, it is very important
• A process is defined as a series of steps in making to know the different components of a computer system.
the job done. For example: in printing a document, These are the hardware, software and peopleware.
you have to do a series of steps. First, you need to

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Each component plays an important role, without each  this refers to an internal or external storage device
other computer systems will not work properly. of the computer. This can store data permanently.
Files such as photos, documents, and videos, are
store here. There are various types of secondary
Hardware: storage devices.
the physical, touchable, electronic and mechanical  Hard Disk Drives (HDD) - a magnetic storage device
parts of a computer system. that is installed inside the computer.
 Solid-state drives (SSD) have the same functions as
CORE COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE (HARDWARE) HDD but these are faster and more expensive the
• Motherboard HDDs. SSDs are also smaller which allows
• Power Supply Unit manufacturers to have moreversatile designs in
• Central Processing Unit computers.
• System Case/Unit
Computer Peripheral:
• Device connected to a computer but is not part of
the core computer architecture.

SOFTWARE:

• is the set of instructions (also called a program) that

guides the hardware to operate effectively.

A. MAJOR HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

SYSTEM
1. System Unit:
• The main part of a microcomputer, sometimes called the
chassis. It includes the following parts: Motherboard,
Microprocessor, Memory Chips, Buses, Ports, Expansion
Slots and Cards.
2. Motherboard:
• The main circuit board of a computer. It contains all the 9. Optical Drive:
circuits and components that run the computer.  An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to
3. CPU (Central Processing Unit): read data on the optical media. There are three
 The processor is the main “brain” or “heart” of a types of optical drives: Compact Disc (CD), Digital
computer system. It performs all of the instructions Versatile Disc (DVD) and Blu-ray Disc (BD).
and calculations that are needed and manages the 10. Optical Disc: Digital Versatile Disc (DVD), Compact Disc
flow of information through a computer. (CD):
4. Primary Storage:  Designed to optically access data stored on a DVD or
 (internal storage, main memory or memory) is the CD. A laser moves back and forth near the disk
computer's working storage space that holds data, surface and accesses data at a very fast rate.
instructions for processing and processed data B. Input Devices- Accepts data and instructions from the
(information) waiting to be sent to secondary user or from another computer system
storage. 1. Keyboard Entry – Data is inputted to the computer through
 ROM - (Read Only Memory) ROM is non-volatile, a keyboard.
meaning it holds data even when the power is ON or Keyboard- The first input device developed for the
OFF. PC. Data is transferred to the PC over a short cable
 RAM – (Random Access Memory) RAM is volatile, with a circular 6-pin Mini-din connector that plugs
meaning it holds data only when the power is on. into the back of the motherboard.
When the power is off, RAM's contents are lost. 2. Direct Entry – A form of input that does not require data to
5. Expansion Bus: be keyed by someone sitting at a keyboard. Direct-entry
 A bus is a data pathway between several hardware devices create machine-readable data on paper, or
components inside or outside a computer. It does magnetic media, or feed it directly into the computer’s
not only connect the parts of the CPU to each other, CPU.
but also links the CPU with other important Three Categories of Direct Entry Devices
hardware. 1. Pointing Devices - An input device used to move the
6. Adapters: pointer (cursor) on screen.
 Printed-circuit boards (also called interface cards) • Mouse- The most common 'pointing device' used in PCs.
that enable the computer to use a peripheral device Every mouse has two buttons and most have one or two
for which it does not have the necessary connections scroll wheels.
or circuit boards. They are often used to permit • Touch screen- A display screen that is sensitive to the
upgrading to a new different hardware. touch of a finger or stylus. Used in myriad applications,
7. Power Supply Unit (PSU) : including ATM machines, retail point-of-sale terminals,
 Installed in the back corner of the PC case, next to car navigation and industrial controls. The touch screen
the motherboard. It converts 120vac (standard became wildly popular for smartphones and tablets.
house power) into DC voltages that are used by
other components in the PC. • Light Pen - A light-sensitive stylus wired to a video
8. Secondary Storage: terminal used to draw pictures or select menu options.

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The user brings the pen to the desired point on screen Thermal printers are widely used in calculators and fax
and presses the pen button to make contact. machines.
• Digitizer Tablet - A graphics drawing tablet used for
sketching new images or tracing old ones. Also called a 5. Speakers -Used to play sound. They may be built into the
"graphics tablet," the user contacts the surface of the system unit or connected with cables. Speakers allow you to
device with a wired or wireless pen or puck.Often listen to music and hear sound effects from your computer.
mistakenly called a mouse, the puck is officially the D. Ports- External connecting sockets on the outside of the
"tablet cursor." computer. This is a pathway into and out of the computer. A
2. Scanning Devices- A device that can read text or port lets users plug in outside peripherals, such as monitors,
illustrations printed on paper and translates the information scanners and printers. Most of them are present in the
into a form the computer can use. motherboard.
3. Voice- Input Devices - Audio input devices also known as  Display Ports - Used to connect monitors. High
speech or voice recognition systems that allow a user to send Definition Multimedia Interface, Video Graphics Array,
audio signals to a computer for processing, recording, or Digital Visual Interface.
carrying out commands. Audio input devices such as  USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port - High speed serial
microphones allow users to speak to the computer in order to interface that is used with almost all devices. It is used to
record a voice message or navigate software. connect latest model printers, pen drives, cell phones
C. Output Devices - Any piece of computer hardware that etc. it has 4 pins.
displays results after the computer has processed the input  PS/2 Port - Simple, 6-pin, low-speed serial connections
data that has been entered. commonly dedicated to a keyboard and mouse.
1. Computer Display Monitor- It displays information in visual  Power Port - Intended for power cord. It is attached on
form, using text and graphics. The portion of the the PSU not on the motherboard.
monitor that displays the information is called the  Audio Port - Intended for plugging in the speaker or
screen or video display terminal. headset.
Types of Monitor  LAN (Local Area Networking) Port - A physical interface
a. CRT Monitors - Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) were the only often used for terminating twisted pair type cables used
type of displays for use with desktop PCs. They are to connect computers onto a local-area networks (LAN),
relatively big (14" to 16" deep) and heavy (over 15 lbs). especially Ethernet RJ-45 connectors
 Parallel Port - Also called as printer port. This is only for
b. LCD Monitors- LiquidCrystal Display (LCD) technology has old model printer. It has 25 pins. It is a female port.
been used in laptops for some time. It has recently been
made commercially available as monitors for desktop E. Cables and Wires- A cable is most often two or more wires
PCs. running side by side and bonded, twisted or braided together
to form a single assembly, but can also refer to a heavy strong
c. LED Monitors(Light Emitting Diode) - A display and rope.
lighting technology used in almost every electrical and
electronic product on the market, from a tiny on/off light
to digital readouts, flashlights, traffic lights and perimeter  Display Cables: This monitor jacks shown are
lighting. intended for the display ports. (HDMI, VGA, DVI)
 This USB (Universal Serial Bus) plug is intended for
2. LCD Projectors- utilize two sheets of polarizing material USB port. Modern or new model of peripherals like
with a liquid crystal solution between them. An electric printer, camera, scanners and even other portable
current passed through the liquid causes the crystals to align computer attachments used USB type of plugs.
so that light cannot pass through them. Each crystal,  P/S2 Cable - for the PS/2 port specifically for PS/2
therefore, is like a shutter, either allowing light to pass type of keyboard and mouse
through or blocking the light.  Power cord is the most important cord because it
3.Smart Board - A type of display screen that has a touch connects the computer to the main source of
sensitive transparent panel covering the screen, which is electricity to make it functional.
similar to a touch screen.  Audio Jack – is intended for the audio and
microphone port.
4. Printer- A device that prints text or illustrations on paper.  LAN Cable – (RJ45 ("RJ" in RJ45 stands for "registered
jack," since it is a standardized networking interface
Types of printer and the "45" simply refers to the number of the
• Ink-Jet or Bubble-Jet Printer - prays ink at a sheet of interface standard) plus an Unshielded twisted pair
paper. Ink-jet printers produce high-quality text and (UTP) is a ubiquitous type of copper cabling used in
graphics. telephone wiring and local area networks (LANs). is a
• Laser Printer - Uses the same technology as copy type of connector commonly used for computer
machines. Laser printers produce very high quality text networks.
and graphics.  Printer cable jack is intended for the parallel port.
• LCD and LED Printer- Similar to a laser printer, but uses
liquid crystals or light-emitting diodes rather than a laser
to produce an image on the drum.
• Line Printer- Contains a chain of characters or pins that
print an entire line at one time. Line printers are very
fast, but produce low-quality print
• Thermal Printer- An inexpensive printer that works by
pushing heated pins against heat-sensitive paper.

CSS NC II 2022-23