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Intelligent Satellite Design
and Implementation
 IEEE Press
445 Hoes Lane
Piscataway, NJ 08854

IEEE Press Editorial Board

Sarah Spurgeon, Editor in Chief
Jón Atli Benediktsson Behzad Razavi Jeffrey Reed
Anjan Bose Jim Lyke Diomidis Spinellis
James Duncan Hai Li Adam Drobot
Amin Moeness Brian Johnson Tom Robertazzi
Desineni Subbaram Naidu Ahmet Murat Tekalp
Intelligent Satellite Design
and Implementation

Jianjun Zhang
China Academy of Space Technology
Beijing, China

Jing Li
Beijing Institute of Technology
Beijing, China
Copyright © 2024 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
All rights reserved.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-­in-­Publication Data

Names: Zhang, Jianjun (Writer on artificial satellites), author. | Li,
Jing, 1982- author.
Title: Intelligent satellite design and implementation / Jianjun Zhang,
Jing Li.
Description: Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley, [2024] | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023028789 (print) | LCCN 2023028790 (ebook) | ISBN
9781394198955 (hardback) | ISBN 9781394198962 (adobe pdf) | ISBN
9781394198979 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Artificial satellites. | Artificial intelligence.
Classification: LCC TL796 .Z429 2024 (print) | LCC TL796 (ebook) | DDC
629.460285/63–dc23/eng/20230909
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023028789
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023028790

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Image: © Adastra/Getty Images

Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Pondicherry, India

 v

Contents

About the Authors xiii

Preface xv

1 Development of Artificial Intelligence 1

1.1 The Concept and Evolution of Artificial Intelligence 1
1.1.1 The Concept of Artificial Intelligence 1
1.1.2 Evolution of Artificial Intelligence 5
1.2 The Current Scope and Technical Framework of Artificial
Intelligence 7
1.2.1 Technical Scope 7
1.2.2 Technical Framework 7
1.2.3 Technical Features 8
1.3 The Overall Development Trend of Artificial Intelligence 9
1.3.1 Current Development Trend 9
1.3.2 Technical Development Trend 13
1.4 The Main Achievements of AI 16
1.4.1 Image Recognition 16
1.4.2 Speech Recognition 17
1.4.3 Art Creation 19
1.4.4 Other Aspects 20
References 23

2 Artificial Intelligence in the Satellite Field 25

2.1 The Concept and Connotation of Intelligent Satellite 25
2.1.1 The Concept of Intelligent Satellite 25
2.1.1.1 Artificial Intelligence in Satellite Field 25
2.1.1.2 Intelligent Satellite 26
vi Contents

2.1.1.3 Group Intelligence 27

2.1.1.4 Understanding of Intelligence and Autonomy 27
2.1.2 Technical Characteristics of Intelligent Satellite 28
2.1.2.1 Functional Level 28
2.1.2.2 Implementation Level 29
2.1.2.3 Apparent Level 30
2.2 Technical Characteristics of Intelligent Satellite System 30
2.2.1 Intelligent Classification of Satellite System 31
2.2.1.1 Classification of Satellite Intelligent Autonomous Control 31
2.2.1.2 Classification of Satellite Intelligent Reasoning 32
2.2.2 Intelligent Satellite Technology Architecture 32
2.2.2.1 Basic Layer 33
2.2.2.2 Technical Level 34
2.2.2.3 Application Layer 34
2.3 Opportunities and Challenges for Satellite to Develop AI 34
2.3.1 Development Opportunities of Smart Satellite 34
2.3.1.1 AI Leads the Disruptive Innovation of Future Satellite
Platforms Is an Inevitable Trend 35
2.3.1.2 Artificial Intelligence Technology Will Effectively Improve
the Efficiency of Satellite Systems 35
2.3.2 Significance of Intelligent Satellite 36
2.3.2.1 The Application and Development of Artificial
Intelligence Technology in the Satellite Field Closely
Meet the Needs of the Times 37
2.3.2.2 Artificial Intelligence Technology Will Open Up a New
Working Pattern of Integrating Space and Earth
in Satellite Field 37
2.3.2.3 The Development of Artificial Intelligence Technology Will
Comprehensively Promote the Upgrading of the Ecological
Industrial Structure in the Satellite Field 38
2.3.3 Major Challenges of Intelligent Satellites 38
References 41

3 Development Status of AI Technology in Satellites 43

3.1 Policy and Planning 43
3.2 Technology and Application 44
3.2.1 NASA 51
3.2.2 European Space Agency (ESA) 52
3.2.3 Other Countries and Regions 53
3.3 Development Trend Analysis 53
References 62
 Contents vii

4 Basic Knowledge of AI Technology 65

4.1 The Concepts and Characteristics of Machine Learning
and Deep Learning 65
4.1.1 Artificial Intelligence: Give Human Intelligence to Machines 66
4.1.2 Machine Learning: A Method to Realize Artificial Intelligence 66
4.1.3 Deep Learning: A Technology to Realize Machine Learning 67
4.1.4 Reinforcement Learning: Self-evolution Mechanism
of Learning Feedback 68
4.1.5 Transfer Learning: A New Machine Learning Method that
Uses Existing Knowledge to Solve Problems in Different
but Related Fields 69
4.2 Key Technologies of AI 70
4.2.1 Classification of Key AI Technologies 70
4.2.2 Technical Development Trend Analysis 73
4.3 Machine Learning 74
4.3.1 Unsupervised Learning 74
4.3.2 Supervise Learning 75
4.3.3 Deep Learning 77
4.3.3.1 Feedforward Depth Network 78
4.3.3.2 Convolution Neural Network 78
4.3.3.3 Cyclic Neural Network 79
4.3.3.4 Bidirectional Deep Network 80
4.4 Natural Language Processing 80
4.4.1 Introduction to Natural Language Processing Methods 81
4.4.2 Introduction of Natural Language Processing Model 82
4.5 Knowledge Engineering 82
4.5.1 Expert System 83
4.5.1.1 Development of Expert System 83
4.5.1.2 Expert System and Its Functions 84
4.5.1.3 Structure of Expert System 86
4.5.2 Data Mining 86
References 90

5 AI Requirements for Satellite System 95

5.1 Demand Requirements for AI Technology in Satellite System 95
5.1.1 Space Intelligent Perception Requirements 96
5.1.2 Space Intelligent Decision-Making and Control
Requirements 96
5.1.3 Space Cluster Intelligence Requirements 97
5.1.4 Space Intelligent Interaction Requirements 98
5.1.5 Space Intelligent Design Requirements 98
viii Contents

5.2 Challenges and Solutions of Artificial Intelligence in Aerospace

Applications 99
5.2.1 Hardware Level 99
5.2.2 Software Level 100
5.2.3 System Level 101
References 104

6 Intelligent Remote-Sensing Satellite System 107

6.1 Technical Analysis of Intelligent Remote-Sensing
Satellite System 107
6.1.1 Technical Requirements Analysis of Remote-Sensing
Satellite Artificial Intelligence System 107
6.1.2 Concept Connotation of Intelligent Remote-Sensing
Satellite System 110
6.1.3 Main Features of Intelligent Remote-Sensing Satellite System 111
6.1.3.1 Special Function 111
6.1.3.2 Variable Imaging Mode 112
6.1.3.3 Real-time Processing of Onboard Data 112
6.1.3.4 Real-time Data Download 112
6.2 Basic Structure of Intelligent Remote-Sensing Satellite System 113
6.2.1 Intelligent Expert System 114
6.2.1.1 Intelligent Identification Module 114
6.2.1.2 Intelligent Decision Module 114
6.2.1.3 Intelligent Evolution Module 115
6.2.1.4 Intelligent Execution System 115
6.2.2 Intelligent Semantic Interpretation System 116
6.3 Key Technical Directions of Intelligent Remote-Sensing
Satellite System 116
6.3.1 Develop Autonomous Parameters and Mode Adaptation
Technology of Remote Sensor 117
6.3.2 Develop Satellite Autonomous Mission Planning Technology 117
6.3.3 Develop In-Orbit Semantic Interpretation Technology
of Remote-Sensing Images 117
6.4 Typical Application Cases 118
6.4.1 Rapid Intelligence Generation and Release of Remote-Sensing
Satellite 118
6.4.2 On-track Feature-level Fusion Processing and New Feature
Learning 119
6.4.3 On-track Independent Disaster Identification and Alarm 120
6.4.4 Distributed Autonomous Mission Planning for Constellation 120
6.4.5 AI Technology-assisted OODA Loop 121
References 122
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 Contents ix

7 Intelligent Communication Satellite System 125

7.1 Requirements for AI System Technology by Communication
Satellite 125
7.1.1 Satellite Security Requirements 125
7.1.1.1 The Disintegration of Japan’s Astro-H Satellite in Orbit 126
7.1.1.2 Anik-F2 Satellite Communication Service Interruption 127
7.1.2 Load Usability Requirements 127
7.1.3 Requirements for Autonomous Operation of Satellites 128
7.2 Key Technologies of Communication Satellite
Intelligent System 129
7.2.1 Spectrum Sensing Technology in Satellite Communication 129
7.2.1.1 Introduction to Cognitive Radio 129
7.2.1.2 Spectrum Parameters 132
7.2.1.3 Spectrum Sensing Concept 133
7.2.1.4 Spectrum Sensing Algorithm 134
7.2.2 Intelligent Information Distribution and Push Technology 134
7.2.3 Satellite Digital Channelization Technology 135
7.2.3.1 Basic Structure of Onboard Flexible Transponder 135
7.2.3.2 Digital Channeler Signal Separation and Signal Synthesis
Algorithm 137
7.2.4 Spaceborne Intelligent Antenna Beamforming Technology 139
7.2.4.1 Classification of Intelligent Antenna Digital Beamforming
Technology 139
7.2.4.2 Broadband Digital Beamforming Technology 140
7.3 Typical Application Cases 140
7.3.1 Software Definition Satellite 140
7.3.2 Autonomous Orbit Change/Orbit Maneuver of Satellite 141
7.3.3 Satellite Intelligent Spectrum Sensing and Anti-interference 142
References 143

8 Intelligent Navigation Satellite System 145

8.1 Intelligent Management of Constellation Network 146
8.1.1 Satellite Network Intelligent Management Technology 146
8.1.2 Constellation-level Intelligent Autonomous Navigation
Technology 147
8.2 Satellite Independent Health Management 149
8.2.1 High Reliability and Autonomy of Satellites 150
8.2.2 Long-Term Autonomous Operation of Satellites in Orbit 150
8.3 Intelligent Fault Diagnosis and Prediction Technology 152
8.3.1 Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Signal Processing 152
8.3.2 Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Analytical Model 153
x Contents

8.3.3 Knowledge-based Fault Diagnosis Method 153

8.3.3.1 Model-based Fault Prediction Technology 154
8.3.3.2 Fault Prediction Technology Based on Data Driven 155
8.3.3.3 Fault Prediction Technology Based on Statistical Reliability 155
8.4 Intelligent On-Orbit Maintenance of Satellite 156
8.4.1 Evolutionary Hardware Technology 156
8.4.2 Reconfigurable Computing Technology 160
8.4.2.1 Research on Reconfigurable Computing Hardware 161
8.4.2.2 Research on Reconfigurable Computing System Programming 162
8.4.2.3 Applied Research 163
8.5 Typical Application Cases 165
8.5.1 Long-term Autonomous Navigation 165
8.5.2 Navigation Intelligent Countermeasure 166
References 166

9 Application of AI in Aerospace Loads 169

9.1 Intelligent Load Software Architecture 169
9.2 Cloud Service Center Software Architecture 170
9.3 Network-oriented Communication Protocol 172
9.4 Intelligent Expert System 173
9.4.1 Intelligent Identification Module 174
9.4.2 Intelligent Decision-Making Module 174
9.4.3 Intelligent Evolution Module 175
9.5 Intelligent Execution System 175
9.6 Intelligent Semantic Interpretation System 176
9.7 Intelligent Load Onboard Intelligent Processing
Technology Scheme 177
9.8 Digital Multi-function Load 179
9.8.1 American SCAN Test Bench 179
9.8.2 UK Full Digital Payload 181
9.8.3 The European Space Agency’s Second-Generation
Galileo Satellite 182
References 183

10 Future Development of Intelligent Satellite 185

10.1 Application Prospect of AI in Aerospace Field 185
10.1.1 Autonomous Operation Satellite System Based on Artificial
Intelligence 185
10.1.2 Satellite State Detection, Fault Diagnosis, and System
Reconstruction 186
10.1.3 Satellite Intelligent Autonomous Control Technology 187
 Contents xi

10.1.4 Intelligent Planning and Scheduling of Satellites 188

10.1.5 Satellite Collaboration and Cooperation 188
10.1.5.1 Lots of Scientific Data 189
10.1.5.2 Complex Scientific Instruments 189
10.1.5.3 Increased Number of Satellites 189
10.1.6 Multi-satellite Mission Management 190
10.2 The Next Development Gocus 191
10.2.1 Design of Onboard Intelligent Chip 191
10.2.2 Satellite System Design Based on Artificial Intelligence 191
10.2.3 On-track Fault Detection and Maintenance Based on Artificial
Intelligence 192
10.2.4 Satellite Intelligent Control Based on Artificial Intelligence 193
10.2.5 Space-ground Integration Based on Artificial Intelligence 194
10.2.6 Satellite Intelligent Platform Based on Artificial Intelligence 194
10.3 Summary 195
References 195

Index 197
 xiii

About the Authors

Jianjun Zhang, PhD, Professor

He received PhD degree from the Institute of Optoelectronics, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, in 2010. He is a professor at the Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System
Engineering, China Academy of Space Technology. He is also member of the
Youth Science Club of China Electronics Society, member of the Edge Computing
Expert of China Electronics Society, Chairman of the “Space (Aerospace)
Information Technology” Professional Committee of China Electronics Society,
and member of the Satellite Application Expert Group of China Aerospace Society.
He is chiefly engaged in satellite navigation system design and advanced spatial
information system technology based on cognitive mechanism. He has presided
over several major projects such as the National Natural Science Foundation’s
major research project, the final assembly fund, the 863 project, and the develop-
ment project of the Science and Technology Commission of the China Academy
of Space Technology. He has published more than 50 SCI/EI search papers in
international journals and conferences, authorized more than 20 invention pat-
ents at home and abroad, and published 3 monographs. He won the third prize of
National Defense Science and Technology Progress Award.

Jing Li, PhD, Associate Professor, Supervisor

She received PhD degree from Beijing Institute of Technology in 2011. She is an
associate professor of School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology. She
is an expert member of the “Space Information Technology” Youth Committee of
China Electronics Society; her main research direction is robot environmental
awareness, image detection and target tracking, and multi-­sensor information
fusion. She has presided over more than 10 projects including the National Natural
Science Youth Fund, the Postdoctoral Special Fund, the Key Laboratory of the
Ministry of Education, and the Science and Technology Cooperation. She has
published 25 academic papers (including 10 SCI papers and 15 EI papers) and the
book “Image Detection and Target Tracking Technology” and has been granted
xiv About the Authors

7 national invention patents as the first author and the National Science and
Technology Progress Award 2 (ranked 8th). The postgraduates whom she guided
have been awarded the second prize of the 14th China Graduate Electronic Design
Competition, the second prize of the first China-­Russia (Industrial) Innovation
Competition, and the second prize of the 14th National College Student Smart
Car Competition.
 xv

Preface

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an interdisciplinary subject developed by integrating

computer science, cybernetics, information theory, neurophysiology, psychology,
linguistics, philosophy, and other disciplines. It is one of the three cutting-­edge
technologies in the 21st century (genetic engineering, nanoscience, AI). Through
AI technology, machines can be competent for some complex tasks that usually
require human intelligence to complete, thus greatly simplifying manual opera-
tions, improving production efficiency, and improving production relations. It is a
very disruptive, cutting-­edge technology.
At present, the international space power led by NASA has taken space as an
important stage for AI to play its role. Many space tasks that have been carried out
or will be carried out have more or less adopted AI technology to improve the
efficiency of related tasks. Although the current application of AI technology in
space is still limited and the achievements are not outstanding enough, the power
of AI has been demonstrated, and the future development direction it represents
has also begun to emerge. The successful application of AI in various fields has
laid a good foundation for the design of satellite systems and the development of
satellite intelligence in the future.
In a series of processes such as satellite development, testing, flight control,
delivery and use, the problems of the unattended space environment, the high
cost of testing and maintenance, and many factors of fault problems have been
puzzling scientific researchers. AI-­supporting satellite system technology is a
powerful means to solve these problems and is one of the development directions
of satellite system design in the future. In the future, it will not only be able to
process complete information but also process incomplete information, and even
intelligently supplement incomplete information, and make the processing of
information and data more mature, efficient, and accurate according to the feed-
back system. At the same time, experience is constantly accumulated in daily
operation, so that the AI system can adapt to the changing environment, gradually
realize the automatic evolution mechanism, and make the AI system itself
xvi Preface

constantly learn, changing the single passive processing information into active,
intelligent processing information, and even have a certain predictive ability.
With the increasing development of AI algorithms and application technologies,
the next development of intelligent satellites will focus on all aspects: developing the
design of onboard intelligent chips to lay the hardware foundation for satellite
intelligence. Develop satellite system design based on AI to realize a processing
platform that can meet the flexible expansion of multiple tasks and support the
flexible reconfiguration of system resources in case of failure. Develop the on-­orbit
fault detection and maintenance technology based on AI to realize the monitoring of
satellite on-­orbit status. Carry out research on satellite intelligent control technology
based on AI, and realize the application of real-­time intelligent autonomous attitude
control, intelligent autonomous GNC, and intelligent information technology in
aerospace control systems, platforms, and payloads. Carry out research on satellite-­
ground integration technology based on AI and build a satellite-­ground integration
satellite platform. Finally, combined with intelligent learning algorithm, the
intelligent task of satellite platform is realized.

Jianjun Zhang
China Academy of Space Technology
Beijing, China
Jing Li
Beijing Institute of Technology
Beijing, China
 1

Development of Artificial Intelligence

1.1 ­The Concept and Evolution of Artificial Intelligence

1.1.1 The Concept of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI), also known as machine intelligence, refers to the
­intelligence represented by machines made by people. Generally, AI refers to
human intelligence technology realized by means of various ordinary computer
programs. The definition in the general textbook is “the research and design of
intelligent agent,” which refers to a system that can observe the surrounding
­environment and make actions to achieve goals [1, 2].
The definition of AI can be divided into two parts, namely, “artificial” and
“­intelligence.” “Artificial” is easier to understand and less controversial. Sometimes
we consider what humans can do and create, or whether a person’s own level of
intelligence is high enough to create AI, and so on. But to sum up an “artificial
system” is an artificial system in the general sense. There are many questions
about what “intelligence” is. This involves other issues such as consciousness,
self and mind, including the unconscious mind. The only intelligence that people
know is their own intelligence, which is a widely accepted view. But our under-
standing of our own intelligence is very limited, and our understanding of the
necessary elements of human intelligence is also very limited, so it is difficult to
define what “intelligence” is made by “artificial.” Therefore, the research on AI
often involves the research on human intelligence itself. Other intelligence with
animals or other artificial systems is also generally considered as a research topic
related to AI.
A popular definition of AI, as well as an earlier definition in this field, was put
forward by John McCarthy of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology at the
Dartmouth Conference in 1956: AI is to make the behavior of machines look like

Intelligent Satellite Design and Implementation, First Edition. Jianjun Zhang and Jing Li.
© 2024 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Published 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2 1 Development of Artificial Intelligence

that of human beings. But this definition seems to ignore the possibility of strong
AI. Another definition is that AI is the intelligence represented by artificial
machines. In general, the current definition of AI can be divided into four catego-
ries, namely, machines “think like people,” “move like people,” “think rationally,”
and “act rationally.” Here, “action” should be broadly understood as the decision
to take action or specify action, rather than physical action.
Strong AI believes that it is possible to produce intelligent machines that can
really reason and solve problems, and such machines will be considered as
­perceptual and self-­conscious. There are two types of strong AI:
1) Human-­like AI, that is, the thinking and reasoning of machines, is like human
thinking.
2) Nonhuman AI, that is, machines produce perception and consciousness com-
pletely different from human beings and use reasoning methods completely
different from human beings.
The term “strong artificial intelligence” was originally created by John Rogers
Hiller for computers and other information-­processing machines. Its definition is:
strong AI holds that computers are not only a tool for studying human thinking.
On the contrary, as long as it runs properly, the computer itself is thinking. The
debate on strong AI is different from the debate on monism and dualism in a
broader sense. The main point of the argument is: if the only working principle of
a machine is to convert encoded data, then is the machine thinking? Hiller
thought it was impossible. He gave an example of a Chinese room to illustrate that
if the machine only converts data, and the data itself is a coding representation of
some things, then without understanding the correspondence between this cod-
ing and the actual things, the machine cannot have any understanding of the data
it processes. Based on this argument, Hiller believes that even if a machine passes
the Turing test, it does not necessarily mean it is really thinking and conscious like
a person. There are also philosophers who hold different views. Daniel Dennett
believes in his book Consciousness Explained that man is just a machine with a
soul. Why do we think: “Man can have intelligence, but ordinary machines can’t?”
He believes that it is possible to have thinking and consciousness when data is
transferred to machines like the above.
The weak AI point of view believes that it is impossible to produce intelligent
machines that can really reason and solve problems. These machines just look
intelligent, but they do not really have intelligence, nor do they have autonomous
consciousness. Weak AI came into being when compared with strong AI because
the research on AI was at a standstill for a time, and it began to change and go far
ahead until the artificial neural network (ANN) had a strong computing ability to
simulate. In terms of the current research field of AI, researchers have created a
large number of machines that look like intelligence, and obtained quite fruitful
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Exploring the Variety of Random
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confess I am hungry with the search."
Then she sat down by Neville, and he cut her a slice of the
pasty, and Jane filled her wine-glass, and Neville touched his own
against it, and wished her health and happiness. And by an
unspoken agreement they said not a word about the war, but eat
their meal to such cheerful thoughts and conversation as made the
meat and drink wholesome and joyful. Then they sang some
madrigals, and as the shades of evening gathered, Neville began to
tell them wild, weird stories of the Border-Land; and Jane had her
traditions of Swaffham, and Matilda of de Wick, and they sat in the
twilight pleasantly afraid of the phantoms they had themselves
conjured up, drawing close together and speaking with a little awe,
and finding even the short silences that fell upon them very eloquent
and satisfying.
There was then no question of Matilda returning that night to de
Wick, and very soon Mrs. Swaffham joined them, and the servants
began to build up the fire and spread the table for the evening meal.
"Time wears on," she said. "I thought I would take a nap of ten
minutes, but instead of shutting my eyes in a dog sleep, I dropped
oft till candle-lighting. Why are you all looking so yonderly? I hope
Lord Neville has not been a Job's postman; for as far as I can see,
Satan does just as barefaced cruelties now as he did thousands of
years ago."
"We have been talking of fairies, and the gray ghost of Raby,
and the armoured giant that keeps Swaffham portal, and Matilda has
told us many awesome things about Lady Sophia de Wick, whose
ring no one can wear and escape doom."
 "Peace to her spirit," ejaculated Mrs. Swaffham, and Jane added
thoughtfully,
"If to such a spirit, peace would be any blessing."
"I would not talk of the dead if I were you; they may be nearer
than you think. And there are wick men and women in plenty to
praise and to ban. Lord Neville has told us nothing at all, yet, about
General Cromwell. I would like to know what is going on. Whatever
has he been doing since Dunbar?"—and Mrs. Swaffham made these
remarks and asked these questions with just a little touch of
impatient irritability.
"The first thing he did when he reached Edinburgh," answered
Neville, "was to order the head of Montrose to be taken down from
the Tolbooth and honourably buried. Some of the army grumbled at
this order, and the Scotch whigs preached and raved about it, and
even Dr. Verity, it is said, spoke sharply to Cromwell on the matter.
And 'tis also said that Cromwell answered with some passion, 'I will
abide by my order, notwithstanding the anger of the foolish. We all
have infirmities; and I tell you, if we had among our ranks more
such faithful hearts and brave spirits, they would be a fence around
us; for indeed there lives not a man who can say worse of Montrose
than that he loved Charles Stuart, and was faithful to him unto
death.'"
"This is the noblest thing I have heard of Oliver Cromwell," said
Matilda, "and my father will rejoice to hear it. How Montrose loved
Charles Stuart I will tell you, for my brother Stephen was with him
when he heard first of the murder of his King. He bowed his head
upon his sword and wept, and when his heart had found some relief
in tears, he stood up and called the King in a mighty voice,—indeed
Stephen told me it was heard beyond all probability,—and with a
great oath he vowed that he would sing his obsequies with
trumpets, and write his epitaph with swords, in blood and death." As
Matilda finished her story, her voice had a tone of triumph, and she
stood up, and raised her eyes, and then made such a sad, reverent
obeisance as she might have done had the dead been alive and
present. No one liked to impugn a ceremony so pathetic and so
hopeless; and a constrained silence followed, which was broken by
Jane asking,
"Where did Charles Stuart go after Dunbar?"
"He went northward to Perth. For a little while he held with
Argyle and the Kirk, but the Covenanters drove him too hard. They
told him he must purify his Court from all ungodly followers, and so
made him dismiss twenty-two English Cavaliers not godly—that is,
not Calvinistic—enough. Then Charles, not willing to endure their
pious tyranny, ran away to the Highlands behind Perth, and though
he was caught and persuaded to return, he did so only on condition
that his friends should be with him and fight for him."
"Why should the Scots object to that?" asked Mrs. Swaffham.
"Because," answered Neville, "these men were mostly
Englishmen and Episcopalians; and the Whigs and Covenanters
hated them as being too often reckless and wicked men, full of
cavalier sauciness. In return, Charles Stuart hated the Whigs and
Covenanters, made a mockery of them, and, it is said, did not
disguise his amusement and satisfaction at the defeat of the godly
army at Dunbar."
"And how did these godly men regard Cromwell?" asked Matilda
with undisguised scorn.
 "They troubled us a little in the West," said Neville, "and
Cromwell marched the army to Glasgow, and on the next Sabbath
day the preachers railed at him from every pulpit in that city. One of
them met the Lord General on the street, and attacked him with
threats and evil prophecies. I would have shut his lips with a blow,
but Cromwell said to me, 'Let him alone; he is one fool, and you are
another;' and the very next day he made friends with this preacher,
and I met them coming down the High Street together in very sober
and pleasant discourse. After beating these Whigs well at Hamilton,
we went into winter quarters at Edinburgh; and Cromwell is now
staying at Lord Moray's house in the Canongate."[1]

[1] This house is still standing.

"He ought to have taken his rest in Holyrood Palace," said Jane.
"I am glad he did not," replied Neville. "'Tis enough to fight the
living Stuart; why should he run into mortal danger by invading the
home of that unlucky family? A man sleeps in his dwelling-place,—
and when he sleeps he is at the mercy of the dead."
"Not so," said Jane. "The good man is at the mercy of God, and
if he sleeps, his angel wakes and watches. 'I will lay me down in
peace and take my rest: for it is Thou, Lord, only, that makest me
dwell in safety.'"
Neville looked steadily at her as she spoke with such a glad
confidence; and Jane's face grew rosy under his gaze, while Neville's
smile widened slowly, until his whole countenance shone with
pleasure.
 They spoke next of the Parliament and the Council; and Mrs.
Swaffham said, "For all she could find out, they had been at their
usual work,—good and bad."
"And generally bad," ejaculated Matilda.
"That is not true," said Jane. "Think only of this: they have
commanded the laws of England to be written in English. This order
alone justifies them with the people. Also, they have received foreign
ambassadors with dignity, and taught Holland, France and Spain by
the voice of Blake's cannon that England is not to be trifled with;
and in Ireland they are carrying on, through Ireton and Ludlow, the
good work Cromwell began there."
"Good work, indeed!" cried Matilda.
"Yes, it was good work, grand work, the best work Cromwell
ever did," answered Neville positively; "a most righteous dealing
with assassins, who had slain one hundred thousand Protestants—
men, women and children—while they dwelt in peace among then,
thinking no evil[2] and looking for no injury. When men mad with
religious hatred take fire and sword, when they torture the helpless
with hunger and thirst and freezing cold, in the name of the merciful
Jesus, then there is no punishment too great for them."

[2] See Knight's History of England, Vol. 3, p. 464; Clarendon (royalist historian)
says 50,000; Paxton Hood, Life of Cromwell, p. 141, says as high as 200,000;
Church (American edition) from 50,000 to 200,000 with mutilations and torture;
Imgard, the Catholic historian, in Vol. X, p. 177, admits the atrocity of the
massacre. Many other authorities, notably Hickson's "Ireland in the 17th Century,"
which contains the depositions before Parliament relating to the massacre. These
documents, printed for the first time in 1884, will cause simple wonder that a
terrible massacre on a large scale could ever be questioned, nor in the 17th
century was it ever questioned, nor in the face of these documents can it ever be
questioned, except by those who put their personal prejudice or interest before
the truth.

"The number slain was not as great as you say," interrupted Matilda.
"I have heard it was only ten thousand."
"I care not for the number of thousands," said Neville in a voice
trembling with passion; "men were put to death with all the horrors
religious fanaticism could invent; women and children outraged,
starved, burned or drowned with relentless fury. There were months
of such persecution before help could be got there."
"Very well, Lord Neville," said Matilda in great anger,
"Episcopalians and Calvinists should not have gone to Ireland. I
bought a song from a packman the other day for a farthing, that just
suits them—

"'People who hold such positive opinions

Should stay at home in Protestant dominions.'

I am sure Cromwell has made a name to be hated and feared in

Ireland for generations."
"England has far more cause to hate and ban the name of
O'Neal for generations; but England does not bluster; she rights her
wrong, and then forgives it. She is too magnanimous to hate for
generations any race because one generation did wrong. Nowhere
was Cromwell more just and merciful than in Ireland. There have
been English sieges—for instance Colchester—far more cruel than
that of Drogheda; and at Drogheda it was mostly rebel Englishmen
that were slain, Englishmen fighting in Ireland against the
Commonwealth. Cromwell, even at Drogheda, offered mercy to all
who would surrender and so spare blood. He was throughout as
merciful as he could be, as the Irish themselves permitted him to be.
I shake hands with Cromwell in Ireland and I clasp a clean, merciful
hand!"
And as he said these words, Jane stretched out her hand to
Neville; and Matilda cried, hysterically, "Throne of God! It is wicked
to say such things! Give me my hat and tippet, Jane, I will listen no
longer to Lord Neville! He is worse than you are."
"My lady, forgive me; but truth is truth, and must not be
withheld when the occasion calls for it."
At this point Mrs. Swaffham, who had left the room, returned to
it; and seeing Matilda's angry distress, she at once understood its
cause.
"It is Ireland, of course," she cried. "Children, children, why will
you quarrel about those savages? They are not in your concern
except to pray for." Then turning to Neville she asked, "My Lord, why
is it necessary to speak of Ireland? It breeds quarrels to name it;
well is it called Ire-land, the land of ire, and anger, and quarreling. I
forbid the word in this house. If the Irish are assassins for God's
sake, may God forgive them!"
"There is nothing impossible to God, madame," said Neville.
"But men find some limitations; and when effects are so much talked
of and condemned, it is the part of Eternal Justice—though only
from a mortal's mouth—to balance the deeds with the deeds that
called them forth. And none can deny that Phelim O'Neal's atrocities
called into righteous existence Oliver Cromwell's retributions." And at
these words Matilda threw herself on the sofa in a passion of tears.
Neville fell on his knees at her side. "Say you pardon me," he
urged; "I have wounded myself worse than you. Your tears drop like
fire on my heart; I promise you they do."
With a slight frown on her face Jane stood looking at the two.
She despised that abnegation of self-control which turned
conversation and argument into disputing, and anger, and tears; and
after a moment's thought, she went to her friend's side and asked
Neville to rise. "There is no need to humble oneself for the truth,"
she said softly; "and Matilda knows that. She is now fretted with
anxiety, and must not be judged by her words." Then she took
Neville's place and soothed and reasoned with the weeping girl, as
best she knew how; and Mrs. Swaffham brought the Bible for the
evening prayer, and the words of the comforting Psalm stayed all
other words; and when they ceased there was peace.
But Jane was grieved in her very heart. The evening promising
so much had been spoiled; for love in such an unhappy atmosphere
could find no opportunities. Yet in the short tremulous "good-night"
which followed, Jane both remembered and foresaw; remembered
the sweet glances and the refluent waves of sweet smiles which
through all shadowings had drawn Love deep into her heart; and
foresaw, beyond all obstacles and peradventures, what possible joy
might be waiting in the future. And swift as thought the delicate love
lines of her mouth grew bright with expectation, and the clasp of
Neville's hand thrilled to her warm heart, and her soul blessed Love
and Hope, and sheltered itself in the sunshine of their imperishable
land.
 Neville had asked to be called early, and before daybreak he
came into the parlour ready for his journey. Some broiled beef, a
manchet of white bread, and a black jack of spiced ale, stirred with a
rosemary branch, was waiting for him; and Mrs. Swaffham and Jane
sat at his side while he eat and drank. He spoke regretfully of his
temper on the previous night, and left a message of apology for
Lady Matilda de Wick, adding to it his sorrow, "not to be so favoured
as to make his excuses in person."
"Matilda will sleep for three hours yet," said Mrs. Swaffham,
"and I will be glad if she has that much comfort, for she frets her
heart away when she is awake."
Then they stood up, for Neville's horse came clattering to the
door. He clasped Jane's hand as it hung by her side, and they walked
thus to the threshold. Snow was falling; the steps were white with it,
and the east wind blew it gently in their faces. Mrs. Swaffham
laughed and drew her shawl over her head, and Neville laughed
also, and with a cheerful word, leaped to his saddle, his dark figure
growing more and more phantom-like through the dim dawn and the
white veil of the snow. At the gate he wheeled his horse, and,
saluting them, vanished into the gray obscurity, which made all
things as if they were not.
"The storm will grow worse, I fear," said Jane as they turned
into the house.
"More like than not," answered Mrs. Swaffham; "but he is a
dauntless youth, and nothing but good will come to him. Where
goes he to-day?"
"As far as he can go. He is in haste to reach Edinburgh, for
there is fresh news of rebels from Ireland landing on the Scotch
coast. He showed me this report in a copy of the news-letter called
The Scottish Dove."
"A badly named news-letter, Jane; the Scotch are never for
peace."
"It is intended for a peace paper, mother."
"They are confused in their minds concerning peace. What did it
say?"
"That ten ships were leaving Bristol to bring men from Ireland
to help Charles Stuart against Cromwell. The Dove asserts, 'the
Scotch are ready for speedy action, if God permit, and if advance
money be forthcoming;'" and Jane laughed scornfully at the saving
clause.
"He did not say much of the Cromwells. I'll warrant, they will
forget you in their rising state."
"Far away from it. Mary and Frances sent me many good words,
and they are very persuasive with me to come to London and share
their state."
"You cannot go just yet, Jane. Your father is opposed to it, until
General Cromwell returns there. Then, if it so please God, we shall
all go—at least for a season."
"But when will Cromwell return there?"
"God has set a time for all events, Jane. We must wait for it.
What think you of Matilda?"
"That she is in trouble greater than we know. She shuts in her
words, but I think that something is about to happen."
"Anything may happen with Cromwell in Scotland, and the
Parliament carrying things with such a high hand. But see, Jane, we
must be after our own concerns. Servants, men and women, are
getting beyond all belief; they do such barefaced things as never
was. The week's butter is gone already, and when I spoke to Debby,
she wiped her saucy mouth and, like the fox in the fable, 'thanked
God she wasn't a thief.'"
Then the mother and daughter separated, and Jane went to her
friend's room. She was languidly brushing out her long black hair,
and Jane tried to kiss a smile into her melancholy face. And as she
lifted her head, she had a momentary glance at a beautiful miniature
lying upon the dressing-table. The face was that of a youth with
flowing locks and a falling collar of lace; but Jane was too
honourable to let her eyes rest consciously upon what was evidently
hid from her. For in that same moment, Matilda moved her ribbons
and kerchief in a hurried way, contriving in so doing, to cover the
picture. Then she assumed her usual manner and asked,
"Is Lord Neville still angry at me? I suppose if I had remained
with him, he would have eaten me by this time."
"He was very sorry for his show of temper, and would fain have
made some apologies to you."
"Then he has gone? Well, it is not worth my while saying I am
sorry for it."
"He set off early this morning."
"And so gave me the slip."
"Oh, no! He had important news for General Cromwell, and
would push on at his utmost."
"Yet staying awhile at every decent Puritan dwelling, and
making love to their sweet daughters."
"Do not be ill-natured, Matilda. He had letters from my father
and brothers, and also from Mary and Frances Cromwell to deliver,
or he had not stopped at Swaffham."
"Oh, Jane, Jane! I pray your pardon! It must be easy now to
forgive me, I keep you so well in practice. In truth, I am a wretched
girl, this morning. I have been dreaming of calamities, and my
speech is too small for my heart. And this young lord with his
adoration of Cromwell and his familiar talk of 'the ladies Mary and
Frances' angered me, for I thought of the days when the Lord
General was plain 'Mr. Cromwell,' and we were, both of us, in love
with young Harry Cromwell."
"Was I in love with Harry Cromwell? If so, I have forgotten it."
"You were in love with Harry Cromwell—or you thought so—and
so was I. Do you remember his teaching us how to skate? What
spirits we all had then! How handsome he was! How strong! How
good-natured! I hear now that he is all for Dorothy Osborne, and
has had some Irish hounds sent her, and seal rings, and I know not
what other tokens. And Mistress Dorothy is a royalist—that is one
good thing about her. Very soon this lucky Cromwell family will coax
you to London to see all their glory, and I shall be left in de Wick
with no better company than a clock; for my father speaks to me
about once an hour, and the Chaplain not at all, unless to reprove
me."
"But you shall come to London also."
"Do you think so ill of me as to believe I would leave my father
in the loneliness of de Wick? And you know if he went to London he
would be watched day and night, and though he were white as
innocence about the King, some one would make him as black as
Satan."
 "Look now, Matilda, I will myself see Cromwell as soon as he is
in London. I will say to him, 'My dear Lord and General, I have a
favour to ask;' and he will kiss me and answer, 'What is it, little
Jane?' and I will tell him that I want my friend, Matilda de Wick, and
that she will not leave her father alone; and that will go right down
into his tender heart, to the very soul of him, and he will say—
perhaps with tears in his eyes—'She is a good girl, and I loved her
father, and he stood by me once against the elder Charles Stuart and
the Star Chamber. Yes he did, and I will leave de Wick in charge of
his own honour, and I will give his daughter my name to shield them
both. I will, surely.' Such words as this, good Cromwell will say. I
know it."
"Oh, Jane, dear Jane, if I had to give a reason for loving you,
what could I say for myself? If you can indeed do this thing for me,
how glad I shall be!" And she stood up and kissed her friend, and in
a little while they went downstairs together, and Matilda had some
boiled milk and bread and a slice of venison. Then she asked Mrs.
Swaffham to let her have a coach to go home in.
"For it is so near Christmas," she said, "that snow, or no snow, I
must go to de Wick. Audrey was making the Nativity Pie when I left
home, and it is that we may remember my brave dead brothers and
my sweet mother as we eat it. Then we shall talk of them and of the
happy Christmas days gone by, and afterwards go away and pray for
their remembrance and blessedness."
"My dear," said Mrs. Swaffham solemnly, "the dead are with
God. There is no need to pray for them."
"It comforts my heart to ask God that they may remember me. I
think surely He will do so. He must know how we feel at Christmas.
He must hear our sad talk of them, and see our tears, and He has
not forbid us anywhere in the Bible to come to Him about our dead,
any more than about our living. Father Sacy says I may confidently
go to Him; that He will be pleased that I still remember. And as I do
not forget them, they will not forget me. In God's very presence they
may pray for me."
Mrs. Swaffham kissed her for answer, and they sent her away
with such confidence of good-will and coming happiness that the girl
almost believed days might be hers in the future as full of joy as
days in the past had been.
"She has a true heart," said Mrs. Swaffham as they watched the
coach disappear; and Jane answered,
"Yes, she has a true heart; and when we go to London the de
Wicks must go also. Mother, I think she has yet a tender fancy for
Harry Cromwell—it might be." But Mrs. Swaffham shook her head,
and Jane remembered the miniature, and all day long at intervals
wondered whose the pictured face was. And the snow fell faster and
thicker for many days, and all the narrow ways and lanes were
strangled with it. Mrs. Swaffham constantly spoke of Neville, and
wondered if it were possible for him to make his way north, until one
night, more than a week after his visit, she suddenly said,
"Jane, I have a strong belief that Lord Neville has reached
Edinburgh;" and Jane smiled brightly back as she answered, "I have
the same assurance, mother." And this pulse of prescience, this flash
and flow of thought and feeling was no marvel at all to their faithful
souls.
"I did not fear for him, he is not a man to miss his mark," said
Mrs. Swaffham.
 "And we must remember this, also, mother, that God takes
hands with good men."
"To be sure, Jane, it is all right; and now I must look after the
house a little." So saying she went away softly repeating a verse
from her favourite Psalm, thus suffusing with serene and sacred
glow the plainest duties of her daily life.
After this visit, it was cold winter weather, and Cluny Neville
came no more until the pale windy spring was over the land. And
this visit was so short that Mrs. Swaffham, who had gone to Ely, did
not see him at all. For he merely rested while a fresh horse was
prepared for him, eating a little bread and meat almost from Jane's
hand as he waited. Yet in that half-hour's stress and hurry, Love
overleaped a space that had not been taken without it; for as he
stood with one hand on his saddle, ready to leap into it, Jane
trembling and pale at his side, he saw unshed tears in her eyes and
felt the unspoken love on her lips, and as he clasped her hand his
heart sprang to his tongue, and he said with a passionate
tenderness,
"Farewell, Jane! Darling Jane!"—then, afraid of his own temerity,
he was away ere he could see the wonder and joy called into her
face by the sweet familiar words.
 "When he came again it was harvest time."

When he came again, it was harvest time; the reapers were in

the wheat-fields, and as he neared Swaffham he saw Jane standing
among the bound sheaves, serving the men and women with meat
and drink. For though the day was nearly over, the full moon had
risen, and the labourers were going to finish their work by its light.
He tied his horse at the gate and went to her side, and oh, how fair
and sweet he found her! Never had she looked, never had any
woman looked in his eyes, so enthralling. In her simple dress with its
snow-white lawn bodice and apron, surrounded by the reapers
whom she was serving, she looked like some rural goddess, though
Neville thought rather of some Judean damsel in the fields of
Bethlehem. Her little white hood had fallen backwards, and the
twilight and the moonlight upon her gathered tresses made of them
a kind of glory. The charm of the quiet moon was over all; there was
no noise, indeed rather a pastoral melancholy with a gentle ripple of
talk threading it about ploughing and sowing and rural affairs.
In a short time the men and women scattered to their work,
and Cluny, turning his bright face to Jane's, took both her hands in
his and said with eager delight,
"Dear Jane! Darling Jane! Oh, how I love you!"
The words came without intent. He caught his breath with fear
when he realised his presumption, for Jane stood silent and
trembling, and he did not at first understand that it was for joy
which she hardly comprehended and did not at once know how to
express. But the heart is a ready scholar when love teaches, and as
they slowly passed through the fields of yellow fulness, finding their
happy way among the standing sheaves, Jane heard and understood
that heavenly tale which Cluny knew so well how to tell her. The
moon's face, warm and passionate, shed her tender influence over
them, and their hearts grew great and loving in it. For this one hour
the bewitching moonlight of The Midsummer Night's Dream was
theirs, and they did well to linger in it, and to fill their souls with its
wondrous radiance. None just as heavenly would ever shine for
them again; never again, oh, surely never again, would they thread
the warm, sweet harvest fields, and feel so little below the angels!
Not until they reached Swaffham did they remember that they
two were not the whole round world. But words of care and wonder
and eager inquiry about war, and rumour of war, soon broke the
heavenly trance of feeling in which they had found an hour of
Paradise. Mrs. Swaffham was exceedingly anxious. The country was
full of frightsome expectations. Reports of Charles Stuart's invasion
of England were hourly growing more positive. Armed men were
constantly passing northward, and no one could accurately tell what
forces they would have to meet. It was said that Charles had not
only the Highland Clans, but also Irish, French and Italian
mercenaries; and that foreign troops had received commissions to
sack English towns and villages, in order to place a popish king upon
the throne. For there were not any doubts as to Charles Stuart's
religious predilections. His taking of the Covenant was known to be a
farce, at which he privately laughed, and the most lenient judged
him a Protestant, lined through and through with Popery.
So the blissful truce was over, and Jane and Cluny were part of
the weary, warring, working world again. Cluny knew nothing which
could allay fear. He had just come from London, and he said—"The
city is almost in panic; many are even suspecting the fidelity of
Cromwell, and asking why he has permitted Charles Stuart to escape
his army. And yet Cromwell sent by me a letter urging Parliament to
get such forces as they had in readiness to give the enemy some
check until he should be able to reach up to him. And still he added,
as the last words, that trust in the Lord which is his constant battle-
cry. How can England fear with such a General to lead her army?"
"And what of the General's family?" asked Mrs. Swaffham, "are
they not afraid?"
"They are concerned and anxious, but not fearful. Indeed, the
old Lady Cromwell astonished me beyond words. She smiled at the
panic in the city, and said 'It is the beginning of triumph.' And when
madame, the General's wife, spoke sharply, being in a heart-pain of
loving care, she answered her daughter-in-law with sweet
forbearance in words I cannot forget: 'Elizabeth, I know from a sure
word the ground of my confidence. I have seen, I have heard. Rest
on my assurance, and until triumph comes, retire to Him who is a
sure hiding-place.' And the light on her aged face was wonderful;
she was like one waiting for a great joy, restless at times, and going
to the windows of her room as if impatient for its arrival. I count it a
mercy and a privilege to have seen her faith in God, and in her great
son. It is the substance of the thing we hope for, the evidence of
what we shall all yet see," he cried in a tone of exaltation. "And now
give me a strong, fresh horse; I will ride all night! Oh, that I were at
great Cromwell's side! Charles Stuart has entered England, but
Cromwell's dash and sweep after him will be something for men and
angels to see! Not for my life would I miss it."
"Where do you expect to find Cromwell?"
"I left him at Queensferry in Fife, cutting off the enemy's victual.
This would force the Stuart either to fight or go southward, for he
has completely exhausted the North, and it seems he has taken the
south road. But it is incredible that this move is either unexpected or
unwelcome to our General. Once before, he put himself between
England and the Scots, and 'how God succoured,' that is not well to
be forgotten. Those were his words, and you will notice, that it is
'how God succoured,' not how Cromwell succeeded. With him it is
always, The Lord strong and mighty, the Lord mighty in battle;" and
Cluny's voice rose and his words rang out sharply to the clatter of
the horse's hoofs on the stone pavement.
 Then he turned to Jane. "Darling Jane! My Jane!" and kissing
her, he said boldly to Mrs. Swaffham, "I ask your favour, madame.
Jane has this hour promised to be my wife."
"Jane has then been very forward," answered Mrs. Swaffham
with annoyance, "and both of you very selfish and thoughtless.
While your mother England's heart is at her lips, in this dread
extremity, you two must needs talk of love and marrying. I am
grieved. And Jane's father has not been spoken to, and he is first of
all. I can say neither yea nor nay in the matter."
"But you will surely speak for us. Give me a kind word,
madame, ere I go." And she could not resist the youth's beauty and
sweet nature, nor yet the thought in her heart that it might perhaps
be his last request. If he should be slain in battle, and she had
refused the kind word, what excuse would quiet her self-reproach?
Then she looked kindly at him, and the thought of the young prince
David going out to meet the uncircumcised Philistine who had defied
the armies of the living God, came into her heart; and she drew
down his face to hers and kissed and blessed him, saying, as Saul
said to David, "Go, and the Lord be with thee."
Then he leaped into the saddle, and the horse caught his
impatience and shared his martial passion, and with a loud neigh
went flying over the land. Silently the two women watched the dark
figure grow more and more indistinct in the soft, mysterious
moonshine, until at length it was a mere shadow that blended with
the indistinctness of the horizon.
"Thank you, dear mother," said Jane softly, and the mother
answered, "In these times who dare say good-bye in anger? But let
me tell you, Jane, you cannot now think of yourself first. England is
at the sword's point; your father and brothers are living on a battle-
field; your lover is only one of thousands fighting for the truth and
the right, and his life is England's before it is yours. God and country
must be served first, eh, my dear?"
"Yes, mother. First and best of all."
"When Neville has done his duty, he will come for you. He can
no more bear to live without you than without his eyes. I see that."
Before Jane could reply, they heard the men and women coming
from the harvesting. They were singing as they trailed homeward,
their harsh, drawling voices in the night's silence sounding tired and
pathetic and bare of melody. Jane slipped away to the music in her
own heart, closing within herself that Love whose growth had been
sweet and silent as the birth of roses.

CHAPTER V
SHEATHED SWORDS

"The peaceful cities

Lulled in their ease and undisturbed before are all on
fire.
The thick battalions move in dreadful form
As lowering clouds advance before a storm;
Thick smoke obscures the field, and scarce are seen,
The neighing coursers and the shouting men;
In distance of their darts they stop their course,
 Then man to man they rush, and horse to horse.
The face of heaven their flying javelins hide
And deaths unseen are dealt on every side.
. . . . . . . . . the fields are strewed
With fallen bodies, and are drunk with blood."

It will be well now to recall the positions which Charles Stuart and
Cromwell, with their armies, occupied. The royalist defeat at Dunbar
occurred on September the third, A.D. 1650, and Charles, after it,
sought shelter in the fortress of Stirling Castle, where he remained
until he went to Perth. Here, on January the first, 1651, he was
crowned King of Scotland, and then he assumed the command of
Captain-General of the Scotch forces, having under him the Duke of
Hamilton and David Leslie. At this time the Scotch army had become
purely royal and malignant, the Kirk having done its part had retired,
leaving the King to manage his own affairs. During the winter, which
was long and severe, Charles and his army could do nothing; but
when fine weather came and they understood that Cromwell would
march to Perth, the Scotch army went southward, fortifying itself on
the famous Torwood Hill, between Stirling and Falkirk.
This long winter had been one of great suffering to General
Cromwell. After making himself master of the whole country south of
Forth and Clyde, he had a severe illness, and lay often at the point
of death. In the month of May two physicians were sent by
Parliament from London to Edinburgh to attend him, but ere they
arrived, the Lord Himself had been his physician and said unto him,
Live! He took the field in June, throwing the main part of his army
into Fife, in order to cut off the enemy's victual. This move forced
the hand of Charles Stuart. His army was in mutiny for want of
provisions, the North country was already drained, he durst not risk
a battle—but the road into England was clear.
Cromwell himself had gone northward to Perth, and on the
second of August he took possession of that city; but while entering
it was told that Charles Stuart, with fourteen thousand men, had
suddenly left Stirling and was marching towards England. Cromwell
was neither surprised nor alarmed; perhaps, indeed, he had
deliberately opened the way for this move by going northward to
Perth, and leaving the road to England open. At any rate, when
Charles reached the border he found Harrison with a strong body of
horse waiting for him, while Fleetwood with his Yorkshiremen lay
heavy on his left flank, and Lambert with all the English cavalry was
jogging on, pressing close the rear of his army. For in Lambert's ears
was ringing night and day Cromwell's charge to him,—
"Use utmost diligence! With the rest of the horse and men I am
hastening up, and by the Lord's help, I shall be in good time."
Charles had taken the western road by Carlisle, and it was
thought he would make for London. He went at a flying speed past
York, Nottingham, Coventry, until he reached the borders of
Shropshire, summoning every town he passed, but hardly waiting for
the thundering negatives that answered his challenge; for the swift,
steady tramp of Cromwell's pursuit was daily drawing nearer and
nearer. Reaching Shrewsbury, he found the gates shut against him,
and his men were so disheartened that the King with cap in hand
entreated them "yet a little longer to stick to him." For all his hopes
and promises had failed, there had been no rising in his favour, no
surrender of walled towns, and the roads between Shrewsbury and
London were bristling with gathering militia. So Charles turned
westward to Worcester, a city reported to be loyal, where he was
received with every show of honour and affection. Here he set up his
standard on the ill-omened twenty-second of August, the very day
nine years previous, on which his father had planted his unfortunate
standard at Nottingham.
Meanwhile Cromwell was following Charles with a steady
swiftness that had something fateful in it. He had taken Perth on the
second of August; he left it with ten thousand men on the third; he
was on the border by the eighth; he was at Warwick on the twenty-
fourth, where he was immediately joined by Harrison, Fleetwood and
Lambert. Such swiftness and precision must have been prearranged,
either by Cromwell or by Destiny. It was to be the last battle of the
Civil War, and Cromwell knew it, for he had beyond the lot of mortals
that wondrous insight, that prescience, which, like the scabbard of
the sword Excalibur, was more than the blade itself—the hilt armed
with eyes. There was in his soul, even at Perth, the assurance of
Victory, and as he passed through the towns and villages of England,
men would not be restrained. They threw down the sickle and the
spade in the field, the hammer in the forge, the plane at the bench,
and catching hold of the stirrups of the riders, ran with them to the
halting-place. Cromwell had no need to beg Englishmen yet a little
longer to stick to him. His form of rugged grandeur, the majesty and
fierceness of his face, and his air of invincible strength and purpose,
said to all, This is the Pathfinder of your English Freedom! Follow
Him! The man was a magnet, and drew men to him; he looked at
them, and they fell into his ranks; he rode singing of Victory at their
head, and women knelt on the streets and by the roadside to pray
for the success of those going up "For the help of the Lord, and for
England." This battle call, ringing from men at full spur, was taken
up even by the old crones and little children, and their shrill trebles
were added to the mighty shouting of strong men, whose heroic
hands were already tightly closed upon their sword-hilts. So, with his
ten thousand troops augmented to thirty thousand, he reached
Warwick, and making his headquarters at the pretty village of
Keynton near by, he gave his men time to draw breath, and called a
council of war.
Cromwell was now on the very ground where the first battle of
the Civil War had been fought. Nine years previous the Puritan camp
had lain at Keynton with the banner of Charles the First waving in
their sight from the top of Edgehill. Outside the village there was a
large farmhouse, its red tiled roof showing through the laden
orchard trees; and the woman dwelling there gladly welcomed
Cromwell to rest and comfort.
"All my sons are with General Harrison," she said; "and I have
not seen their faces for two years."
"Nevertheless, mistress," said Cromwell, "they shall keep
Harvest Home with you, and go out to fight no more, for the end of
the war is near at hand." He spoke with the fervour of a prophet,
but she had not faith to believe, and she answered—
"My Lord Cromwell, our Sword and our Saviour, their names are
Thanet, James, and John, and Dickson, and Will. Surely you have
heard of them, dead or alive?"
His keen eyes lost their fire and were instantly full of sadness as
he answered, "Oh, woman, why did you doubt? If they have fallen in
battle, truly they are well. Judge not otherwise. Your blood and your
sons' blood has not run to waste."
Two hours after this conversation, Cluny Neville lifted the latch
of the farm gate. He had heard reliably of Cromwell's pursuit of
Charles at Newcastle, and turning back southward, had followed him
as closely as the difficulty of getting horses in the wake of the army
permitted. He was weary and hungry, but he was at last near the
chief he adored. He gave himself a moment of anticipation at the
door of the room, and then he opened it. Cromwell was sitting at the
upper end of a long table. A rough map of the country around
Worcester lay before him, and Harrison, Lambert, Israel Swaffham,
and Lord Evesham were his companions. There were two tallow
candles on the table, and their light shone on the face of Cromwell.
At that moment it was full of melancholy. He seemed to be listening
to the noble fanaticism of Harrison, who was talking fervidly of the
coming of the Kingdom of Christ and the reign of the saints on
earth; but he saw in an instant the entrance of Neville, and with an
almost imperceptible movement commanded his approach.
Neville laid the letters of which he was the bearer before
Cromwell, and his large hand immediately covered them. "Is all
well?" he asked—and reading the answer in the youth's face, added,
"I thank God! What then of the city?"
"Its panic is beyond describing," answered Neville. "Parliament
is beside itself; even Bradshaw is in great fear; there are surmises as
to your good faith, my lord, and the rumours and counter-rumours
are past all believing. London is manifestly with the Commonwealth,
and every man in it is looking to you and to the army for protection.
Some, indeed, I met who had lost heart, and who thought it better
that Charles Stuart should come back than that England should
become a graveyard fighting him."
"Such men are suckled slaves," said Lambert. "I would hang
them without word or warrant for it."
"Yea," said Cromwell; "for Freedom is dead in them. That's their
fault, it will not reach us. Thousands of Englishmen have died to
crown our England with Freedom; for Freedom is not Freedom
unless England be free." Here he rose to his feet, and the last rays
of the setting sun fell across the rapture and stern seriousness of his
face across his shining mail and his majestic soldierly figure. His eyes
blazed with spiritual exaltation, and flamed with human anger, as in
a voice, sharp and untunable, but ringing with passionate fervour, he
cried—
"I say to you, and truly I mean it, if England's Red Cross fly not
above free men, let it fall! Let it fall o'er land and sea forever! The
natural milk of Freedom, the wine and honey of Freedom, which
John Eliot and John Pym and John Hampden gave us to eat and to
drink, broke our shackles and made us strong to rise in the face of
forsworn kings and red-shod priests, devising our slavery. It did
indeed! And I tell you, for I know it, that with this milk of Freedom
England will yet feed all the nations of the world. She will! Only be
faithful, and here and now, God shall so witness for us that all men
must acknowledge it. For I do know that Charles Stuart, and the
men with him, shall be before us like dust on a turning wheel. We
shall have a victory like that of Saul over Nahash, and I know not of
any victory like to it, since the world began—Two of them—not left
together. Amen! But give me leave to say this: In the hour of victory
it were well for us to remember the mercy that was in Saul's heart,
'because that day, the Lord had wrought salvation in Israel.' From
here there are two courses open to us, a right one, and a wrong
one. What say you, Lambert?"
"London is the heart of the nation, and just now it is a faint
heart. I say it were well to turn our noses to London, and to let the
rogues know we are coming."
"What is your thought, Harrison?"
"Worcester is well defended," he answered musingly. "It has
Wales behind it. We cannot fight Charles Stuart till we compass the
city, and to do that, we must be on both sides of the river. Then
Charles could choose on which side he would fight, and we could not
come suddenly to help each other."
"What way look you, Israel?"
"The way of the enemy. I see that he is here. What hinders that
we fight him?"
"Fight him," said lord Evesham, "better now, than later."
"Fight him! That, I tell you, is my mind also," said Cromwell
striking the table with his clinched hand. "Some may judge
otherwise, but I think while we hold Charles Stuart safe, London is
safe also."
"Surely," said Lambert, "it may be more expedient to secure
Charles Stuart, but——"
"Expedient, expedient!" interrupted Cromwell. "Who can make a
conscience out of expediency? Expediency says, it may be;
Conscience says, it is. If Worcester were ten times as strong, I would
not hesitate. God has chosen this battle-field for us, as He chose
Dunbar; and because the place is strong, and because it is on both
sides the river, we will draw closer and closer our crescent of steel
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