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 Name:_______________________ CSCI 2490 C++ Programming
Armstrong Atlantic State University
(50 minutes) Instructor: Dr. Y. Daniel Liang

(Open book test, you can only bring the textbook)

Part I: Multiple Choice Questions:

1
12 quizzes for Chapter 7
1 If you declare an array double list[] = {3.4, 2.0, 3.5, 5.5}, list[1] is ________.

A. 3.4
B. undefined
C. 2.0
D. 5.5
E. 3.4
2 Are the following two declarations the same

char city[8] = "Dallas";

char city[] = "Dallas";

A. no
B. yes
3 Given the following two arrays:

char s1[] = {'a', 'b', 'c'};

char s2[] = "abc";

Which of the following statements is correct?

A. s2 has four characters

B. s1 has three characters
C. s1 has four characters
D. s2 has three characters
4 When you pass an array to a function, the function receives __________.

A. the length of the array

B. a copy of the array
C. the reference of the array
D. a copy of the first element
5 Are the following two declarations the same

char city[] = {'D', 'a', 'l', 'l', 'a', 's'};

char city[] = "Dallas";

1
A. yes
B. no
6 Suppose char city[7] = "Dallas"; what is the output of the following statement?

cout << city;

A. Dallas0
B. nothing printed
C. D
D. Dallas
7 Which of the following is incorrect?

A. int a(2);
B. int a[];
C. int a = new int[2];
D. int a() = new int[2];
E. int a[2];
8 Analyze the following code:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void reverse(int list[], const int size, int newList[])

{
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
newList[i] = list[size - 1 - i];
}

int main()
{
int list[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int newList[5];

reverse(list, 5, newList);
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
cout << newList[i] << " ";
}

A. The program displays 1 2 3 4 5 and then raises an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.

B. The program displays 1 2 3 4 6.
C. The program displays 5 4 3 2 1.
D. The program displays 5 4 3 2 1 and then raises an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.
9 (Tricky) What is the output of the following code:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

2
 int main()
{
int x[] = {120, 200, 16};
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
cout << x[i] << " ";
}

A. 200 120 16
B. 16 120 200
C. 120 200 16
D. 16 200 120
10 Which of the following statements is valid?

A. int i(30);
B. int i[4] = {3, 4, 3, 2};
C. int i[] = {3, 4, 3, 2};
D. double d[30];
E. int[] i = {3, 4, 3, 2};
11 Which of the following statements are true?

A. The array elements are initialized when an array is created.

B. The array size is fixed after it is created.
C. Every element in an array has the same type.
D. The array size used to declare an array must be a constant expression.
12 How many elements are in array double list[5]?

A. 5
B. 6
C. 0
D. 4

3 quizzes for Chapter 8

13 Which of the following function declaration is correct?

A. int f(int a[3][], int rowSize);

B. int f(int a[][], int rowSize, int columnSize);
C. int f(int a[][3], int rowSize);
D. int f(int[][] a, int rowSize, int columnSize);
14 What is the output of the following code?

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

3
 int main()
{
int matrix[4][4] =
{{1, 2, 3, 4},
{4, 5, 6, 7},
{8, 9, 10, 11},
{12, 13, 14, 15}};

int sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)

cout << matrix[i][1] << " ";

return 0;
}

A. 3 6 10 14
B. 1 3 8 12
C. 1 2 3 4
D. 4 5 6 7
E. 2 5 9 13
15
Which of the following statements are correct?

A. char charArray[2][2] = {{'a', 'b'}, {'c', 'd'}};

B. char charArray[][] = {{'a', 'b'}, {'c', 'd'}};
C. char charArray[][] = {'a', 'b'};
D. char charArray[2][] = {{'a', 'b'}, {'c', 'd'}};
Part II: Show the printout of the following code:

a. (2 pts)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void swap(int n1, int n2)

{
int temp = n1;
n1 = n2;
n2 = temp;
}

int main()
{
int a[] = {1, 2};
swap(a[0], a[1]);
cout << "a[0] = " << a[0] << " a[1] = " << a[1] << endl;

return 0;
}

4
b. (2 pts)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void swap(int a[])

{
int temp = a[0];
a[0] = a[1];
a[1] = temp;
}

int main()
{
int a[] = {1, 2};
swap(a);
cout << "a[0] = " << a[0] << " a[1] = " << a[1] << endl;

return 0;
}

c. (4 pts) Given the following program, show the values of the array
in the following figure:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int values[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++)
{
values[i] = i;
}

values[0] = values[1] + values[4];

return 0;
}

5
 After the last statement
After the array is After the first iteration After the loop is in the main method is
created in the loop is done completed executed

0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4

Part III:

Part III:

1. Write a function that finds the smallest element in an

array of integers using the following header:
double min(double array[], int size)

Write a test program that prompts the user to enter ten

numbers, invokes this function, and displays the minimum
value. Here is the sample run of the program:

<Output>

Enter ten numbers: 1.9 2.5 3.7 2 1.5 6 3 4 5 2

The minimum number is: 1.5

<End Output>

2. Write a function that counts the number of letters in

the string using the following header:
int countLetters(const char s[])

6
Write a test program that reads a C-string and displays the number of
letters in the string. Here is a sample run of the program:

<Output>

Enter a string: 2010 is coming

The number of letters in 2010 is coming is 8

<End Output>

7
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 CHAPTER XXIX
APRIL, MAY, JUNE 1918
Diary of the War
The Germans, finding that their advance was
being brought to a standstill in the direction of 1918
Amiens, turned their attention farther north, and
determined to threaten the Channel ports. On April 9 they began a
concentrated attack with nine divisions on the British and Portuguese
front between Armentières and La Bassée, and the fighting spread
to Messines. Bailleul and Wulverghem, amongst other places, fell,
and the Germans reached the Forest of Nieppe. Here they were
checked, and at the end of April the German effort had spent itself,
although Marshal Foch had been obliged to expend much of his
reserve. The Germans had suffered enormous losses, and, though
the German people rejoiced at the gain of territory, those who knew
the true state of affairs were alarmed at the extravagant expenditure
of men.
At the end of May Ludendorff determined to go straight for Paris,
and with twenty-five divisions overwhelmed the French between
Soissons and Rheims. This German onslaught continued with varying
success until it reached Château-Thierry. The stubborn resistance of
the French made any farther advance impossible, and, although the
battle still raged on a gigantic front, the Germans had to abandon
their intention of striking at Paris.
In April Naval raids on Zeebrugge and Ostend were made, and
two ships filled with concrete were successfully sunk at the entrance
of the Bruges Canal, while an obsolete submarine and two other
ships were blown up off the Mole at Ostend.
In Italy the Austrians began offensive operations on a large scale,
and crossed the Piave River, but the Italians, by a series of
counterattacks, regained the lost ground, and by the end of June
had driven back the Austrians with heavy loss across the river.

1st Batt.

The 1st Battalion

Roll of Officers

Lieut.-Colonel Viscount Gort, D.S.O., M.V.O., M.C. Commanding Officer.

Major C. H. Greville, D.S.O. Second in Command.
Capt. R. D. Lawford, M.C. Adjutant.
Lieut. R. F. W. Echlin Transport Officer.
2nd Lieut. E. G. Hawkesworth Intelligence Officer.
Capt. J. Teece, M.C. Quartermaster.
Capt. P. Malcolm King's Company.
Lieut. J. A. Lloyd " "
Lieut. L. G. Byng, M.C. " "
2nd Lieut. A. Ames " "
2nd Lieut. G. D. Neale " "
Capt. A. T. G. Rhodes No. 2 Company.
Lieut. A. A. Moller, M.C. " "
Lieut. P. G. Simmons, M.C. " "
2nd Lieut. S. J. Hargreaves " "
2nd Lieut. O. W. D. Smith " "
Capt. O. F. Stein, D.S.O. No. 3 Company.
Lieut. A. S. Chambers " "
2nd Lieut. W. A. Fleet " "
2nd Lieut. R. L. Webber " "
2nd Lieut. R. E. I. Holmes " "
Capt. R. Wolrige-Gordon, M.C. No. 4 Company.
Lieut. J. F. Tindal-Atkinson " "
Lieut. the Hon. P. P. Cary " "
Lieut. H. B. Vernon " "
Lieut. R. C. Bruce " "
2nd Lieut. G. E. A. A. Fitz-G. Hamilton " "
 Lieut. W. B. Evans, U.S.M.O.R.C. Medical Officer.

After the very strenuous days at the end of April.

March, when the German attacks were successfully
repelled, the 1st Battalion remained in the front line for two days,
but whether the enemy considered it wiser to try some other parts
of the line, or whether they were merely waiting for reinforcements,
they showed very little signs of life. A heavy bombardment, directed
against the Canadians on the left, which was vigorously responded
to, seemed to indicate an attack in that direction, but by the time
the 1st Battalion was relieved no move on the part of the enemy had
taken place. After two days' rest at Blaireville the 1st Battalion
returned to the trenches at Boisleux-au-Mont, where the line was
singularly quiet. Early on the 5th a desultory bombardment
commenced on our front line, but only with shells of light calibre.
Later the railway station came under fire from the heavy guns, but
by 9 A.M. all was quiet again, and no more shells were sent over by
the enemy that day. Although infinite trouble had been taken to
conceal Battalion Headquarters, a big flight of hostile aeroplanes
flying low was able to locate it, and the enemy made some very
accurate shooting. On the 8th the enemy began a gas
bombardment, and obtained several direct hits on the entrance to
the Battalion Headquarters dug-out and on two Lewis-gun posts. A
new gas containing ether, which gave off little or no smell, was used
by the enemy, and accounted for a large number of the Battalion
Staff. After two more days' rest at Blaireville, the 1st Battalion
returned to the trenches, where, although the shelling was light, the
enemy's aircraft was very active, often flying low and firing into the
trenches. Patrols were sent out along the whole frontage on the
night of the 11th, and one under Second Lieutenant R. Holmes and
Sergeant Brown failed to return. Little, however, was seen of the
enemy, although a wiring party was encountered once, and another
time the Germans could be heard demolishing a hut near the main
Arras—Bapaume road. The next day the enemy occasionally fired
with the Minenwerfer, but there was no shelling to speak of. In the
evening Lieutenant R. Holmes and his patrol returned, having been
cut off on the previous night by very strong parties of the enemy.
Finding they were unable to regain our lines, they hid in shell-holes
throughout the day, and took advantage of the darkness when night
came to get back. On the 14th, when the usual patrols went out,
Second Lieutenant W. Fleet took out a strong party to visit a German
machine-gun post, which had come under the observation of a
patrol on the previous night. Approaching it with caution, he found
that it was unoccupied, but a German rifle, which he brought back,
seemed to show that the enemy had been there lately. Four escaped
British prisoners, who had been captured on the 21st, re-entered our
lines near the sunken road; they belonged to the Sixth Division. The
1st Battalion went for ten days' rest to Barly until the 24th, when
they marched to Bienvillers-au-Bois on their way to the trenches.
Lieutenant Tindal-Atkinson and Second Lieutenant Paget-Cooke, who
had just arrived to join the Battalion, were wounded by a shell that
fell in No. 4 Company Mess. On the night of the 27th the 1st
Battalion returned to the front line of trenches, but the Germans
were singularly inactive except for occasional bursts of shell-fire. The
patrols that were sent out failed to encounter any German parties,
but one discovered that Calcutta Trench had been recently occupied
by the enemy. Signs of its recent occupation were found in the
shape of fresh bombs, rifles, etc., and a corporal's greatcoat proved
that the occupants had belonged to the 453rd Regiment. Traces of
German occupation could be seen all over the ground, but the most
recent was the line of newly dug posts about 80 yards west of the
Ablainzeville—Ayette road. The enemy evidently occupied an
advanced picket line, as individual heads could be seen on the low
ground, and the rapidity with which his light machine-guns and
snipers opened fire from various points confirmed this surmise. On
the 29th the enemy still remained inactive, and never engaged any
targets which offered themselves. In the evening snipers were sent
out from our lines to positions, where they could observe and
engage any movement on the part of the enemy, who could be seen
advancing in groups of two to occupy shell-slits. Parties were
dribbled forward by the King's and No. 2 Companies, and told to
occupy any empty enemy-slits, to check any advance of the enemy.
These moves and countermoves continued up to 9 p.m., when Lord
Gort decided to withdraw all the advanced posts, and patrols
continued to reconnoitre throughout the night.
The enemy's attitude during May was purely
defensive, and except for two half-hearted raids he May.
showed no inclination to come west of the line of
the Ablainzeville—Ayette road. The Germans apparently were
occupying an outpost line from Ablainzeville to Ayette, with a shell-
hole line in rear and a line of resistance again behind that, and the
situation depended very much on what was going on in other parts
of the line: if the enemy succeeded in driving back the troops to the
north and south, a retirement would become necessary, even
without any movement of the hostile troops in front.
During the whole month the 1st Battalion remained either in the
front trenches or in reserve. When in the trenches one and a half
Companies held the front line, and one and a half Companies were
in support, with one Company in reserve. On the days they became
the Reserve Battalion, they were simply targets for the German
artillery; every day there were casualties, and the number of men
killed, wounded, and gassed amounted to a good many during the
month. On some days the enemy activity was very slight, and on
others the shelling would become intense. Patrols under officers
were sent out every night, and the information gained varied.
Occasionally bodies of Germans would be reported, moving about
and talking, but when no attack developed such movements ceased
to have any significance. The back areas were shelled with gas-
shells daily, and so it happened that the casualties, when the
Battalion was in reserve, were often greater than when it was in the
front line. On the 17th the area occupied by the 1st Battalion was
subjected to a severe bombing by aircraft; Second Lieutenant W. A.
Fleet and Second Lieutenant G. E. A. A. Fitz-George Hamilton were
killed, and Second Lieutenant S. J. Hargreaves and Second
Lieutenant G. D. Neale were seriously wounded. The two latter
never recovered from the wounds they received, and died the next
day. The loss of these four keen young officers was deeply felt by
the whole Battalion. At the same time Sergeant Robshaw and Lance-
Sergeant Nicholson, the Lewis-gun instructors, were wounded and
buried by the walls of a house, which were blown in by a bomb on
the top of them. On the 20th the Cojeul Valley was bombarded with
gas-shells, and Captain O. Stein, Second Lieutenant R. Holmes, and
Second Lieutenant C. Brutton were gassed. A few days of rain and
mist were welcomed by every one, since it made observation
impossible, and therefore the enemy's artillery had to content itself
with a small amount of inaccurate shelling. On the 24th Second
Lieutenant O. W. D. Smith was seriously wounded by a shell. On the
28th a German propaganda balloon was shot down near Quesnoy
Farm; it contained copies of the Gazette des Ardennes, a French
newspaper, edited by the Germans. Although enemy transport
activity could be often distinctly heard, the impending offensive
never developed.
Much the same programme was followed at the
beginning of June, and without any definite June.
movement the enemy continued to bombard both
the front trenches and the back area. On the 5th the Germans were
located by a patrol, working on the road, and Stokes mortars were
turned on to them, with the result that Véry lights went up in quick
succession, no doubt an appeal for assistance. The guns on both
sides were continually busy both day and night, and a great many
shells of various sorts must have been fired. On the 8th the Battalion
retired for a rest to Barly, where it remained until the end of the
month.

2nd Batt.

The 2nd Battalion

Roll of Officers

Lieut.-Colonel G. E. C. Rasch, D.S.O. Commanding Officer.

Major the Hon. W. R. Bailey, D.S.O. Second in Command.
Capt. A. H. Penn Adjutant.
 Lieut. R. G. Briscoe, M.C. Assistant Adjutant.
Hon. Capt. W. E. Acraman, M.C., D.C.M. Quartermaster.
Lieut. G. G. M. Vereker, M.C. Transport Officer.
Capt. F. A. M. Browning, D.S.O. No. 1 Company.
Lieut. A. W. Acland, M.C. " "
Lieut. the Hon. H. F. P. Lubbock " "
2nd Lieut. J. S. Carter " "
2nd Lieut. G. F. Lawrence " "
2nd Lieut. R. C. M. Bevan " "
Capt. O. Martin Smith No. 2 Company.
Lieut. R. H. R. Palmer " "
Lieut. W. H. S. Dent " "
2nd Lieut. C. A. Fitch " "
Lieut. A. C. Knollys " "
Lieut. S. T. S. Clarke, M.C. No. 3 Company.
2nd Lieut. H. White " "
2nd Lieut. the Hon. S. A. S. Montagu " "
2nd Lieut. R. T. Sharpe " "
Capt. G. C. Fitz-H. Harcourt-Vernon, D.S.O. No. 4 Company.
Lieut. R. A. W. Bicknell, M.C. " "
Lieut. F. H. J. Drummond, M.C. " "
Lieut. F. P. Loftus " "
2nd Lieut. P. V. Pelly " "
2nd Lieut. J. A. Paton " "
Capt. the Rev. and Hon. C. F. Lyttelton Chaplain.
Lieut. L. J. Early Medical Officer.

On the night of April 3 the Thirty-second Division April.

captured Ayette, which considerably eased the
situation on the right flank of the Guards Division. The 2nd Battalion
went up into the line, and found the trenches very wet. On the 4th,
during a heavy shelling, which was entirely directed against No. 1
Company on the right, Lieutenant the Hon. H. F. P. Lubbock was
killed by a shell which pitched in the trench.
 This was a great loss to the Battalion, for he was an officer of
sound judgment, who did not know what fear was. Corporal Teague,
M.M., was killed at the same time, and 6 men were wounded. The
7th and 8th were spent in a camp behind Blaireville and Heudecourt,
when Lieutenant F. H. J. Drummond and Second Lieutenant G. F.
Lawrence joined. After two more days in the trenches the 2nd
Battalion retired to Saulty, where they remained training till the 24th.
On the 14th Second Lieutenant J. A. Paton and Second Lieutenant C.
A. Fitch arrived from the Reinforcement Battalion, and on the 20th
Second Lieutenant C. Gwyer joined.
On the 24th the 2nd Battalion proceeded in buses to Bienvillers-
au-Bois, to relieve the 15th Battalion Highland Light Infantry, in
reserve west of Douchy-les-Ayette. Two companies were billeted in
the old German line just west of Monchy-au-Bois, and the remainder
were in trenches between Douchy-les-Ayette and Monchy. The
following day the Battalion moved up into the front line on the
eastern outskirts of Ayette, and found everything very quiet. The
explanation seemed to be that the Germans were thinning out their
troops in this district, in order to increase their forces available for
the thrust forward north on the night of the 29th. Second Lieutenant
C. A. Fitch, who had gone out with a patrol to reconnoitre the
German lines, was wounded in the head and right arm by a bomb
thrown from a German post.
The same routine was carried out all during May:
five days in the front line with inter-company relief, May.
followed by two days in reserve at Monchy-au-Bois.
On the 4th an American Company Commander and three N.C.O.'s
were attached to the 2nd Battalion under instruction. In order to
ensure that the junior officers were proficient in technical subjects,
special lectures were given by Officers from different branches of the
service, and were attended by Officers and N.C.O.'s of the Battalion
when it was in reserve. On the 11th Lieutenant J. C. Cornforth
arrived, and on the 19th Lieutenant C. A. Gordon and Lieutenant H.
A. Finch joined the Battalion. On the 22nd, during a heavy
bombardment which was directed on the front line, Lieutenant A. W.
Acland, M.C., was wounded, and almost every day there were
casualties amongst other ranks. The exact spot the enemy would
select for their next thrust was naturally not known, and a
determined attack was expected daily, but except for intense shelling
the enemy showed no signs of life. On the 27th the shelling
increased, and the enemy aircraft became very active, with the
result that there were 9 men killed and 8 wounded.
The first week in June was spent by the 2nd
Battalion in the front line, where the shells June.
continued to fall with monotonous regularity. On the
3rd Lieutenant R. M. Oliver joined the Battalion. On the 6th, after a
relief, rendered difficult by the enemy's barrage, which had been put
down on the tracks leading to the trenches, the 2nd Battalion
proceeded to Saulty, where they were billeted in the village and the
Château grounds. There they remained till the end of the month,
training, carrying out tactical schemes, and learning the latest
developments in bombing. Colonel Rasch organised a platoon
competition in the following: bomb-throwing, rifle-bombing,
message-carrying by platoon runners, stretcher-bearer competitions,
bayonet-fighting, Lewis-gunnery, musketry, tactical scheme and drill.
The tactical scheme was judged by the two other Commanding
Officers in the Brigade, and the drill by the three Regimental
Sergeant-Majors. No. 7 Platoon, under Lieutenant Palmer, was the
winner; No. 16 Platoon, under Sergeant Taylor, second; and No. 4
Platoon, under Second Lieutenant Bevan, third. At the Divisional
Horse Show, which took place on the 22nd, the 2nd Battalion won
Major-General Feilding's Cup, and Lieutenant G. Vereker, the
Transport Officer, was congratulated on his horses having proved
themselves the best in the Division. On the 23rd Lieutenant N. McK.
Jesper, Lieutenant L. St. L. Hermon-Hodge, and Second Lieutenant F.
J. Langley rejoined the Battalion, and in the absence of Colonel
Rasch, who had gone temporarily to command the Brigade, Captain
Harcourt-Vernon took over the command of the Battalion. On the
29th a Guard of Honour for H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught, under
the command of Captain Browning, went in buses to the Third Army
Headquarters at Hesdin, where their smart appearance created a
great impression. Onlookers refused to believe that the men had just
come out of the line, and maintained that they had been sent out
from England for the purpose. The following day, the Army
Commander, General Sir Julian Byng, in a message addressed to the
Division, expressed the satisfaction at their smart appearance, and
added that their turn-out and bearing, their marching and handling
of arms, were beyond all criticism.

3rd Batt.

The 3rd Battalion

Roll of Officers

Lieut.-Colonel A. F. A. N. Thorne, D.S.O. Commanding Officer.

Major R. H. V. Cavendish, M.V.O. Second in Command.
Capt. the Hon. A. G. Agar-Robartes, M.C. Adjutant.
Lieut. E. G. A. Fitzgerald, D.S.O. Assistant Adjutant.
Lieut. F. J. Heasman Transport Officer.
Capt. G. H. Wall Quartermaster.
Capt. A. F. R. Wiggins No. 1 Company.
Lieut. A. G. Elliott " "
2nd Lieut. C. L. F. Boughey " "
Capt. G. A. I. Dury, M.C. No. 2 Company.
Lieut. A. H. S. Adair " "
2nd Lieut. W. A. Pembroke " "
Lieut. E. N. de Geijer No. 3 Company.
Lieut. G. W. Godman " "
2nd Lieut. W. B. Ball " "
Capt. C. H. Bedford No. 4 Company.
Lieut. H. St. J. Williams " "
2nd Lieut. E. J. Bunbury " "
Capt. Ffoulkes, R.A.M.C. Medical Officer.
Capt. the Rev. S. Phillimore, M.C. Chaplain.
 The 3rd Battalion spent the whole month of April
either in the trenches, with three Companies in the April.
front line, or in reserve. On the 7th Lieutenant E. G.
A. Fitzgerald was wounded, and on the 8th the following officers
joined the Battalion: Lieutenant F. A. Magnay, Second Lieutenant R.
K. Henderson, Lieutenant C. Clifton Brown, and Second Lieutenant
H. W. Sanderson. The days spent in the front trenches were
remarkably quiet, but as the ground on which these trenches were
dug was overlooked by the enemy, very little work could be done
except wiring, and this at night. On the 14th the Battalion, having
"embussed" at Ransart, proceeded via Beaumetz-les-Loges to
Lakerlière and Larbret, where it was billeted. On the 17th drafts
reached the Battalion with the following officers: Second Lieutenant
E. L. F. Clough-Taylor, Second Lieutenant R. Delacombe, Second
Lieutenant W. B. L. Manley, Second Lieutenant H. J. Gibbon, and
Second Lieutenant R. C. G. de Reuter. The days spent in billets were
taken up with training, but as the men had to remain ready to move
at one hour's notice in the morning and three hours' notice in the
afternoon, it was impossible for Companies to go far. An attack from
the enemy was expected on the 21st, and additional precautions
were taken, but the Battalion was not called upon to go up into the
front line. Major Lord Lascelles was appointed Second in Command
vice Major Cavendish, and as Lieut.-Colonel Thorne had to take
temporary command of the Brigade, he had at once to command the
Battalion. Companies were now organised into three platoons with
the headquarters of a fourth or depot platoon, to which all details
were attached, when the Battalion went into action. On the 24th
Lieut.-Colonel Thorne returned to the Battalion, and took it up into
the front line the following day. On the 27th the front posts were
subjected to an unusually heavy shelling, during which Second
Lieutenant C. L. F. Boughey was wounded, and there were 6 killed
and 5 wounded among other ranks. On the following day the
Battalion retired into Brigade Reserve, where it remained till the end
of the month.
 During the first week in May the Battalion
remained in the line, with an inter-company relief, May.
Major Lord Lascelles taking turns with Lieut.-Colonel
Thorne. On the 3rd Second Lieutenant R. P. Papillon and Lieutenant
the Hon. M. H. E. C. Towneley-Bertie joined. Officers' patrols were
sent out every night and in the early morning, to lie out and listen
for any hostile movement. After three days' rest the Battalion
returned to the trenches, and came in for much shelling. Our artillery
carried out nightly a harassing fire on the enemy's tracks, roads, and
possible assembly areas, and this naturally brought down
considerable retaliation. Lieutenant the Hon. M. H. E. C. Towneley-
Bertie was wounded, and among other ranks there were 10 killed
and 14 wounded. Another tour of duty in the front line from the 20th
to the 24th caused 2 killed and 25 wounded among other ranks. On
the 26th Captain G. F. R. Hirst, Lieutenant E. R. M. Fryer, M.C., and
Second Lieutenant J. Chapman joined the Battalion. On the 28th the
Battalion returned to the front trenches, and again came in for a
harassing fire. Inter-company reliefs were carried out, and the work
was concentrated on shelters and the deepening of lateral
communication trenches.
The Battalion remained in the front line until June
3, and was constantly bombarded with Blue Cross June.
gas-shells. On the 2nd Lieutenant G. M. Cornish,
M.C., joined. After four days spent in reserve the Battalion retired to
La Baseque, where the men were either billeted in the farms, or
placed in tents and shelters in the wood. There they remained until
the end of the month, training and practising tactical schemes.
 CHAPTER XXX
APRIL 1-14, 1918
The 4th Battalion
In April 1918 it fell to the lot of the 4th Guards
Brigade to take part in some of the fiercest fighting 4th Batt. April 1-
14, 1918.
of the war.
Ludendorff had opened a concentrated attack with nine divisions
on the line north of La Bassée, and General von Quast, who
commanded the German forces, had penetrated the portion of the
line held by the Portuguese, and gained a considerable amount of
ground. Reinforced by General von Arnim's infantry, he pushed on in
the hope of gaining the Channel ports, or, at the least, of cutting the
British communications. The German masses were pressing forward,
and the general situation became more and more critical.
The attack commenced on April 9, and the Fifteenth Corps, under
Lieut.-General Sir J. P. du Cane, which had been driven back, was
holding the line between Merville and Vieux Berquin, south-east of
Hazebrouck. Although the troops in Merville held fast, the enemy
broke through at Robermetz, and, after capturing Neuf Berquin,
moved down the road to Vierhoek.
Such was the state of affairs, when the 4th Guards Brigade was
sent for to restore the line. After having "debussed" at Strazeele, it
marched towards Vieux Berquin on the evening of April 11. Next day
Brigadier-General the Hon. L. J. P. Butler received orders to attack
Vierhoek, Pont Rondin, and Les Puresbecques, but before he could
make much headway, was himself in turn vigorously engaged by the
enemy. Reinforcements were being hurried up from several quarters,
but everything depended on whether the line would hold. If the
Australian Division, which was being sent up from the rear, could
have time to detrain and take up good positions, the German rush
would be checked. But should the enemy break through far enough
to dislocate this arrangement, matters would become serious.
Realising the gravity of the crisis, General de Lisle, commanding
the Fifteenth Corps, issued an order that no retirement must be
made without an order in writing, signed by a responsible officer,
who must be prepared to justify his action before a court-martial.
Every inch of ground was to be disputed, and every company was
told to stand firm until reinforcements could arrive.

The roll of officers of the 4th Battalion at the beginning of April

was as follows:
Lieut.-Colonel W. S. Pilcher, D.S.O. Commanding Battalion.
Major C. F. A. Walker, M.C. Second in Command.
Capt. C. R. Gerard, D.S.O. Adjutant.
Capt. M. Chapman, M.C. Intelligence Officer.
Capt. I. H. Ingleby Act.-Quartermaster.
Lieut. G. W. Selby-Lowndes Transport Officer.
Capt. H. H. Sloane-Stanley, M.C. No. 1 Company.
Lieut. C. E. Irby, M.C. " "
Lieut. E. H. Tuckwell, M.C. " "
Lieut. G. C. Burt " "
2nd Lieut. R. B. Osborne " "
Lieut. T. T. Pryce, M.C. No. 2 Company.
Lieut. the Hon. C. C. S. Rodney " "
Lieut. R. H. Rolfe " "
Lieut. R. L. Murray-Lawes " "
Capt. G. C. Sloane-Stanley No. 3 Company.
Lieut. F. C. Lyon " "
Lieut. the Hon. A. H. L. Hardinge, M.C. " "
Lieut. M. D. Thomas " "
Lieut. T. W. Minchin, D.S.O. No. 4 Company.
Lieut. N. R. Abbey " "
 Lieut. G. R. Green " "
Lieut. J. E. Greenwood " "
2nd Lieut. R. D. Richardson " "
Capt. N. Grellier, M.C., R.A.M.C. Medical Officer.

The Battalion was in billets at Villers Brulin on April 10, when

Lieut.-Colonel Pilcher received orders to move up in omnibuses to
Strazeele Station via St. Pol. According to instructions it should have
started "embussing" at 11.30 that night, but owing to some mistake
the buses were twelve hours late, and all ranks spent the night and
half the next day waiting by the roadside. It was impossible to cook
any proper breakfasts, and too cold to sleep, so that when at last a
start was made the men were already tired out. Then for twelve
hours they jolted along in the buses, terribly cramped and without
any opportunity for real rest. When it arrived at its destination next
day, the Battalion marched to a field near Le Paradis, where
Brigadier-General Butler held a conference. There were to be two
battalions in the front line and one in reserve; on the right was the
3rd Battalion Coldstream which was to take up a position from
L'Epinette to Le Cornet Perdu. The 4th Battalion Grenadiers would be
on the left, and the 2nd Battalion Irish Guards in reserve.
Marching off at once, the whole force reached its
position about dawn on the 12th. So promptly was April 12.
the movement carried out that there was no time to
issue rations, and the food had to follow on later in limbers. There
was also a considerable shortage of tools, with the result that when
daylight came the men were still very inadequately dug-in. In the
4th Battalion, No. 1 Company, under Captain H. Sloane-Stanley, was
on the right, No. 4, under Lieutenant Green, in the centre, and No.
2, under Captain Pryce, on the left, with No. 3, under Lieutenant
Nash, in support. As soon as it was light the enemy opened a heavy
fire along the whole front with field-guns, while they swept with
their lighter field-guns and machine-guns all places where they
detected any movement. Battalion Headquarters seemed to come in
for special attention, and, whenever any one went in or out, it was
the signal for a shower of shells to fall round the spot.
 An order came to Brigadier-General Butler to secure the line from
the College to Vieux Moulin with his brigade, and to prevent any
movements along the Merville—Neuf Berquin road. He accordingly
went up to Battalion Headquarters, and ordered an advance at 11
A.M. At the same time he sent up two companies of the Irish Guards
to advance in échelon behind the right flank, in the hope of getting
in touch with the Fiftieth Division. In the 4th Battalion Captain H.
Sloane-Stanley was told to push forward two platoons to seize
Vierhoek, and Captain Pryce to occupy Pont Rondin with a similar
force.

The following were the officers who took part in the operations
from April 12 to 14:
Lieut.-Colonel W. S. Pilcher, D.S.O. Commanding Battalion.
Capt. C. R. Gerard, D.S.O. Adjutant.
Capt. M. Chapman, M.C. Intelligence Officer.
Lieut. N. R. Abbey Attached B.H.Q.
Capt. H. H. Sloane-Stanley, M.C. No. 1 Company.
2nd Lieut. H. Stratford " "
2nd Lieut. R. B. Osborne " "
Capt. T. T. Pryce, M.C. No. 2 Company.
Lieut. the Hon. C. C. S. Rodney " "
2nd Lieut. G. P. Philipps " "
Lieut. C. S. Nash, M.C. No. 3 Company.
Lieut. M. D. Thomas " "
2nd Lieut. P. H. Cox " "
Lieut. G. R. Green No. 4 Company.
2nd Lieut. J. E. Greenwood " "
2nd Lieut. G. W. Sich " "
Capt. N. Grellier, M.C., R.A.M.C. Medical Officer.

The attack started at 11 a.m., but the Coldstream encountered

such strenuous opposition that they were unable to advance more
than 100 yards. Nor could No. 1 Company of the 4th Battalion
Grenadiers make much headway towards Vierhoek, owing to the
intense and accurate machine-gun and artillery fire, which swept the
only road over the stream; and it suffered severely in its attempts to
carry out the orders. Second Lieutenant Osborne, however, had
managed to push on about 200 yards with his platoon when he was
wounded. But No. 2 Company made a most skilful advance towards
Pont Rondin, led by Captain Pryce himself.
In the houses down the road, by which the Grenadiers had to
come, the Germans were posted with light machine-guns, and
before any progress could be made these houses had to be cleared.
Slowly and systematically, No. 2 Company worked from house to
house, and silenced the machine-guns. Thirty Germans were killed in
this way—Captain Pryce alone accounted for seven—and were found
afterwards in the houses or near by. Two machine-guns were taken,
as well as a couple of prisoners.
During the whole operation, this company was under heavy fire,
not only from machine-guns but also from a battery of field-guns,
which was firing with open sights from a position some 300 yards
down the road. It was a remarkably fine performance, and was
watched with intense interest from Battalion Headquarters, which
were some 200 yards in rear of the centre of the line, in a position
from which the commanding officer could see most of the trenches
occupied by his battalion. Lieutenant Nash, who had brought up one
platoon to support No. 2 Company, was on his way back when his
hand was carried away by a shell, and the command of No. 3
Company devolved on Lieutenant M. D. Thomas.
About 3 P.M. the situation of the 4th Guards Brigade became very
critical. On the right the Coldstream reported that there was no sign
of the Fiftieth Division, which should have been on their right flank,
and at the same time Captain Pryce sent back word that his left
flank was in the air, and that Germans could be seen 1000 yards in
rear of his company. He added that he was being engaged by trench
mortars and field-guns, which were firing at him with open sights
from the exposed flank.
Affairs on the right were improved by the arrival of a company of
the Irish Guards, which, without orders, undertook a counter-attack
in conjunction with a company of the Coldstream. But, having no
troops to send up on the left flank, Brigadier-General Butler decided
that that portion of the line must be withdrawn. Accordingly, Lieut.-
Colonel Pilcher ordered Captain Pryce to fall back, but even then
there was a large gap between his company and the troops on the
left flank, of which the Germans took advantage. Having reached the
position indicated, Captain Pryce held on to it in spite of several
determined attacks by the enemy. Colonel Pilcher, accompanied by
the Adjutant, Captain Gerard, visited the left of the line about 4.30
P.M. He found No. 2 Company rather scattered, as it had been
compelled to form a defensive flank. Meanwhile, after an intense
artillery preparation, the enemy attacked No. 1 and No. 4
Companies, and was driven back with severe losses.
All day the Battalion Headquarters were severely shelled by two
German field-guns and also by trench mortars. The farm they
occupied was set on fire, and both Captain M. Chapman, who had
distinguished himself on many occasions as intelligence officer, and
Lieutenant N. R. Abbey, who was attached to Battalion
Headquarters, were killed by shells. A good many valuable men, who
had served on Battalion Headquarters for a long time, were killed or
wounded during the day. The farm was full of cows and horses,
which had to be turned loose when the farm caught fire, and several
casualties took place on this account. The Headquarters were
afterwards moved to the garden of the farm. To some extent the fire
was kept down by the skilful and gallant conduct of Lieutenant Lewis
of the 152nd Brigade R.F.A., who exposed himself continually to get
direct observation, while his guns undoubtedly inflicted heavy
casualties on the advancing Germans.
At the close of the day, the front of the 4th Battalion remained
intact, but the cost of holding this line against repeated assaults had
necessarily been very heavy. No. 2 Company lost 80 men and 1
officer out of 120 who went into action, and No. 4 Company lost 70
per cent of its strength and all the officers. The total casualties in
the Battalion were 250, including 8 officers. On the other hand, the
enemy lost so heavily that the ground in front of the Battalion was
strewn with their dead; in some places there were heaps of bodies
piled up in front of the trenches. Some idea of the fierceness of the
fighting may be gathered from the fact that during the day the 4th
Battalion alone fired off no less than 70,000 rounds of ammunition.
In view of the situation on both flanks, Brigadier-General Butler
gave orders on the night of the 12th that the Brigade was to take up
a new line. For this the 2nd Battalion Irish Guards was to have its
right resting on Pont Tournant, with the 3rd Battalion Coldstream in
the centre, and the 4th Battalion Grenadiers on the left, in touch
with the 12th Battalion K.O.Y.L.I., which was to join up with the
troops of the Twenty-ninth Division. In response to General Butler's
request that the line held by his brigade might be contracted, the
Fifth Division was ordered to take over the line as far as L'Epinette
inclusive.
As soon as this relief was completed, the 2nd Battalion Irish
Guards and one company of the Coldstream were withdrawn into
Brigade Reserve, and the 210th Field Company R.E. went up, to help
the 4th Battalion Grenadiers dig the new line. To replace some of the
losses in the Battalion, Captain Minchin, Lieutenant Lyon, and
Lieutenant Burt were sent up, and Lieutenant Murray-Lawes went to
Battalion Headquarters. Colonel Pilcher's orders were to delay the
enemy at all costs, so as to give the Australian Division time to
detrain and come up to that part of the line.
The new Battalion frontage was 1800 yards long; the country was
absolutely flat, with not a single hedge to mask the trenches, and
the line was held by companies in isolated posts. So heavily had the
Battalion suffered in the fighting on the 12th that it had only 9
officers and 180 other ranks left—that is to say, one man to every
ten yards of front.
 As the Battalion Headquarters had been destroyed, Colonel
Pilcher assembled the newly-arrived officers at the Irish Guards
Headquarters, and explained to them that the new line was to be
dug east of the Vieux Berquin—Neuf Berquin road, so that the
village of La Couronne and the cross-roads south of it might be
protected. When Captain Minchin reached the leading companies,
Captain Pryce told him the men were so dead beat that he thought
they were quite incapable of digging a new line, and the Adjutant of
the K.O.Y.L.I. said his men were in much the same condition. When
this was reported to Colonel Pilcher, he went up himself to explain
how things stood. He could find no trace of the machine-guns from
the Thirty-first Division, which should have been there. The Germans
were so close that they could be heard talking quite distinctly. He
found Captain Pryce, who was quite worn out from want of sleep,
and made it clear that the orders must be carried out, as it was
absolutely essential to alter the position of the trenches. The plans
had been changed, and the line the Battalion was now to occupy lay
between La Couronne and the burnt farm, that had been the
Battalion Headquarters.
The men were awakened with difficulty, and led to the new
position, where, exhausted as they were, they were set to dig
themselves in. Having satisfied himself that the orders were
understood, Colonel Pilcher went in search of Captain Minchin, but
failed to find him in the dark. The field company of R.E., that was to
have been sent up to help, did not appear, and as there were only
14 men left in No. 4 Company, and 30 in No. 2, a continuous line of
trenches was out of the question. Captain Minchin, therefore,
ordered them to dig rifle-pits, capable of holding three or four men
at intervals, and even so there were gaps of considerable length
between companies. So utterly weary were the men that it was not
at all easy to make them understand what had to be done, and
naturally the darkness did not help to simplify matters. No. 1
Company, under Captain H. Sloane-Stanley, had gone too far to the
right, and instead of being up to the burnt farm was some 200 yards
away. This made it necessary to post a strong sentry group, where it
could guard the gap.
It was nearly dawn before the digging was finished; one man in
each bay then took turns to watch while the other three slept. One
source of constant anxiety to the officers was the ammunition, which
had not been sent up. Just before dawn Lieutenant Lyon received a
message that it had been dumped near La Couronne, but as it was
then getting light he could not send men for it. Captain Pryce,
however, succeeded in getting five boxes before daylight.
Fog hung thickly round during the early morning
of the 13th, and it was found that the Germans had April 13.
taken advantage of it to work up machine-guns
close to our line. Their first attack occurred at 6.30, and was
directed against the 3rd Battalion Coldstream. With the aid of a tank,
the enemy forced his way between the left and centre companies of
the Coldstream, but was soon ejected. A company of the 2nd
Battalion Irish Guards went up later to strengthen that part of the
line. At 9.15 Colonel Pilcher found that strong German attacks were
developing all down the line, and sent orders round to the
companies that they must hold on to their line at all costs, and fight
to the end. This message was duly acknowledged by all officers
commanding companies.
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