(eBook PDF) Building Java Programs: A Back to

Basics Approach 4th Edition by Stuart Reges

download

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-building-java-programs-a-
back-to-basics-approach-4th-edition-by-stuart-reges/

Download full version ebook from https://ebookluna.com

 We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebookluna.com
to discover even more!

(eBook PDF) Building Java Programs: A Back to Basics Approach 4th Edition
by Stuart Reges

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-building-java-programs-a-back-to-
basics-approach-4th-edition-by-stuart-reges/

Building Java Programs - A Back to Basics Approach 5th Edition Stuart Reges
- eBook PDF

https://ebookluna.com/download/building-java-programs-a-back-to-basics-
approach-ebook-pdf-2/

Building Java Programs: A Back to Basics Approach 4th Edition (eBook PDF)

https://ebookluna.com/product/building-java-programs-a-back-to-basics-
approach-4th-edition-ebook-pdf/

(eBook PDF) Building Java Programs: A Back to Basics Approach 5th Edition

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-building-java-programs-a-back-to-
basics-approach-5th-edition/
College physics : a strategic approach 4th Edition Stuart Field - eBook PDF

https://ebookluna.com/download/college-physics-a-strategic-approach-ebook-
pdf/

Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach 4th Edition Stuart Russell -

eBook PDF

https://ebookluna.com/download/artificial-intelligence-a-modern-
approach-4th-edition-ebook-pdf/

(eBook PDF) Building Python Programs 1st Edition

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-building-python-programs-1st-
edition/

Java: A Beginner's Guide: Create, Compile, and Run Java Programs Today 9th
Edition Herbert Schildt - eBook PDF

https://ebookluna.com/download/java-a-beginners-guide-create-compile-and-
run-java-programs-today-ebook-pdf/

(eBook PDF) Introduction to Programming with Java: A Problem Solving

Approach 3rd Edition

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-introduction-to-programming-with-
java-a-problem-solving-approach-3rd-edition/
 images as two-dimensional arrays of pixel values. This extra coverage
will be particularly helpful for students taking an AP/CS A course
because of the heavy emphasis on two-dimensional arrays on the AP
exam.

Expanded self-checks and programming exercises. Many chapters have

received new self-check problems and programming exercises. There
are roughly fifty total problems and exercises per chapter, all of which
have been class-tested with real students and have solutions provided for
instructors on our web site.

Since the publication of our third edition, Java 8 has been released. This new
version supports a style of programming known as functional programming
that is gaining in popularity because of its ability to simply express complex
algorithms that are more easily executed in parallel on machines with
multiple processors. ACM and IEEE have released new guidelines for
undergraduate computer science curricula, including a strong
recommendation to cover functional programming concepts.

We have added a new Chapter 19 that covers most of the functional concepts
from the new curriculum guidelines. The focus is on concepts, not on
language features. As a result, it provides an introduction to several new Java
8 constructs but not a comprehensive coverage of all new language features.
This provides flexibility to instructors since functional programming features
can be covered as an advanced independent topic, incorporated along the
way, or skipped entirely. Instructors can choose to start covering functional
constructs along with traditional constructs as early as Chapter 6. See the
dependency chart at the end of this section.

The following features have been retained from previous editions:

Focus on problem solving. Many textbooks focus on language details

when they introduce new constructs. We focus instead on problem
solving. What new problems can be solved with each construct? What
pitfalls are novices likely to encounter along the way? What are the most
common ways to use a new construct?

Emphasis on algorithmic thinking. Our procedural approach allows us to

 emphasize algorithmic problem solving: breaking a large problem into
smaller problems, using pseudocode to refine an algorithm, and
grappling with the challenge of expressing a large program
algorithmically.

Layered approach. Programming in Java involves many concepts that

are difficult to learn all at once. Teaching Java to a novice is like trying
to build a house of cards. Each new card has to be placed carefully. If
the process is rushed and you try to place too many cards at once, the
entire structure collapses. We teach new concepts gradually, layer by
layer, allowing students to expand their understanding at a manageable
pace.

Case studies. We end most chapters with a significant case study that
shows students how to develop a complex program in stages and how to
test it as it is being developed. This structure allows us to demonstrate
each new programming construct in a rich context that can't be achieved
with short code examples. Several of the case studies were expanded
and improved in the second edition.

Utility as a CS1+CS2 textbook. In recent editions, we added chapters

that extend the coverage of the book to cover all of the topics from our
second course in computer science, making the book usable for a two-
course sequence. Chapters 12–19 explore recursion, searching and
sorting, stacks and queues, collection implementation, linked lists,
binary trees, hash tables, heaps, and more. Chapter 12 also received a
section on recursive backtracking, a powerful technique for exploring a
set of possibilities for solving problems such as 8 Queens and Sudoku.

Layers and Dependencies

Many introductory computer science books are language-oriented, but the
early chapters of our book are layered. For example, Java has many control
structures (including for-loops, while-loops, and if/else-statements), and
many books include all of these control structures in a single chapter. While
that might make sense to someone who already knows how to program, it can
be overwhelming for a novice who is learning how to program. We find that
it is much more effective to spread these control structures into different
chapters so that students learn one structure at a time rather than trying to
learn them all at once.

The following table shows how the layered approach works in the first six
chapters:

Control Programming
Chapter Data Input/Output
Flow Techniques
procedural
1 methods String literals println, print
decomposition
definite variables, local variables, class
2 loops expressions, constants,
(for) int, double pseudocode
console input, 2D
return
3 using objects parameters graphics
values
(optional)
conditional char pre/post conditions, printf
4
(if/else) throwing exceptions
indefinite
assertions, robust
5 loops boolean
programs
(while)
token/line-based file
6 Scanner file I/O
processing

Chapters 1–6 are designed to be worked through in order, with greater

flexibility of study then beginning in Chapter 7. Chapter 6 may be skipped,
although the case study in Chapter 7 involves reading from a file, a topic that
is covered in Chapter 6.

The following is a dependency chart for the book:

Supplements
http://www.buildingjavaprograms.com/

Answers to all self-check problems appear on our web site and are accessible
to anyone. Our web site has the following additional resources for students:

Online-only supplemental chapters, such as a chapter on creating

Graphical User Interfaces

Source code and data files for all case studies and other complete
program examples

The DrawingPanel class used in the optional graphics Supplement 3G

Our web site has the following additional resources for teachers:

PowerPoint slides suitable for lectures

Solutions to exercises and programming projects, along with homework

specification documents for many projects

Sample exams and solution keys

Additional lab exercises and programming exercises with solution keys

Closed lab creation tools to produce lab handouts with the instructor's
choice of problems integrated with the textbook

To access protected instructor resources, contact us at

authors@buildingjavaprograms.com. The same materials are also available at
http://www.pearsonhighered.com/cs-resources. To receive a password for this
site or to ask other questions related to resources, contact your Pearson sales
representative.

MyProgrammingLab
MyProgrammingLab is an online practice and assessment tool that helps
students fully grasp the logic, semantics, and syntax of programming.
Through practice exercises and immediate, personalized feedback,
MyProgrammingLab improves the programming competence of beginning
students who often struggle with basic concepts and paradigms of popular
high-level programming languages. A self-study and homework tool, the
MyProgrammingLab course consists of hundreds of small practice exercises
organized around the structure of this textbook. For students, the system
automatically detects errors in the logic and syntax of code submissions and
offers targeted hints that enable students to figure out what went wrong, and
why. For instructors, a comprehensive grade book tracks correct and
incorrect answers and stores the code inputted by students for review.

For a full demonstration, to see feedback from instructors and students, or to

adopt MyProgrammingLab for your course, visit the following web site:
http://www.myprogramminglab.com/

VideoNotes

We have recorded a series of instructional videos to accompany the textbook.

They are available at the following web site: www.pearsonhighered.com/cs-
resources

Roughly 3–4 videos are posted for each chapter. An icon in the margin of the
page indicates when a VideoNote is available for a given topic. In each video,
we spend 5–15 minutes walking through a particular concept or problem,
talking about the challenges and methods necessary to solve it. These videos
make a good supplement to the instruction given in lecture classes and in the
textbook. Your new copy of the textbook has an access code that will allow
you to view the videos.
Acknowledgments
First, we would like to thank the many colleagues, students, and teaching
assistants who have used and commented on early drafts of this text. We
could not have written this book without their input. Special thanks go to
Hélène Martin, who pored over early versions of our first edition chapters to
find errors and to identify rough patches that needed work. We would also
like to thank instructor Benson Limketkai for spending many hours
performing a technical proofread of the second edition.

Second, we would like to thank the talented pool of reviewers who guided us
in the process of creating this textbook:

Greg Anderson, Weber State University

Delroy A. Brinkerhoff, Weber State University

Ed Brunjes, Miramar Community College

Tom Capaul, Eastern Washington University

Tom Cortina, Carnegie Mellon University

Charles Dierbach, Towson University

H.E. Dunsmore, Purdue University

Michael Eckmann, Skidmore College

Mary Anne Egan, Siena College

Leonard J. Garrett, Temple University

Ahmad Ghafarian, North Georgia College & State University

Raj Gill, Anne Arundel Community College

Michael Hostetler, Park University

David Hovemeyer, York College of Pennsylvania

Chenglie Hu, Carroll College

Philip Isenhour, Virginia Polytechnic Institute

Andree Jacobson, University of New Mexico

David C. Kamper, Sr., Northeastern Illinois University

Simon G.M. Koo, University of San Diego

Evan Korth, New York University

Joan Krone, Denison University

John H.E.F. Lasseter, Fairfield University

Eric Matson, Wright State University

Kathryn S. McKinley, University of Texas, Austin

Jerry Mead, Bucknell University

George Medelinskas, Northern Essex Community College

John Neitzke, Truman State University

Dale E. Parson, Kutztown University

Richard E. Pattis, Carnegie Mellon University

Frederick Pratter, Eastern Oregon University

Roger Priebe, University of Texas, Austin

Dehu Qi, Lamar University

John Rager, Amherst College

Amala V.S. Rajan, Middlesex University

Craig Reinhart, California Lutheran University

Mike Scott, University of Texas, Austin

Alexa Sharp, Oberlin College

Tom Stokke, University of North Dakota

Leigh Ann Sudol, Fox Lane High School

Ronald F. Taylor, Wright State University

Andy Ray Terrel, University of Chicago

Scott Thede, DePauw University

Megan Thomas, California State University, Stanislaus

Dwight Tuinstra, SUNY Potsdam

Jeannie Turner, Sayre School

Tammy VanDeGrift, University of Portland

Thomas John VanDrunen, Wheaton College

Neal R. Wagner, University of Texas, San Antonio

Jiangping Wang, Webster University

Yang Wang, Missouri State University

Stephen Weiss, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Laurie Werner, Miami University

 Dianna Xu, Bryn Mawr College

Carol Zander, University of Washington, Bothell

Finally, we would like to thank the great staff at Pearson who helped produce
the book. Michelle Brown, Jeff Holcomb, Maurene Goo, Patty Mahtani,
Nancy Kotary, and Kathleen Kenny did great work preparing the first edition.
Our copy editors and the staff of Aptara Corp, including Heather Sisan, Brian
Baker, Brendan Short, and Rachel Head, caught many errors and improved
the quality of the writing. Marilyn Lloyd and Chelsea Bell served well as
project manager and editorial assistant respectively on prior editions. For
their help with the third edition we would like to thank Kayla Smith-Tarbox,
Production Project Manager, and Jenah Blitz-Stoehr, Computer Science
Editorial Assistant. Mohinder Singh and the staff at Aptara, Inc., were also
very helpful in the final production of the third edition. For their great work
on production of the fourth edition, we thank Louise Capulli and the staff of
Lakeside Editorial Services, along with Carole Snyder at Pearson. Special
thanks go to our lead editor at Pearson, Matt Goldstein, who has believed in
the concept of our book from day one. We couldn't have finished this job
without all of their hard work and support.

Stuart Reges

Marty Stepp
Break through
To Improving results

MyProgammingLab™
Through the power of practice and immediate personalized feedback,
MyProgrammingLab helps improve your students' performance.

Programming Practice
With MyProgrammingLab, your students will gain firs-hand programming
experience in an interactive online environment.

Immediate, Personalized Feedback

MyProgrammingLab automatically detects errors in the logic and syntax of
their code submission and offers targeted hints that enables students to figure
out what went wrong and why.

Graduated Complexity
MyProgrammingLab breaks down programming concepts into short,
understandable sequences of exercises. Within each sequence the level and
sophistication of the exercises increase gradually but steadily.
Dynamic Roster
Students' submissions are stored in a roster that indicates whether the
submission is correct, how many attempts were made, and the actual code
submissions from each attempt.

Pearson eText
The Pearson eText gives students access to their textbook anytime, anywhere

Step-By-Step Videonote Tutorials

These step-by-step video tutorials enhance the programming concepts
presented in select Pearson textbooks.
For more information and titles available with MyProgrammingLab, please
visit www.myprogramminglab.com.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights

reserved. HELO88173 · 11/15

LOCATION OF VIDEO NOTES IN THE TEXT

www.pearsonhighered.com/cs-resources

Chapter 1 Pages 31, 40

Chapter 2 Pages 65, 74, 89, 97, 110
Chapter 3 Pages 141, 156, 161, 167
Chapter 3G Pages 197, 215
Chapter 4 Pages 243, 251, 278
Chapter 5 Pages 324, 327, 329, 333, 356
Chapter 6 Pages 396, 409, 423
Chapter 7 Pages 458, 465, 484, 505
Chapter 8 Pages 535, 547, 555, 568
Chapter 9 Pages 597, 610, 626
Chapter 10 Pages 672, 677, 686
Chapter 11 Pages 716, 729, 737
Chapter 12 Pages 764, 772, 809
Chapter 13 Pages 834, 837, 843
Chapter 14 Pages 889, 896
Chapter 15 Pages 930, 936, 940
Chapter 16 Pages 972, 979, 992
Chapter 17 Pages 1037, 1038, 1048
Chapter 18 Pages 1073, 1092
Brief Contents
1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Java Programming 1

2. Chapter 2 Primitive Data and Definite Loops 63

3. Chapter 3 Introduction to Parameters and Objects 137

4. Supplement 3G Graphics (Optional) 196

5. Chapter 4 Conditional Execution 238

6. Chapter 5 Program Logic and Indefinite Loops 315

7. Chapter 6 File Processing 387

8. Chapter 7 Arrays 443

9. Chapter 8 Classes 530

10. Chapter 9 Inheritance and Interfaces 587

11. Chapter 10 ArrayLists 662

12. Chapter 11 Java Collections Framework 715

13. Chapter 12 Recursion 754

14. Chapter 13 Searching and Sorting 832

15. Chapter 14 Stacks and Queues 884

16. Chapter 15 Implementing a Collection Class 922

17. Chapter 16 Linked Lists 965

18. Chapter 17 Binary Trees 1017

19. Chapter 18 Advanced Data Structures 1071

20. Chapter 19 Functional Programming with Java 1107

1. Appendix A Java Summary 1149

2. Appendix B The Java API Specification and Javadoc Comments 1164

3. Appendix C Additional Java Syntax 1170

Contents
1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Java Programming 1

1. 1.1 Basic Computing Concepts 2

1. Why Programming? 2

2. Hardware and Software 3

3. The Digital Realm 4

4. The Process of Programming 6

5. Why Java? 7

6. The Java Programming Environment 8

2. 1.2 And Now—Java 10

1. String Literals (Strings) 14

2. System.out.println 15

3. Escape Sequences 15

4. print versus println 17

5. Identifiers and Keywords 18

6. A Complex Example: DrawFigures1 20

7. Comments and Readability 21

3. 1.3 Program Errors 24

1. Syntax Errors 24
 2. Logic Errors (Bugs) 28

4. 1.4 Procedural Decomposition 28

1. Static Methods 31

2. Flow of Control 34

3. Methods That Call Other Methods 36

4. An Example Runtime Error 39

5. 1.5 Case Study: DrawFigures 40

1. Structured Version 41

2. Final Version without Redundancy 43

3. Analysis of Flow of Execution 44

2. Chapter 2 Primitive Data and Definite Loops 63

1. 2.1 Basic Data Concepts 64

1. Primitive Types 64

2. Expressions 65

3. Literals 67

4. Arithmetic Operators 68

5. Precedence 70

6. Mixing Types and Casting 73

2. 2.2 Variables 74

1. Assignment/Declaration Variations 79
 2. String Concatenation 82

3. Increment/Decrement Operators 84

4. Variables and Mixing Types 87

3. 2.3 The for Loop 89

1. Tracing for Loops 91

2. for Loop Patterns 95

3. Nested for Loops 97

4. 2.4 Managing Complexity 99

1. Scope 99

2. Pseudocode 105

3. Class Constants 108

5. 2.5 Case Study: Hourglass Figure 110

1. Problem Decomposition and Pseudocode 111

2. Initial Structured Version 113

3. Adding a Class Constant 114

4. Further Variations 117

3. Chapter 3 Introduction to Parameters and Objects 137

1. 3.1 Parameters 138

1. The Mechanics of Parameters 141

2. Limitations of Parameters 145

Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 That very day the King, Queen, and royal family were brought
from Versailles to Paris by the frantic, howling mob. Louis Vigée,
after witnessing their arrival at the Hôtel de Ville, came at ten o’clock
to see his sister off, and give her the account of what had happened.
“Never,” he said, “was the Queen more truly a Queen than to-day,
when she made her entry with so calm and noble an air in the midst
of those furies.”
It was then she made her well-known answer to Bailly, “J’ai tout
vu, tout su, et tout oublié.”
Half beside herself with anxiety and fear for the fate of the royal
family and of all respectable people, Lisette, her child, and the nurse
or nursery governess went to the diligence at midnight, escorted by
M. Le Brun, Louis Vigée, and M. Robert, the landscape painter, an
intimate friend of theirs, who never left the diligence, but kept close
to its doors as it lumbered along through the narrow dark streets to
the barrière du Trône. For the terrible faubourg Saint Antoine had to
be passed through, and Lisette was dreadfully afraid of it.
However, it happened on that night to be unusually quiet, for the
inhabitants had been to Versailles after the King and Queen, and
were so tired that they were asleep.
At the barrier came the parting with those she was leaving in the
midst of perils. When they would meet again, if they ever did at all,
it was impossible to guess.
The journey was insupportable. In the diligence with them was a
dirty, evil-looking man, who openly confessed that he was a robber,
boasting of the watches, &c., that he had stolen, and speaking of
many persons he wished to murder à la lanterne, amongst whom
were a number of the acquaintances of Mme. Le Brun. The little girl,
now five or six years old, was frightened out of her wits, and her
mother took courage to ask the man not to talk about murders
before the child.
 He stopped, and afterwards began to play with her; but another
Jacobin from Grenoble, also a passenger, gave vent to all kinds of
infamous and murderous threats and opinions, haranguing the
people who collected round the diligence whenever they stopped for
dinner or supper; whilst every now and then men rode up to the
diligence, announcing that the King and Queen had been
assassinated, and that Paris was in flames. Lisette, terrified herself
for the fate of those dear to her, tried to comfort her still more
frightened child, who was crying and trembling, believing that her
father was killed and their house burnt. At last they arrived safely at
Lyon, and found their way to the house of a M. Artaut, whom Lisette
did not know well. But she had entertained him and his wife in Paris
on one or two occasions, she knew that their opinions were like her
own, and thought they were worthy people, as indeed they proved
to be.
They did not know her at first, for besides her altered looks she
was dressed as an ouvrière, having just exhibited in the Salon her
portrait which she had painted with her child in her arms, and
fearing she might be recognised.
They spent three days in the Artaut family, thankful for the rest,
the quietness and the kindness they received. M. Artaut engaged a
man he knew to take them on their journey, telling him that they
were relations of his, and recommending them to his care. They set
off accordingly, and, this journey was indeed a contrast to the last.
Their driver took the greatest care of them, and they arrived in
safety at the bridge of Beauvoisin, the frontier of France.
Never, would Mme. Le Brun say in after years, could she forget or
describe the feelings with which she drove across that bridge to find
herself at the other side—safe, free, and out of France.
Henceforth the journey was a pleasure, and with feelings of
admiration and awe she gazed upon the magnificent scenery as she
ascended the mighty Mont Cenis; stupendous mountains rising
above her, their snowy peaks buried in clouds, their steep sides hung
with pine forests, the roar of falling torrents perpetually in her ears.
“Madame should take a mule,” said a postillion coming up to her,
as she walked slowly up the precipitous mountain path. “It is much
too tiring for a lady like Madame to go up on foot.”
“I am an ouvrière,” she replied, “and am accustomed to walk.”
The man laughed.
“Ah!” he said, “Madame is no ouvrière; it is very well known who
she is.”
“Well, who am I, then?”
“You are Mme. Le Brun, who paints with such perfection, and we
are all very glad to know that you are far away from those wicked
people.”
“I could never guess,” said Lisette, “how the man knew me. But
this proved the number of spies the Jacobins had everywhere.
However, I was not afraid of them now; I was out of their execrable
power. If I had no longer my own country, I was going to live where
art flourished and urbanity reigned—I was going to Rome, Naples,
Berlin, Vienna, and St. Petersburg.”

FOOTNOTE:

[37] Her daughters were brought up by her sisters Mesdames

Campan and Rousseau at the celebrated school of the former; one
married Marshal Ney.
 CHAPTER VII

Turin—Parma—The Infanta—Florence—Rome: Delightful life there—Artistic success

—Social life—The French refugees—The Polignac—Angelica Kaufmann—An
Italian summer—Life at Gensan—The Duchesse de Fleury.

ASSING through Chambéry, the little party arrived at Turin in

pouring rain, and were deposited late at night in a bad inn,
where they could get nothing to eat; but the next day the celebrated
engraver, Porporati, insisted on their removing to his house, where
they spent five or six days. At the Opera they saw the Duc de
Bourbon and his son, the unfortunate Duc d’Enghien, whose murder
was the blackest stain upon the fame of Napoleon. The Duc de
Bourbon looked more like the brother than the father of his son; he
was only sixteen when the Duc d’Enghien was born.
Taking leave of the excellent Signor Porporati and his daughter,
they proceeded to Parma, where the Comte de Flavigny, Minister of
Louis XVI., at once called upon Mme. Le Brun, and in his society and
that of the Countess she saw everything at Parma. It was her first
experience of an ancient, thoroughly Italian city, for Turin cannot be
considered either characteristic or interesting.
But the pictures and churches filled Lisette with delight, especially
the masterpieces of Correggio, the glory of Parma.
In the huge mediæval palace the Infanta, sister of Marie
Antoinette, held her court, and to her Mme. Le Brun was presented
by M. de Flavigny.
Much older than the unfortunate Queen of France, and possessing
neither her beauty nor charm, Mme. Le Brun did not take a fancy to
her, although she received her very well. She was a strange person,
with masculine manners and habits; her great pleasure apparently
was riding. Very pale and thin, wearing deep mourning for her
brother, the Emperor Joseph II., even her rooms being hung with
black, she gave the impression almost of a spectre or a shadow.
After a few days at Parma, Lisette went on to Modena, Bologna,
and Florence, under the escort of the Vicomte de Lespignière, a
friend of M. de Flavigny, whose carriage kept close behind her own.
As M. de Lespignière was going all the way to Rome—a journey not
very safe for a woman with only a governess and child—this was an
excellent arrangement; and they journeyed on pleasantly enough
through Italy; the calm, sunny days, the enchanting scenes through
which they passed, the treasures of art continually lavished around
them, the light-hearted courtesy of the lower classes, the careless
enjoyment and security of their present surroundings, contrasting
strangely with the insolence and discomfort, the discontent and
bitterness, the gloom and terror from which they had so recently
escaped.
They lingered for a while at Florence, unable to tear themselves
away from that enchanting city, with its marvellous wealth of art and
that beauty of its own, of walls and towers and palaces and ancient
streets then undestroyed.
The long galleries of pictures and statues, the lovely churches
filled with gems of art, the stately palaces and gardens, the cypress-
crowned heights of San Miniato, and the whole life there, were
enchanting to Lisette. She had been made a member of the
Academy at Bologna; she was received with great honour at
Florence, where she was asked to present her portrait to the city.
She painted it in Rome, and it now hangs in the Sala of the great
artists in the Uffizi. In the evening she drove along the banks of the
Arno—the fashionable promenade, with the Marchesa Venturi, a
Frenchwoman married to an Italian, whose acquaintance she had
made. Had it not been for her anxiety about what was going on in
France she would have been perfectly happy, for Italy had been the
dream of her life, which was now being realised.
 E. H. Bearne
IL PONTE VECCHIO, FLORENCE

With reluctance she left Florence, but after all her supreme desire
was Rome, and when at length in the distance across the plain over
which they were travelling, the dome of St. Peter’s rose before them,
she could hardly believe she was not dreaming, and that Rome lay
there. Through the Porta del Popolo, across the piazza, down the
Corso, and up to the entrance of the French Academy they drove,
and the long journey was finished.
 M. Ménageot, the Director, came out to the carriage, offered her a
little apartment for herself, her child, and governess, and lent her
ten louis, for she had not enough left to pay her travelling expenses.
Then having installed her in her rooms, he went with her to St.
Peter’s.
The next day, just as she was starting for the Vatican Museum, the
students of the Academy came to visit her, bringing her the palette
of Drouais, a talented young painter whom she had known in Paris,
and who had lately died. He had dined with her the evening before
he started for Rome, and she was much touched at the recollection
of him and at the request of the lads that she would give them some
old brushes she had used.
It was necessary in the next place to look for a permanent abode,
and this seemed to be difficult. The apartment in the French
Academy was too small, though every one who knows Rome will
understand what a temptation its magnificent situation must have
been to stay there.
So she took rooms in the Piazza di Spagna, which is, of course,
one of the most convenient and animated situations in Rome; but
the noise, which never seems to inconvenience Italians, was
insupportable to her. Carriages and carts, groups of people singing
choruses, lovely in themselves, but distracting when they went on all
night, made sleep impossible, and drove her to another dwelling, a
small house in a quiet street which took her fancy. The whole house
was so charming that, with her usual carelessness about money, she
hastened to pay the ten or twelve louis for the month’s rent, and
took possession. She went to bed rejoicing in the silence, only
broken by the splash of a fountain in the little courtyard; but in the
middle of the night a horrible noise began which woke them all up
and prevented any more sleep till the morning, when the landlady
explained that there was a pump fastened to the wall outside, which
was constantly being used by the washerwomen, who, as it was too
hot to work in the day, began the washing at two o’clock in the
morning. Accordingly Mme. Le Brun removed into a small palace,
which she found damp and cold, as it had been uninhabited for nine
years; it was also infested by armies of rats. She stayed there six
weeks and then moved, this time on condition of sleeping one night
in the house before paying the rent; but the beams of the ceilings
were full of little worms, which gnawed all night long and made such
a noise that she declared she could not sleep, and left the next day.
At last, in spite of her being unlucky or fanciful, or both, she
succeeded in finding a dwelling-place, and as directly she arrived,
visits and commissions began to pour upon her, she soon had plenty
of money and plenty of society.
One of her first portraits was that of the Polish Countess Potocka
who came with the Count, and directly he had gone away said to
Mme. Le Brun: “That is my third husband, but I think I am going to
take the first back again; he suits me better, though he is a
drunkard.”
Lisette now settled down into that Roman life which in those days
was the most enchanting that could be imagined. M. Le Brun being
no longer able to take possession of her money, she had enough for
everything she wanted, and in fact during the years of her Italian
career she sent him 1,000 écus in reply to a piteous letter, pleading
poverty; and the same sum to her mother.
She had only to choose amongst the great personages who
wanted their portraits painted; and she spent the time when she was
not working in wandering amid the scenes to visit which had been
the dream of her life. Ruins of temples, baths, acqueducts, tombs,
and monuments of the vanished Empire, gorgeous churches and
palaces of the Renaissance, huge never-ending galleries of statues
and pictures, the glories of Greek and of mediæval art; Phidias and
Praxiteles, Raffaelle, Michael Angelo, and Leonardo; the picturesque
beauty of Rome, as it was then, the delicious gardens, since swept
away by the greedy vandalism of their owners; the mighty
Colosseum; the solemn desolate Campagna; all filled her mind and
imagination and distracted her thoughts from France and the horrors
going on there. At Rome in those days there certainly seemed to be
everything that could be wished for to make life a paradise upon
earth. Besides the natural beauty, the historical and archæological
interest, and the treasures of art, the magnificence of the
ecclesiastical functions, church services, stately processions, and
entrancing music were a perpetual delight to her. “There is no city in
the world,” she wrote to a friend, “in which one could pass one’s
time so deliciously as in Rome, even if one were deprived of all the
resources of good society.”
Among the new friends she found most interesting was Angelica
Kaufmann, who lived in Rome, and whose acquaintance she had
long desired to make. That distinguished artist was then about fifty
years old; her health had suffered from the troubles caused by her
unfortunate marriage with an adventurer who had ruined her earlier
years. She was now the wife of an architect, whom Lisette
pronounced to be like her homme d’affaires. Sympathetic, gentle,
and highly cultivated, Lisette found her conversation extremely
interesting, although the calmness and absence of enthusiasm in her
character contrasted strongly with her own ardent, imaginative
nature. She showed her several both of her finished pictures and
sketches, of which Lisette preferred the latter, the colour being richer
and more forcible.
Mme. Le Brun painted the portraits and went to the parties of the
chief Roman families, but did not form many intimate friendships
amongst them, for most of her spare time was spent with the
unfortunate refugees from France, of whom there were numbers in
Rome during the years she lived there. Many of them were her
friends who had, like herself, managed to escape. Amongst these
were the Duke and Duchess de Fitz-James and their son, also the
Polignac family, with whom Mme. Le Brun refrained out of prudence
from being too much seen, lest reports should reach France that she
was plotting with them against the Revolution. For although she was
out of the clutches of the Radicals and Revolutionists her relations
were still within their reach, and might be made to suffer for her.
 However they were none of them in the same danger that she
would have been had she remained at Paris. None of them were at
all conspicuous, and as far as any one could be said to be tolerably
safe in France under the new reign of Liberty, Equality, and
Fraternity, they might be supposed to be so.
Amongst others who arrived were the Duchesse de Fleury and
Princesse Joseph de Monaco. The latter was a gentle, charming
woman, whose devotion to her children was the cause of her death.
After having escaped from France and arrived safely in Rome, she
was actually foolish enough to go back to Paris with the idea of
saving the remains of her fortune for her children. The Terror was in
full force; she was arrested and condemned. Those who wished to
save her entreated her to declare herself enceinte, by which many
women had been spared. She would anyhow have gained a reprieve,
and as it happened her life would have been saved, as the ninth
Thermidor was rapidly approaching. But her husband was far away,
and she indignantly refused, preferring death to such an alternative.
Quite another sort of woman was the Duchesse de Fleury, with
whom Lisette formed an intimate friendship. The Duchess, née
Aimée de Coigny, was a true type of the women of a certain set at
the old French court, and her history was one only possible just at
the time in which it took place.
Beautiful, both in face and form, imaginative, brilliant, and
fascinating; with charming manners and lax morality, her passionate
love of art and natural beauty attracted her to Lisette, who found in
her the companion she had long wished for.
They spent their evenings at the Maltese embassy, where the
soirées of the Ambassador, Prince Camilla de Rohan, Grand
Commander of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, were frequented
by all the most intellectual and distinguished people in Rome. They
made excursions to all the enchanting places within reach—Tivoli,
Tusculum, Monte Mario, the Villa Adriano, and many another ancient
palace or imposing ruin; and when the hot weather made Rome
insupportable, they took a house together at Gensano, and spent
the rest of the summer in those delicious woods. They hired three
donkeys to make excursions, and took possession with delight of the
ancient villa which had belonged to Carlo Maratta, some of whose
sketches might still be seen on the walls of one of its great halls.
All that country, Frascati, L’Ariccia, Castel Gandolfo, Albano,
Gensano, is a dream of beauty and romance. Lakes, mountains, and
forests, picturesque towns and villages perched high upon the steep
sides of precipices, rocks crowned with ruined towers or convents,
ancient villas like huge palaces, with colonnades, fountains, and
loggie, buried among deep woods of ilex and chestnut, in whose
cool shade they could spend the bright, hot, glowing days.
In the evenings they rode or walked, watching the gorgeous
sunset and afterglow; and in those radiant Italian nights, when the
whole country lay white and brilliant under the light of the southern
moon, they would wander through the woods glittering with glow-
worms and fireflies, or perhaps by the shores of Lake Nemi, buried
deep amongst wooded cliffs, a temple of Diana rising out of its
waters.
The Duchesse de Fleury, who had attached herself with such
enthusiastic affection to Mme. Le Brun, was scarcely sixteen,
although in mind, character, and experience she was far older than
her years.
Her mother having died in her early life, she was brought up by
her father, the Comte de Coigny, at his château at Mareuil, an
enormous place built by the celebrated Duchesse d’Angoulême
(whose husband was the last of the Valois, though with the bend
sinister), who died in 1713, and yet was the daughter-in-law of
Charles IX., who died 1574. [38]
Married when a mere child to the Duc de Fleury, great-nephew of
the Cardinal, there was no sort of affection between her husband
and herself, each went their own way, and they were scarcely ever in
each other’s society. He had also emigrated, but he was not in
Rome, and Mme. Le Brun, who was very fond of her, foresaw with
anxiety and misgiving the dangers and difficulties which were certain
to beset one so young, so lovely, so attractive, and so unprotected,
with no one to guide or influence her. Full of romance and passion,
surrounded with admiration and temptation, she was already
carrying on a correspondence, which could not be anything but
dangerous, with the Duc de Lauzun, a handsome, fascinating roué,
who had not quitted France, and was afterwards guillotined.
It is difficult to understand how anybody who had escaped from
France at that time should have chosen to go back there, except to
save or help somebody dear to them.
As Mme. Le Brun remarked in her own case: “It is no longer a
question of fortune or success, it is only a question of saving one’s
life,” but many people were rash enough to think and act otherwise,
and frequently paid dearly for their folly. Mme. de Fleury returned to
Paris while, or just before, the Terror was raging, and availed herself
of the revolutionary law, by which a husband or wife who had
emigrated might be divorced. But soon after she had dissolved her
marriage and resumed the name of Coigny she was arrested and
sent to St. Lazare, one of the most terrible of the prisons of the
Revolution, then crowded with people of all ages, ranks, and
opinions.
Aimée de Coigny was no saint or heroine, like the Noailles, La
Rochejaquelein, and countless others, whose ardent faith and
steadfast devotion raised them above the horrors of their
surroundings, and carried them triumphantly through danger,
suffering, and death to the life beyond, upon which their hearts were
fixed; nor yet a republican enthusiast roughly awakened from
dreams of “humanity,” “universal brotherhood,” and “liberty” under
the rule of “The People,” whose way of carrying out these principles
was so surprising.
 Neither had she the anxiety and care for others which made
heroes and heroines of so many in those awful times. She had no
children, and the only person belonging to her—her father—had
emigrated. She was simply a girl of eighteen suddenly snatched from
a life of luxury and enjoyment, and shrinking with terror from the
horrors around and the fate before her. Amongst her fellow-prisoners
was André Chénier, the republican poet, who was soon to suffer
death at the hands of those in whom his fantastic dreams had seen
the regenerators of mankind. He expressed his love and admiration
for her in a poem called “La jeune Captive,” of which the following
are the first lines:—

“Est-ce à moi de mourir? Tranquille je m’endors,

Et tranquille je veille, et ma veille aux remords,
Ni mon sommeil ne sont en proie.
Ma bienvenue au jour me rit dans tous les yeux;
Sur des fronts abattus, mon aspect dans ces lieux
Ramène presque de la joie.”

Mon beau voyage encore est si loin de sa fin;

Je pars, et des ormeaux qui bordent le chemin,
J’ai passé les premiers à peine.
Au banquet de la vie à peine commencé
Un instant seulement mes lèvres ont pressé
La coupe en mes mains encore pleine.

Je ne suis qu’au printemps, je veux voir la moisson;

Et comme le soleil, de saison en saison,
Je veux achever mon année.
Brilliante sur ma tige, et honneur du jardin,
Je n’ai vu luire encor que les feux du matin;
Je veux achever ma journée.”

* * * * *
Another of her fellow-prisoners, equally fascinated by her and able
to render her more practical service, was M. de Montrond, a witty,
light-hearted sceptic, a friend of Talleyrand.
 It having come to his knowledge that a plot was preparing for
another massacre in the prisons on pretence of conspiracy among
the prisoners, whose names and lives were at the mercy of the spies
within and the police and gaolers without, he contrived by paying a
hundred louis to get his own and Mme. de Coigny’s liberation, and
after the Terror was over they married and went to England for their
honeymoon. At the end of two months they were tired of each other,
came back to Paris and were divorced, and the Baronne de
Montrond again resumed the name of Coigny.
When the Restoration took place and her father returned she
devoted herself to him during the rest of his life; and as her first
husband returned too and had an appointment in the household of
Louis XVIII., she was always liable to meet him as well as her
second husband in society.
In spite of all her social success hers was not a disposition to be
happy. She was too excitable, emotional, and unreasonable. A liaison
with a brother of Garat brought her much unhappiness, and her
unfortunate marriages and love affairs caused the Emperor Napoleon
to say to her one day at some court entertainment—
“Aimez vous toujours les hommes?”
To which she replied—
“Oui, Sire, quand ils sont polis.”
Her last and only constant love affair was with the poet Lemercier,
whose devotion never changed until her death in 1820, when she
was forty-two years of age.

FOOTNOTE:

[38] Charles de Valois, Duc d’Angoulême, Comte d’Auvergne et

Ponthieu, son of Charles IX. and Marie Touchet, b. 1572, m. 1644
second wife, Françoise de Mareuil.—“Early Valois Queens,” p. 6
(Bearne). “Créquy Souvenirs.”
 CHAPTER VIII

Naples—Lady Hamilton—Marie Caroline, Queen of Naples—Mesdames de France—Their escape

—Les chemises de Marat—Rome—Terrible news from France—Venice—Turin—The Comtesse
de Provence—The 10th August—The Refugees—Milan—Vienna—Delightful society—Prince
von Kaunitz—Life at Vienna.

N the autumn of 1790 Lisette went to Naples, with which she was
enchanted. She took a house on the Chiaja, looking across the bay to
Capri and close to the Russian Embassy. The Ambassador, Count Scawronski,
called immediately and begged her to breakfast and dine always at his house,
where, although not accepting this invitation, she spent nearly all her evenings.
She painted his wife, and, after her, Emma Harte, then the mistress of Sir
William Hamilton, as a bacchante, lying on the sea-shore with her splendid
chestnut hair falling loosely about her in masses sufficient to cover her. Sir
William Hamilton, who was exceedingly avaricious, paid her a hundred louis for
the picture, and afterwards sold it in London for three hundred guineas. Later
on, Mme. Le Brun, having painted her as a Sybil for the Duc de Brissac after
she became Lady Hamilton, copied the head and gave it to Sir William, who
sold that also!
Another time she made a charcoal sketch of two heads on the door of a
summer-house by the sea, lent to her by Sir William Hamilton. Years
afterwards to her astonishment she saw them in England. He had cut them out
of the door and sold them to Lord Warwick!
Mme. Le Brun found Lady Hamilton, as she became shortly afterwards—
though extraordinarily beautiful—ignorant, ill-dressed, without esprit or
conversation, ill-natured, and spiteful in her way of talking about other people,
the only topic she seemed capable of discussing. She herself enjoyed Naples,
as she did every other pleasant episode in her delightful life. From the loggia
opening out of her bedroom she looked down into an orange garden; from her
windows she could see constantly some picturesque or beautiful scene. The
costumes of the washerwomen who gathered round the fountain, peasant girls
dancing the tarantella, the fiery torches of the fishermen scattered over the
bay at night, all the life and colour and incident of southern life spread like a
panorama before her; and often she would go out in a boat by moonlight or
starlight upon the calm sea, looking back upon the town rising like an
amphitheatre from the water’s edge.
 She found as usual plenty of friends, the Princesse Joseph de Monaco and
Duchesse de Fleury amongst others, and the Baron de Talleyrand, then French
Ambassador. They made excursions to Vesuvius, Pompei, Capri, Ischia, and all
the lovely places in the neighbourhood.
One day the Baron de Talleyrand announced that the Queen wished her to
paint the portraits of her two eldest daughters, whose marriages she was just
going to Vienna to arrange. [39]
Lisette liked the Queen of Naples much better than her elder sister, the
Infanta of Parma. Though less beautiful than her younger sister, Marie
Antoinette, yet she bore a strong resemblance to her, and had the remains of
great beauty.
Mme. Le Brun describes her as affectionate, simple, and royally generous.
Hearing that the French Ambassador to Venice, M. de Bombelle, was the only
one who refused to sign the Constitution, thereby reducing himself and his
family to poverty; she wrote to him that all sovereigns owed a debt of gratitude
to faithful subjects, and gave him a pension of twelve thousand francs. Two of
his sons became Austrian ministers at Turin and Berne, another was Grand-
Master of the household of Marie Louise.
The most infamous calumnies were circulated about Marie Caroline when
Napoleon wanted her kingdom for Caroline Murat; but she had a brave, strong
character and plenty of brains. The government was carried on by her, for the
King could or would do nothing but loiter about at Caserta.
Lisette painted the two Princesses and the Prince Royal before returning to
Rome, where she had no sooner arrived than she had to go back to Naples to
paint the Queen.
She had had great success in the number of important pictures she painted
at Naples; and her career at Rome was equally prosperous. She had plenty of
money now, and nobody to meddle with it, and if it had not been for the
constant anxiety about France she would have been perfectly happy. But
French news was difficult to get and bad when it was obtained.
 E
. H. Bearne
ROME

Mesdames de France, the two last remaining daughters of Louis XV., arrived
in Rome and at once sent for Mme. Le Brun, who was delighted to see them
again. They had with great difficulty succeeded in getting away, and had been
most anxious to take their niece, Madame Elizabeth, with them. In vain they
entreated her to come, she persisted in staying with the King and Queen, and
sacrificed her life in so doing.
Mesdames Adélaïde and Victoire set off early in 1791. Their whole journey
was a perpetual danger. After getting their passports signed with difficulty by
the Commune, they were denounced at Sèvres by a maid-servant, stopped by
the Jacobins and accused of being concerned in plots and of taking money out
of the country, and detained for a fortnight, when they managed to get
permission to go on, and left at 10 o’clock on a Saturday night, arriving on
Sunday morning at Fontainebleau, where they were again stopped and
threatened by the mob, who were just going to be joined by the gardes
nationaux when a hundred Chasseurs de Lorraine, luckily quartered there,
charged the mob, opened the gates, and passed the carriages on. At Arnay-le-
Duc they were detained for eleven days, and only allowed to proceed when the
Comte de Narbonne appeared with a permission extorted by Mirabeau from the
revolutionary government at Paris.
They hurried away just in time, crossed the Mont Cenis, which was covered
with snow, and at the foot of which they were met by their nephew, the Comte
d’Artois. The King of Sardinia, husband of their niece, [40] the eldest sister of
Louis XVI. had sent four hundred soldiers to clear away the snow, and escorted
by the Comte d’Artois they arrived safely at Turin where all the noblesse were
assembled to receive them at the entrance of the royal palace. They arrived at
Rome in April.
The disgraceful proceedings and cowardly, preposterous fear of two old
ladies, which had made the radical government contemptible and ridiculous,
caused the following absurd story to be published in a French newspaper:—
“Les chemises de Marat, ou l’arrestation de Mesdames, tantes du Roi à
Arnay-le-Duc.
“Marat avait dit dans un journal que les chemises de Mesdames lui
appartenaient. Les patriotes de province crurent de bonne foi que Mesdames
avaient emporté les chemises de Marat, et les habitants d’Arnay-ci-devant-le-
duc sachant qu’elles devaient passer par là, decidèrent qu’il fallait les arrêter
pour leur, faire rendre les chemises qu’elles avaient voleés.... On les fait
descendre de voiture et les officiers municipales avec leurs habits noirs, leur
gravité, leurs écharpes, leur civism et leurs perruques, disent à Mesdames:
“(Air: ‘Rendez-moi mon écuelle de bois.’)

“Donnez-nous les chemises

À Marat,
Donnez-nous les chemises;
Nous savons à n’en douter pas
Que vous les avez prises.

“Mme. Adélaïde, étonnée d’un tel propos répond sur le même air:
“Je n’ai point les chemises
De Marat,
Je n’ai point les chemises;
Cherchez, Messieurs les magistrats
Cherchez dans nos valises.

“Mme. Victoire dit à son tour:

“Avait-il des chemises,
Marat?
Avait il des chemises?
Moi, je crois qu’il n’en avait pas,
Où les aurait-il prises?

“MM. les magistrats, connaissant de réputation les chemises de l’écrivain,

répondent avec une gravité toute municipale:
 “Il en avait trois grises
Marat,
Il en avait trois grises,
Avec l’argent de son fatras
Sur le Pont Neuf acquises.

“La municipalité se met alors en devoir de fouiller dans les malles de

Mesdames, en disant:
“Cherchons bien les chemises
À Marat
Cherchons bien les chemises
C’est pour vous un fort vilain cas
Si vous les avez prises.

“Enfin, ne pouvant pas distinguer, parmi tant de chemises lesquelles

appartenaient à Marat, et les tantes du roi persistant à nier qu’elles eussent,
derobé celles du grand homme, la municipalité d’Arnay-ci-devant-le-duc,
accorda à Mesdames la permission de continuer leur voyage après les avoir
retenues prisonnières l’espace de dix jours.”
Mme. Le Brun painted the portrait first of Madame Adélaïde, then of Madame
Victoire.
The latter, during her last sitting, said to her—
“I have received some news which fills me with joy; I hear the King has
escaped from France, and I have just written to him, only addressing—To His
Majesty the King of France. They will know very well where to find him,” she
added smiling.
Mme. Le Brun returned home and told the good news to her daughter’s
governess. But while they were rejoicing over it they, in the evening, heard one
of their servants singing below, a sullen, gloomy fellow who never used to sing,
and whom they knew to be a revolutionist. Looking at each other in terror they
exclaimed—
“Some misfortune has happened to the King.”
Next morning they heard of the arrest of the royal family at Varennes.
Most of the servants were bribed by the Jacobins to spy upon their masters,
and knew much better than they what was going on in France. Many of them
used to go and meet the courrier who told them much more than was
contained in the letters he brought. After having lived two years and a half in
Italy, chiefly in Rome, Mme. Le Brun began to think of returning to France.
 How she could have entertained so mad an idea seems inexplicable; but in
fact, bad as the French news was, she was far from understanding the frightful
state of the country. In those days news travelled slowly, important events only
became partially known long after they had taken place; and as to private
letters, people dared not put in them anything which might endanger either
themselves or their friends.
Her mother, brother, and sister-in-law, to all of whom she was strongly
attached, were in France, and she was anxious to see them; so, with deep
regret and many tears, she left Rome and turned her steps northward, of
course with her child and governess.
They left Rome late in April, 1792, and travelled slowly along by Perugia,
Florence, Siena, Parma, and Mantova to Venice, where they arrived the eve of
the Ascension, and saw the splendid ceremony of the marriage of the Doge
and the Adriatic. There was a magnificent fête in the evening, the battle of the
gondoliers and illumination of the Piazza di San Marco; where a fair as well as
the illumination went on for a fortnight.
Venice was crowded with foreigners, amongst whom was one of the English
princes; and Lisette’s friend, the Princesse Joseph de Monaco, whom she saw
for the last time, she also being on her way to France, where she met her
death.
She also met an acquaintance, M. Denon, who introduced her to the
Comtesse Marini, of whom he was then the cavalière servente; and who at
once invited her to go that evening to a café.
Lisette, to whom such an invitation was unfamiliar, accepted however; and
the Countess then said—
“Have you no friend to accompany you?”
“I have no one with me,” replied she, “but my daughter and her governess.”
“Oh, well!” said the Countess, “you must anyhow appear to have somebody;
I will lend you M. Denon all the time you are here; he will give you his arm, I
will take somebody else’s arm, and people will think I have quarrelled with him,
for you can’t go about here without un ami.”
 E. H. Bearne
VENICE

The arrangement proved entirely satisfactory. Lisette went about all day with
M. Denon, in gondolas, and to see everything—churches, pictures, palaces;
every one who knows Venice even now, knows it as a place of enchantment,
unlike anything else on earth; and in those days the Doge still reigned, modern
desecrations and eyesores were not, and the beauty of the life and
surroundings of the Queen of the Adriatic was supreme.
Lisette frequented chiefly the society of the Spanish Ambassadress, with
whom she went to the Opera at the far-famed Fenice, and finally left Venice
and went by Padova, Vicenza, and Verona to Turin, where she had letters of
introduction from Mesdames to the Queen, whose portrait they wished her to
paint for them.
 In former years, before the marriage of the Queen, Mme. Le Brun had seen
her, as a very young girl, at the court of her grandfather, Louis XV., when she
was so fat that she was called le gros Madame. She was now pale and thin,
whether from the austerities of devotion she now practised, or from her grief
at the misfortunes of her family and anxiety for her sister, Madame Elizabeth,
and her eldest brother, the King of France.
She would not have her portrait done, saying that she was very sorry to
refuse her aunts, but as she had renounced the world she could not have her
picture taken. She had cut her hair short and her dress was very simple. The
King looked nearly as pale and thin.
They received Mme. Le Brun very kindly, and she next went to see the
Comtesse de Provence, for the second and third brothers, the Counts of
Provence and Artois, had taken refuge at their sister’s court.
The Comtesse de Provence was delighted to see Mme. Le Brun again, and
arranged various excursions, which they made together into the mountains, in
spite of the intense heat, for the summer was at its height. After spending
some time in Turin, Signor Porporati offered to lend Mme. Le Brun a farm in
the country, where he had a few rooms furnished for himself, and where he
used often to go in hot weather. This exactly suited her, for the heat was
overpowering, her little girl was made quite ill by it; and with joyful haste, she,
with the governess, child, and servants, established themselves amongst the
meadows, woods, and streams which surrounded the farm house.
There she rested, spending the days out of doors in the cool green country,
and looking forward to her approaching return to France; when one evening a
letter was brought her from M. de Rivière, the brother of her sister-in-law,
which told her of the horrible events of the 10th of August, the attack on the
Tuileries, the imprisonment of the Royal Family, the massacres and horrors of
all kinds still going on.
Overcome with grief at this terrible news, and filled with self-reproach for the
peaceful happiness of her own life, the solitude of the place became
insupportable, and she at once returned to Turin.
Had not this been sufficient to put a stop to all idea of going to France, the
sights which met them as the little party entered Turin would have done so.
The streets and squares were thronged with French refugees, who had fled,
and were still flying, from France. They arrived by thousands, men, women,
and children of all ranks and ages, most of them without luggage, money, or
even food; having had no time to take anything with them or think of anything
but saving their lives. The old Duchesse de Villeroi had been supported on the
journey by her maid, who had enough money to get food for ten sous a day.
Women, who had never been in carts before, were prematurely confined on
the road, owing to the jolting; children were crying for food, it was a
heartrending spectacle. The King gave orders that food and lodging should be
found for them, but there was not room to put them all in; the Comtesse de
Provence was having food carried about the streets, and Lisette, like the rest,
gave all the help in her power, going round with the equerry of Madame to look
for rooms and get provisions.
Seeing a handsome, noble-looking old officer, wearing the Cross of St. Louis,
leaning against the corner of a street, with despair in his face, asking for
nothing, but evidently faint with hunger, they went up and gave him what little
money they had left, which he took, thanking them with a voice broken by
sobs. The next morning he and several others were lodged in the King’s palace,
no other rooms being forthcoming.
The weeks following were terrible for Lisette, the anxiety and agitation she
was in being increased by the non-appearance of M. de Rivière, who had told
her to expect him at Turin. At last, a fortnight later than the day fixed, he
arrived, so dreadfully changed that she hardly recognised him. As he crossed
the bridge of Beauvoisin he had seen the priests being massacred, and that
and all the other atrocities he had witnessed had thrown him into a fever,
which had detained him for some time at Chambéry.
With fear and trembling Lisette inquired for her relations, but was assured
that her mother was well, and never left Neuilly, that M. Le Brun was all right
at Paris, and that her brother and his wife and child were safe in hiding.
Having decided to stop at Turin and wait for further news, she took a little
house in a vineyard near the town. M. de Rivière lodged with her, and gradually
recovered amongst the peaceful surroundings. Even the sight of the honest,
quiet, peaceable peasants did them good. They walked among the vineyards,
or in a neighbouring wood, where steep paths led to little churches and
chapels, in which they attended mass on Sundays; and Lisette resumed her
work, painting amongst other things a picture, “Une baigneuse,” which she sold
at once to a Russian prince, and a portrait of his daughter as a present to
Signor Porporati.
After a time she went to Milan, where she was received with great honour.
The first evening she was serenaded by all the young men of the chief
Milanese families, but, not knowing that all this music was on her account, she
sat listening and enjoying it with composure, until her landlady came and
explained. She made an excursion to the lakes, and on her return to Milan
decided to go to Vienna, seeing that France would be out of the question for
an indefinite time.
At a concert in Milan she made the acquaintance of the Countess Bistri, a
beautiful Pole, who was also going to Vienna with her husband. They arranged
to travel together, and this was the beginning of a long and intimate friendship.
The Count and Countess were kind, excellent people, who had just brought
with them a poor old emigrant priest, and another younger one, whom they
had picked up on the road after he had escaped from the massacre of the
bridge of Beauvoisin. They had only a carriage with two places, but they had
put the old man between them and the young one behind the carriage, and
had taken the greatest care of them.
They travelled from Milan to Vienna through the magnificent scenery of Tyrol
and Styria, and arrived safely at the Austrian capital, where Mme. Le Brun
spent two years and a half happily and prosperously. Every one was eager to
invite her to their houses, and the numerous portraits she painted made her
sojourn in Austria as profitable as it was pleasant.
She brought, of course, many letters of introduction, of which the first she
availed herself was to the Countess von Thoum, at whose soirées she met all
the most important personages in Vienna, and also many French emigrés
amongst whom, to her great joy, was her old friend the Comte de Vaudreuil.
Never, she afterwards remarked, had she seen so many pretty women
together as in the salon of Mme. de Thoum; but what surprised her was that
most of them did needlework sitting round a large table all the evening. They
would also knit in their boxes at the opera; but it was explained that this was
for charity. In other respects she found society at Vienna very much the same
as at Paris before the advent of the Revolution.
Another of her introductions was to Prince von Kaunitz, the great Minister of
Maria Theresa, whose power and influence had been such that he was called le
cocher de l’Europe; [41] and whose disinterested single-minded patriotism was
shown in his answer, when, having proposed a certain field-marshal as
president of the council of war, the Empress remarked—
“But that man is your declared enemy.”
“Madame,” he replied, “that man is the friend of the State, which is the only
thing that ought to be considered.”
 Kaunitz was now eighty-three years old, tall, thin, and upright. His great
intellect, taste, and judgment seemed unimpaired, and he prided himself on his
perfect seat on horseback. In costume and appearance he resembled the
splendid cavaliers of the court of Louis XIV.
His life at Vienna was that of a grand seigneur of the most illustrious order,
and on New Year’s day and on his fête, the crowd that flocked to his house to
congratulate him was so enormous that he might have been supposed to be
the Emperor himself.
He was extremely kind to Mme. Le Brun, whom he always called “ma bonne
amie”; she was often at his house, though she did not care for the great
dinners of never less than thirty people, which were always at seven o’clock—in
those days considered a late hour.
Lisette, in fact, liked to paint all the morning, dine by herself at half-past
two, then take a siesta, and devote the latter part of the day and evening to
social engagements.
Prince von Kaunitz desired that her picture of the Sibyl should be exhibited
for a fortnight in his salon, where all the court and town came to see it. Mme.
Le Brun made also the acquaintance of the celebrated painter of battles,
Casanova.
One evening at a dinner-party of Prince von Kaunitz, when the conversation
turned upon painting, some one was speaking of Rubens being appointed
ambassador.
An old German baroness exclaimed—
“What? A painter ambassador? Doubtless it must have been an ambassador
who amused himself by painting.”
“No, Madame,” replied Casanova, “he was a painter who amused himself by
being ambassador.”
One of her new friends was the Countess Kinska, who, as she observed, was
“neither maid, wife, nor widow,” for she and her husband had been married
according to their parents’ arrangement, without ever having seen each other,
and after the ceremony Count Kinska, turning to her, said—
“Madame, we have obeyed our parents. I leave you with regret, but I cannot
conceal from you that for a long time I have been devoted to another woman.
I cannot live without her, and I am going back to her.”
 So saying, he got into the carriage that was waiting at the church door, and
she saw no more of him.
The Countess was extremely pretty, attractive, and amiable. One day while
she was sitting for her portrait, Mme. Le Brun had occasion to send for Mme.
Charot, her nursery-governess, who came in looking so pleased that she asked
what had happened.
“I have just had a letter from my husband,” she said; “he tells me that they
have put me on the list of emigrés. I shall lose my eight hundred francs de
rente, but I console myself for that, as there I am on the list of respectable
people.”
A few minutes later the Countess said that Mme. Le Brun’s painting blouse
was so convenient she wished she had one like it; and in reply to her offer to
lend her one said she would much rather Mme. Charot made it, for which she
would send the linen. When it was finished she gave Mme. Charot ten louis.
M. de Rivière was also at Vienna, and took part in all the private theatricals
and diversions going on.
Mme. Le Brun painted a remarkable portrait of Mlle. Fries, the great banker’s
daughter, as Sappho, she being an excellent musician. Also of the Baron and
Baroness Strogonoff with whom she became very intimate.
At a State ball she first saw again the Empress, Marie Thérèse, daughter of
the Queen of Naples, whom she found much changed in appearance. She had
painted her portrait in 1792.
She also was overjoyed to meet the Comtesse de Brionne, Princesse de
Lorraine, one of the earliest friends who had shown her unvarying kindness at
the beginning of her career—and she resumed her old habit of going often to
supper with her. The Polignac, too, had a place near Vienna, in fact, wherever
she went Lisette met numbers of her unfortunate countrymen and
acquaintance driven into exile, watching in despair the course of events in
France.
She scarcely dared read the newspapers, since one day on opening one she
had seen in the death list the names of nine persons of her acquaintance; and
all her Austrian friends tried to prevent her from hearing or knowing what was
going on. A letter from her brother, however, brought her the fatal news of the
murder of the King and Queen.
 She was as happy at Vienna as she could be anywhere under the
circumstances. During the winter she had the most brilliant society in Europe,
and for the summer she had taken a little house at Schönbrunn, near the
Polignac, in a lovely situation, to which she always retired when Vienna
became too hot, and where she took long solitary walks by the Danube, or sat
and sketched under the trees.
Here she finished the portrait of the young Princess von Lichtenstein, as Iris.
As she was represented with bare feet, her husband told Mme. Le Brun that
when it was hung in his gallery, and the heads of the family came to see it,
they were all extremely scandalised, so he had placed a pair of little shoes on
the ground under it, and told the grand-parents they had dropped off.

FOOTNOTES:

[39] The eldest married the Emperor Francis II., the second the Grand Duke
of Tuscany.
[40] Madame Clotilde, eldest daughter of the Dauphin, son of Louis XV.,
married the King of Sardinia.
[41] The coachman of Europe.
 CHAPTER IX

Dresden—St. Petersburg—The Empress Catherine II.—Orloff—Potemkin—Russian

hospitality—Magnificence of society at St. Petersburg—Mme. Le Brun is robbed
—Slanders against her—The Russian Imperial family—Popularity and success of
Mme. Le Brun—Death of the Empress Catherine.

WO years and a half had passed and Mme. Le Brun had no

desire to leave Vienna, when the Russian Ambassador and
several of his compatriots urged her strongly to go to St. Petersburg,
where they said the Empress Catherine II. would be extremely
pleased to have her.
She had a great wish to see this Empress, whose strange and
commanding personality impressed her, besides which she was
convinced that in Russia she would soon gain enough to complete
the fortune she had resolved to make before returning to France.
On Sunday, April 19, 1795, therefore, she left Vienna and went by
Prague to Dresden, where she was of course enraptured with the
world-famed gallery, and above all with the chef d’œuvre of
Raffaelle, the Madonna di San Sisto—that vision of beauty before
which every other seems dim and pale. She spent five days at Berlin,
stayed a few days more at the castle of her old friend Prince Henry
of Prussia, and arrived at St. Petersburg late in July, very tired and
exhausted with the journey in an uncomfortable carriage over roads
so bad that she was jolted and flung about from one great stone to
another from Riga to St. Petersburg, until her only longing was to be
quiet and rest.
But she had not been more than twenty-four hours in the Russian
capital when the French Ambassador was announced; his visit was
succeeded by others, and that evening the Empress sent to say that
she would receive Mme. Le Brun at Czarskoiesolo [42] the next day
at one o’clock.
 The French Ambassador, Count d’Esterhazy, said that he would
come at ten and take her to déjeuner with his wife, who was just
then living at Czarskoiesolo. For the first time during her wandering
life from court to court, Lisette felt intimidated, and trembled. This
was so different from any of her former experiences. At every other
court she had been en pays de connaissance. Austrian society was
very like Parisian, Rome was the centre of Christendom, the
sovereigns of the lesser Italian states were the near relations of her
own King and Queen, their religion was the same.
But here, in this half-barbarous country, at an immense distance
from everywhere she had ever been before, with a different church,
a language incomprehensible to her and a sovereign mysterious,
powerful, autocratic, whose reputation was sinister, and to whose
private character were attached the darkest suspicions, an additional
uneasiness was added to her reflections owing entirely to her
habitual careless absence of mind in not having provided herself
with a proper toilette for the occasion.
Accustomed all her life to be surrounded by friends, to be made
much of and allowed to do as she liked wherever she went, she had
followed her own fashion of wearing a certain style of dress, artistic,
characteristic, but inexpensive. Nobody had objected to the simple
toilettes of soft muslin, gracefully arranged, nor to the scarves and
handkerchiefs she twisted in her hair. But she became suddenly
conscious that they were by no means suitable to appear before the
formidable personage, whom she pictured to herself as tall, dark,
gloomy, and terrible, moreover the Countess Esterhazy looked at her
in astonishment, and with much hesitation said—
“Madame, have you not brought any other dress?”
With much confusion she replied that she had not had time to
have a proper dress made, but she was aware of the impossibility of
explaining why, coming straight from Vienna, she had not brought
one with her; and the dissatisfied looks of the Ambassadress
increased her alarm when it was time to go to the Empress.
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookluna.com