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Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Data Structures 3e (Gaddis and Muganda)
Chapter 2 Java Fundamentals

2.1 Multiple Choice Questions

1) Which one of the following would contain the translated Java byte code for a program named Demo?
A) Demo.java
B) Demo.code
C) Demo.class
D) Demo.byte
Answer: C

2) To compile a program named First, use the following command:

A) java First.java
B) javac First
C) javac First.java
D) compile First.javac
Answer: C

3) A Java program must have at least one of these:

A) Class definition
B) Variable
C) Comment
D) System.out.println(); statement
Answer: A

4) In Java, the beginning of a comment is marked with:

A) //
B) ""
C) ;
D) #
Answer: A

5) The term typically refers to the device that displays console output.
A) standard output device
B) central processing unit
C) secondary storage device
1
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
D) liquid crystal display
Answer: A

6) In Java, must be declared before they can be used.

A) variables
B) literals
C) key words
D) comments
Answer: A

2
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
7) If the following Java statements are executed, what will be displayed?

System.out.println("The top three winners are\n");

System.out.print("Jody, the Giant\n");
System.out.print("Buffy, the Barbarian");
System.out.println("Adelle, the Alligator");
A) The top three winners are
Jody, the Giant
Buffy, the Barbarian
Adelle, the Alligator
B) The top three winners are
Jody, the Giant\nBuffy, the BarbarianAdelle, the Alligator
C) The top three winners are Jody, the Giant\nBuffy, the BarbarianAdelle, and the Albino
D) The top three winners are
Jody, the Giant
Buffy, the BarbarianAdelle, the Alligator
Answer: D

8) This is a value that is written into the code of a program.

A) literal
B) assignment statement
C) variable
D) operator
Answer: A

9) When the + operator is used with strings, it is known as the:

A) Assignment operator
B) String concatenation operator
C) Addition operator
D) Combined assignment operator
Answer: B

10) What would be printed out as a result of the following code?

System.out.println("The quick brown fox" +

"jumped over the \n"
"slow moving hen.");
A) The quick brown fox jumped over the \nslow moving hen.
B) The quick brown fox jumped over the
slow moving hen.
C) The quick brown fox
jumped over the
slow moving hen.
D) Nothing. This is an error.
Answer: D

3
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
11) Which of the following is NOT a rule that must be followed when naming identifiers?
A) The first character must be one of the letters a-z, A-Z, and underscore or a dollar sign.
B) Identifiers can contain spaces.
C) Uppercase and lowercase characters are distinct.
D) After the first character, you may use the letters a-z, A-Z, the underscore, a dollar sign, or digits 0-9.
Answer: B

12) Which of the following cannot be used as identifiers in Java?

A) Variable names
B) Class names
C) Key words
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
Answer: C

13) In Java, it is standard practice to capitalize the first letter of:

A) Class names
B) Variable names
C) Key words
D) Literals
Answer: A

14) Which of the following is NOT a primitive data type?

A) short
B) long
C) float
D) String
Answer: D

15) Which of the following is valid?

A) float y;
y = 54.9;
B) float y;
double z;
z = 934.21;
y = z;
C) float w;
w = 1.0f;
D) float v;
v = 1.0;
Answer: C

16) The boolean data type may contain values in the following range of values:
A) true or false
B) -128 to + 127
C) - 2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647
D) - 32,768 to +32,767
Answer: A

4
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
17) Character literals are enclosed in ; string literals are enclosed in .
A) single quotes; single quotes
B) double quotes; double quotes
C) single quotes; double quotes
D) double quotes; single quotes
Answer: C

18) What is the result of the following expression?

10 + 5 * 3 - 20
A) -5
B) 5
C) 25
D) -50
Answer: B

19) What is the result of the following expression?

25 / 4 + 4 * 10 % 3
A) 19
B) 5.25
C) 3
D) 7
Answer: D

20) What will be displayed as a result of executing the following code?

int x = 5, y = 20;
x += 32;
y /= 4;
System.out.println("x = " + x + ", y = " + y);
A) x = 32, y = 4
B) x = 9, y = 52
C) x = 37, y = 5
D) x = 160, y = 80
Answer: C

21) What will be the value of z as a result of executing the following code?

int x = 5, y = 28;
float z;
z = (float) (y / x);
A) 5.60
B) 5.6
C) 3.0
D) 5.0
Answer: D

5
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
22) What will be the displayed when the following code is executed?

final int x = 22, y = 4;

y += x;
System.out.println("x = " + x +
", y = " + y);
A) x = 22, y = 4
B) x = 22, y = 26
C) x = 22, y = 88
D) Nothing, this is an error
Answer: D

23) In the following Java statement what value is stored in the variable name?

String name = "John Doe";

A) John Doe
B) The memory address where "John Doe" is located
C) name
D) The memory address where name is located
Answer: B

6
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
24) What will be displayed as a result of executing the following code?

int x = 6;
String msg = "I am enjoying this class.";
String msg1 = msg.toUpperCase();
String msg2 = msg.toLowerCase();
char ltr = msg.charAt(x);
int strSize = msg.length();
System.out.println(msg);
System.out.println(msg1);
System.out.println(msg2);
System.out.println("Character at index x = " +
ltr);
System.out.println("msg has " + strSize +
"characters.");
A) I am enjoying this class.
I AM ENJOYING THIS CLASS.
i am enjoying this class.
Character at index x = e
msg has 24 characters.
B) I am enjoying this class.
I AM ENJOYING THIS CLASS.
i am enjoying this class.
Character at index x = e
msg has 25 characters.
C) I am enjoying this class.
I AM ENJOYING THIS CLASS.
i am enjoying this class.
Character at index x = n
msg has 24 characters.
D) I am enjoying this class.
I AM ENJOYING THIS CLASS.
i am enjoying this class.
Character at index x = n
msg has 25characters.
Answer: D

7
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
25) What will be displayed as a result of executing the following code?

public class test

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int value1 = 9;
System.out.println(value1);
int value2 = 45;
System.out.println(value2);
System.out.println(value3);
value = 16;
}
}
A) 9
45
16
B) 94516
C) 9 45 16
D) Nothing, this is an error.
Answer: D

26) Which of the following is NOT a valid comment statement?

A) // comment 1
B) /* comment 2 */
C) */ comment 3 /*
D) /** comment 4 */
Answer: C

27) When saving a Java source file, save it with an extension of:
A) .javac
B) .class
C) .src
D) .java
Answer: D

28) Every Java application program must have:

A) a class named MAIN
B) a method named main
C) comments
D) integer variables
Answer: B

29) To print "Hello, world" on the monitor, use the following Java statement:
A) SystemOutPrintln("Hello, world");
B) System.out.println{"Hello, world"}
C) System.out.println("Hello, world");
D) Print "Hello, world";
Answer: C

8
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
30) To display the output on the next line, you can use the println method or use this escape sequence
in the print method.
A) \n
B) \r
C) \t
D) \b
Answer: A

31) This is a named storage location in the computer's memory.

A) Literal
B) Constant
C) Variable
D) Operator
Answer: C

32) What would be displayed as a result of the following code?

int x = 578;
System.out.print("There are " +
x + 5 + "\n" +
"hens in the hen house.");
A) There are 583 hens in the hen house.
B) There are 5785 hens in the hen house.
C) There are x5\nhens in the hen house.
D) There are 5785
hens in the hen house.
Answer: D

33) Variables are classified according to their:

A) value
B) data type
C) names
D) location in the program
Answer: B

34) The primitive data types only allow a(n) to hold a single value.
A) variable
B) object
C) class D)
literal
Answer: A

35) If x has been declared an int, which of the following statements is invalid?
A) x = 0;
B) x = -58932;
C) x = 1,000;
D) x = 592;
Answer: C

9
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
36) Given the declaration double r;, which of the following statements is invalid?
A) r = 326.75;
B) r = 9.4632e15;
C) r = 9.4632E15;
D) r = 2.9X106;
Answer: D

37) Variables of the boolean data type are useful for:

A) working with small integers
B) evaluating true/false conditions
C) working with very large integers
D) evaluating scientific notation
Answer: B

38) What is the result of the following expression?

25 - 7 * 3 + 12 / 3
A) 6
B) 8
C) 10
D) 12
Answer: B

39) What is the result of the following expression?

17 % 3 * 2 - 12 + 15
A) 7
B) 8
C) 12
D) 105
Answer: A

40) What will be displayed after the following statements have been executed?

int x = 15, y = 20, z = 32;

x += 12;
y /= 6;
z -= 14;
System.out.println("x = " + x +
", y = " + y +
", z = " +z);
A) x = 27, y = 3.333, z = 18
B) x = 27, y = 2, z = 18
C) x = 27, y = 3, z = 18
D) x = 37, y = 14, z = 4
Answer: C

10
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Visit https://ebookmass.com
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41) What will be the value of z after the following statements have been executed?

int x = 4, y = 33;
double z;
z = (double) (y / x);
A) 8.25
B) 4
C) 8
D) 8.0
Answer: D

42) This is a variable whose content is read only and cannot be changed during the program's execution.
A) operator
B) literal
C) named constant
D) reserved word
Answer: C

43) What will be displayed after the following statements have been executed?

final double x = 99.0;

x = 54.3;
System.out.println("x = " + x );

A) x = 54.3
B) x
C) x = 108.6
D) Nothing, this is an error.
Answer: D

44) Which of the following is a valid Java statement?

A) String str = 'John Doe';
B) string str = "John Doe";
C) string str = 'John Doe';
D) String str = "John Doe";
Answer: D

11
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
45) What will be displayed as a result of executing the following code?

int x = 8;
String msg = "I am enjoying java.";
String msg1 = msg.toUpperCase();
String msg2 = msg.toLowerCase();
char ltr = msg.charAt(x);
int strSize = msg.length();
System.out.println(msg);
System.out.println(msg1);
System.out.println(msg2);
System.out.println("Character at index x = " +
ltr);
System.out.println("msg has " + strSize +
" characters.");
A) I am enjoying java.
I AM ENJOYING JAVA.
i am enjoying java.
Character at index x = j
msg has 20 characters.
B) I am enjoying java.
I AM ENJOYING JAVA.
i am enjoying java.
Character at index x = o
msg has 20 characters.
C) I am enjoying java.
I AM ENJOYING JAVA.
i am enjoying java.
Character at index x = o
msg has 19 characters.
D) I am enjoying java.
I AM ENJOYING JAVA.
i am enjoying java.
Character at index x = y
msg has 19 characters.
Answer: C

46) Which of the following does not describe a valid comment in Java?
A) Single line comments, two forward slashes - //
B) Multi-line comments, start with /* and end with */
C) Multi-line comments, start with */ and end with /*
D) Documentation comments, any comments starting with /** and ending with */
Answer: C

47) Which of the following statements correctly creates a Scanner object for keyboard input?
A) Scanner kbd = new Scanner(System.keyboard);
B) Scanner keyboard(System.in);
C) Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in);
D) Keyboard scanner = new Keyboard(System.in);
Answer: C

12
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
48) Which Scanner class method reads an int?
A) readInt()
B) nextInt()
C) getInt()
D) read_int()
Answer: B

49) Which Scanner class method reads a String?

A) readString()
B) nextString()
C) getString()
D) nextLine()
Answer: D

50) Which one of the following methods would you use to convert a string to a double?
A) Byte.ParseByte
B) Long.ParseLong
C) Integer.ParseInt
D) Double.ParseDouble
Answer: D

2.2 True/False Questions

1) A Java program will not compile unless it contains the correct line numbers.
Answer: FALSE

2) All Java statements end with semicolons.

Answer: FALSE

3) Java is a case-insensitive language.

Answer: FALSE

4) Although the dollar sign is a legal identifier character, you should not use it because it is normally used
for special purposes.
Answer: TRUE

5) Assuming that pay has been declared a double, the following statement is valid.
pay = 2,583.44;
Answer: FALSE

6) Named constants are initialized with a value, that value cannot be changed during the execution of the
program.
Answer: TRUE

7) A variable's scope is the part of the program that has access to the variable.
Answer: TRUE

8) In Java the variable named total is the same as the variable named Total.
Answer: FALSE

13
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
9) Class names and key words are examples of variables.
Answer: FALSE

10) Both character literals and string literals can be assigned to a char variable.
Answer: FALSE

11) If the compiler encounters a statement that uses a variable before the variable is declared, an error will
result.
Answer: TRUE

12) Programming style includes techniques for consistently putting spaces and indentation in a program
so visual cues are created.
Answer: TRUE

14
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Army Pulse
Radiation Facility
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Army Pulse Radiation Facility

Creator: U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory

Release date: May 19, 2022 [eBook #68120]

Language: English

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Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
https://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARMY

PULSE RADIATION FACILITY ***
Army Pulse Radiation Facility
 Contents
Page
No.
The Concept 3
The Facility 5
The Reactor 7
Exposure Locations and Performance Levels 11
APRF User Support Facilities 17
Instructions to Potential Users 20

Table I.
APRFR Core Design Data 8

Table II.
Typical APRFR Performance Levels 8

Table III.
APRFR Fluence and Flux Data 13

Table IV.
Nominal APRFR Leakage and U235 Fission
13
Spectra

Table V.
Fluence-to-Dose Conversion Factors for 14
APRFR Leakage Neutrons

Table VI.
Kerma and Kerma Rate in Tissue for APRFR
14
Exposure Conditions

Table VII.
Kerma and Kerma Rate in Silicon for APRFR
15
Exposure Conditions

Table VIII.
Neutron-to-Gamma Dose Ratios 15

Table IX.
APRF User Support Equipment 18

Army Pulse Radiation Facility

U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories
AMXRD-BTD
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005
Army Pulse Radiation Facility Location Map
 The Concept
The Army Pulse Radiation Facility (APRF) is designed to meet an
Army need for a facility located near the Eastern Seaboard capable
of providing large fast neutron and gamma radiation doses within
microseconds. This fast pulse radiation capability is necessary for
the determination of transient responses of materiel in nuclear
environments.
The APRF increases Army capability by providing improved
simulation of radiative effects of a nuclear burst for studies of Army
interest, and provides a facility for testing Army materiel. Because of
its location, the APRF economically and efficiently serves the heavy
concentration of Army agencies and contractors located along the
Eastern Seaboard.
The design of the APRF is a direct outgrowth of projected user
requirements. Thus the reactor can be used both for high dose
irradiations of small objects, as a point source for radiation detector
studies, and irradiation of bulk objects. The former requirement led to
the incorporation of a 1½-inch OD “glory hole” running through the
center of the core, and providing a fast neutron fluence of about 9 ×
10¹⁴ neutrons per square centimeter per pulse. The latter two
requirements have resulted in the design of a large volume, low-
radiation backscatter Reactor Building. Provision is made for moving
the reactor both within the Reactor Building and to an outdoor test
site at heights variable up to 44 feet above ground by means of a
mechanical device called the reactor transporter. The reactor is also
capable of intermittent steady state operation in the kilowatt range
for classes of experiments requiring this mode of operation.
 The Facility
The APRF is located on the military reservation of Aberdeen
Proving Ground (APG), in southeastern Harford County, Maryland.
The Reactor Building is at the center of the facility.
This building is a windowless, circular structure with aluminum
siding. Inside, the building is 100 feet in diameter and 65 feet high.
There is a roll-up door in the south wall for the passage of the
reactor transporter to the outdoor test site and another in the west
wall for the access of vehicles to the building. A shielded stairway
and maze provides access from the underground Control Building.
This concrete structure provides radiological shielding for the
personnel and controls associated with the operation of the reactor
and the conduct of experiments.
The area within a ~450-yard radius of the Reactor Building
constitutes the APRF high-radiation area defined by a 10-foot anti-
personnel fence. This high-radiation area is in turn surrounded by a
nearly concentric restricted area defined at its outer boundary by a
barbed wire warning fence at a radius of ~1500 yards from the
Reactor Building.
The Laboratory Building, located at the periphery of the restricted
area, houses the administrative and support personnel for the APRF.
Access to APRF is controlled at this point.
APRF Reactor Core Assembly
 The Reactor
The reactor, (APRFR), is designed for both self-limited, super-
prompt-critical pulse operation and steady state operation. The
maximum available pulse has a yield of ~2.1 × 10¹⁷ fissions, while
steady state operation is limited to about 10 kilowatts by the reactor
core cooling system and activation of the core.

High Yield Prompt Pulse Shape

 The APRFR is an advanced version of the Health Physics
Research Reactor (HPRR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(ORNL), which has been operating since 1962. ORNL has played a
key role in the design and testing of the APRFR. In pulse operation,
the power level may rise on periods as short as 10 microseconds.
Electro-mechanical scram systems are too slow to terminate such an
excursion. Shutdown results from increased neutron leakage due to
fuel expansion, resulting in a large prompt negative temperature
coefficient of reactivity. This self-limiting feature depends almost
entirely on the thermal expansion of the fuel alloy, and thus it is
regarded as completely reliable and safe.
Following a pulse, additional reactor shutdown capability is
provided by a safety block which, when ejected from the core,
reduces the reactivity to about 20 dollars below delayed-critical. At
lower yield pulses, below about 6 × 10¹⁶ fissions, the safety block is
ejected by the electro-mechanical scram system in about 0.1
seconds after a pulse. At higher yield pulses, the safety block is
ejected in much shorter times due to thermo-mechanical shock
forces which cause the safety block to bounce out. The large
shutdown margin provided by the safety block is also the primary
design device for preventing accidental criticalities during periods of
reactor shutdown.
The APRFR core is an unmoderated cylindrical assembly
containing about 125 kilograms of an alloy of uranium 235 containing
10% molybdenum. The actual core mass varies with the experiment.
The core is cylindrical and consists of two concentric annuli: a fixed
outer shell of stacked fuel discs bolted together with nine fuel bolts
and Inconel nuts and a movable inner safety block, also of fuel alloy.
The 1½-inch OD “glory hole” runs vertically through the center of the
safety block. Key reactor data is summarized in Tables I and II. The
APRFR has been operated during tests at ORNL at more than twice
its design yield.
 Table I.

APRFR Core Design Data

Core Diameter 8.90 inches
Core Height[1] 8.0 inches
Fuel Alloy 90 wt % uranium -
10 wt % molybdenum
Uranium-235 Enrichment 93.14%
Total Fuel Mass[2] 125
Safety Block Mass 15.7 kg
Safety Block Height 8.06 inches
Safety Block Diameter 4.00 inches
Glory Hole Diameter 1.50 inches
Number of Control Rods Three
Core Cooling Forced Air
Number of Core Bolts Nine
Safety Block Reactivity Worth ~$20
Pulse Rod Reactivity Worth ~$1.15
Core Environment During Pulse Dry Nitrogen
Core Cooling Forced Air
 Table II.

Typical APRFR Performance Levels

PULSE MODE
Routine Yield 1.5 × 10¹⁷ fissions/pulse
Reactivity Insertion $1.10
Pulse Half-Width 48 μsec
Initial Prompt Period 18 μsec
Maximum Fuel Temperature Rise 400°C
Temperature Coefficient -0.3 cents/°C
Maximum Available Yield ~2.1 × 10¹⁷ fissions/pulse
STEADY STATE MODE
Continuous Operation ~1 kw
Intermittent Operation ~10 kw
Steady state power levels are limited by effectiveness of
core cooling system and core activation.