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Problem Solving and
Python Programming
 About the Author
E Balagurusamy is presently the Chairman of EBG Foundation, Coimbatore. In the past he has also held the
positions of member, Union Public Service Commission, New Delhi and Vice-Chancellor, Anna University,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu. He is a teacher, trainer and consultant in the fields of Information Technology and
Management. He holds an ME (Hons) in Electrical Engineering and PhD in Systems Engineering from the
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand. His areas of interest include Object-Oriented Software
Engineering, E-Governance: Technology Management, Business Process Re-engineering and Total Quality
Management.
A prolific writer, he has authored a large number of research papers and several books. His best-selling
books, among others include:
● Programming in ANSIC, 7/e

● Fundamentals of Computers

● Computing Fundamentals and C Programming, 2e

● Programming in C#, 3/e

● Programming in Java, 5/e

● Object-Oriented Programming with C++, 7/e

● Programming in BASIC, 3/e

● Numerical Methods

● Reliability Engineering

● Problem Solving and Python Programming

A recipient of numerous honors and awards, he has been listed in the Directory of Who’s Who of
Intellectuals and in the Directory of Distinguished Leaders in Education.
Problem Solving and
Python Programming

E Balagurusamy
Chairman
EBG Foundation
Coimbatore

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

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Problem Solving and Python Programming

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 Contents

Preface ix

Unit 1: Introduction to Computing and Algorithmic Problem Solving

Chapter 1 Introduction to Digital Computer 3

1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Von Neumann Concept 5
1.3 Storage 8
1.4 Programming Languages 12
1.5 Translators 14
1.6 Hardware and Software 15
1.7 Operating Systems 17
Always Remember 18
Key Terms 18
Review Exercises 19
Multiple Choice Questions 19
Short Questions 21
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 22

Chapter 2 Problem Solving Strategies 23

2.1 Problem Analysis 23
2.2 Algorithms 24
2.3 Flow Charts 26
2.4 Examples of Algorithms and Flow Charts 30
Always Remember 35
Key Terms 35
Review Exercises 36
vi Contents

Multiple Choice Questions 36

Short Questions 37
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 37

Appendix A: Practice Exercises with Algorithm and Flow Chart 38

Appendix B: Problem Solving Exercises with Algorithms and Pseudocode 91

Unit 2: Introduction to Python and Data, Expressions, Statements

Chapter 3 Introduction to Python 117

3.1 Introduction 117
3.2 Python Overview 117
3.3 Getting Started with Python 118
3.4 Comments 123
3.5 Python Identifiers 123
3.6 Reserved Keywords 124
3.7 Variables 124
3.8 Standard Data Types 126
3.9 Operators 132
3.10 Statement and Expression 142
3.11 String Operations 143
3.12 Boolean Expressions 145
3.13 Control Statements 146
3.14 Iteration – while Statement 152
3.15 Input from Keyboard 154
Always Remember 156
Key Terms 157
Review Exercises 157
Multiple Choice Questions 161
Short Questions 162
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 162

Unit 3: Functions

Chapter 4 Functions 165

4.1 Introduction 165
4.2 Built-in Functions 165
4.3 Composition of Functions 171
4.4 User Defined Functions 172
 Contents vii

4.5 Parameters and Arguments 175

4.6 Function Calls 179
4.7 The return Statement 180
4.8 Python Recursive Function 181
4.9 The Anonymous Functions 181
4.10 Writing Python Scripts 183
Always Remember 185
Key Terms 186
Review Exercises 187
Multiple Choice Questions 192
Short Questions 193
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 194

Unit 4: Lists, Tuples and Dictionaries

Chapter 5 Strings and Lists 197

5.1 Strings 197
5.2 Lists 209
Always Remember 217
Key Terms 218
Review Exercises 219
Multiple Choice Questions 226
Short Questions 229
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 232

Chapter 6 Tuples and Dictionaries 233

6.1 Tuples 233
6.2 Dictionaries 244
Always Remember 251
Key Terms 252
Review Exercises 253
Multiple Choice Questions 259
Short Questions 262
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 264

Unit 5: Files, Modules and Packages

Chapter 7 Files and Exceptions 267

7.1 Text Files 267
7.2 Directories 277
7.3 Exceptions 279
viii Contents

7.4 Exception with Arguments 285

7.5 User-Defined Exceptions 286
Always Remember 288
Key Terms 289
Review Exercises 290
Multiple Choice Questions 295
Short Questions 297
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 298

Chapter 8 Classes and Objects 299

8.1 Overview of OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) 299
8.2 Class Definition 300
8.3 Creating Objects 302
8.4 Objects as Arguments 305
8.5 Objects as Return Values 306
8.6 Built-in Class Attributes 307
8.7 Inheritance 308
8.8 Method Overriding 312
8.9 Data Encapsulation 312
8.10 Data Hiding 314
Always Remember 315
Key Terms 316
Review Exercises 317
Multiple Choice Questions 323
Short Questions 325
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 326

Appendix C: Fundamental Standard Library Modules 327

 PrefACe

Developments in the field of digital electronics and the huge amount of data generated during the last
few decades ushered in the second Industrial Revolution which is popularly referred to as the Information
Revolution. Information technology played an ever-increasing role in this new revolution. A sound knowledge
of how computers work, process and analyze data has, therefore, become indispensable for everyone who
seeks employment not only in the area of IT, but also in any other fields. Rightly so, many institutions and
universities in India have introduced a subject covering Problem Solving and Python Programming for their
undergraduate students. This book caters to those needs of the undergraduate students.

Why learn Python?

Python is a high-level, interpreted, reflective, dynamically typed, open-source, multi-paradigm, and general-
purpose programming language. It is quite powerful and easy. It offers no special tools or features that let
you do things that you cannot do with other languages, but its elegant design and combination of certain
features make Python a pleasure to use.

What’s Special in this Book?

The book ensures a smooth and successful transition to a skilled expert in Python. This book uses a simple-
to-complex and easy-to-learn approach throughout the book. The concept of ‘learning by-solving’ has been
stressed in all the chapters of the book. Each feature of Python is treated in-depth followed by a complete
program example to illustrate its use. Wherever necessary, concepts are explained pictorially to facilitate
better understanding. It presents a contemporary approach to programming, offering a combination of theory
and practice.
Each of the 8 chapters follow a common structure with a range of learning and assessment tools for
instructors and students.

Salient Features of the Book

The salient features of the book include the following:
● Bottom-up approach of explaining concepts has been adopted in the book.
x Preface

● Algorithms and flowcharts have been discussed extensively in an appendix.

● Codes with Comments have been provided throughout the book to illustrate the use of various features
of Python.
● Supplementary Information and important notes that complement, but stand apart from the text, have
been included in special boxes under the head Notes.
● Always Remember consists of important summary points at the end of every chapter to help the readers
recollect the topics covered with ease.
● Check Your Understanding helps the readers evaluate their learning after every section within the
chapters of the book.
● Important Key Terms within the chapter have been listed at the end.
Review Exercises comprising Multiple choice questions along with answer keys, short questions and
programming exercises are provided at the chapter end to help readers test their conceptual understanding.

Organization of the Book

The book spans across eight chapters spread over 5 Units. The first two chapters introduces the learner to
digital computers–the basic structure, programming languages, operating systems, problem solving strategies
and conventional introduction to programming. The next six chapters present a more-or-less the conventional
introduction to programming. The readers learn about variables, types, statements, conditionals, loops,
functions, recursion, classes and inheritance. In all the chapters, first the basic ideas are explained, and
then the reader is led through a process of experimentation that helps them find and test the limits of their
understanding.

Publisher’s Note
Remember to write to us. We look forward to receiving your feedback, comments, and ideas to enhance
the quality of this book. You can reach us at info.india@mheducation.com. Please mention the title and
authors’ name as the subject. In case you spot piracy of this book, please do let us know.
 Unit 1
Introduction to Computing and
Algorithmic Problem Solving

Chapter 1: Introduction to Digital Computer

Chapter 2: Problem Solving Strategies
Appendix A: Practice Exercises with Algorithm and Flow Chart
Appendix B: Problem Solving Exercises with Algorithms & Pseudocode
 IntroductIon to
1 dIgItal computer

1.1 IntroductIon
In earlier days, the term “digital computer” was used to refer a person who drew mathematical tables and
solved complex calculations. In less than a human lifetime, computers have changed from massive, expensive
and unreliable calculators to the dependable and versatile machines that are now omnipresent in society.
Computers were once the size of rooms and used to take a day to change the program and now, it is just a
double click away. Computers help the impossible become possible. They have become a necessary tool in
today’s society. Without computers, it is hard to do pretty much anything. Computers process information in
1’s and 0’s (usually referred to as On and Off respectively). This operation identifies instructions in Binary
Code. This is the language understood by the computer to complete a command. By 1953, it was estimated
that there were almost 100 computers in the world.
It is believed that the first computer was invented in Berlin, Germany, in 1936.
● The Z1 was invented in 1936 by Konrad Zuse in Germany. This was a programmable machine that

was able to remember numbers. This process is now referred to as memory.

● IBM followed suit and introduced the Harvard Mark 1 which was completed at Harvard University in

1944. It was a large calculator. This computer was able to calculate many different types of numbers.
● With the advancement of technology and research, major companies like IBM, Apple, and Intel have

contributed to the explosion of the personal computers as we know today. For example, Apple 1 was
released in 1976 which was having memory of 4 KB expandable to 8 KB. The Macintosh was released
in 1984 which was having memory of 64 KB expandable to 256 KB.
● CSIRAC was the first computer to play digital music in 1949.

● UNIVAC 1 was used by CBS to predict the results of the 1952 presidential elections in USA.

● On December 2, 1954 IBM’s NORC calculated PI 3089 digits.

● In 1958, Jack Kilby invented the Integrated Circuit.

● COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language), one of the oldest programming languages, was

developed by Grace Murray Hopper in 1959,

● In 1962 Space War, the first computer game was written by MIT student Steve Russell.

● In 1975, the first personal computer Altair 8800 was invented.

● In 1976, Intel & Zilog introduced new microprocessors

4 Problem Solving and Python Programming

● Single - board computer known as apple -1 was designed by Steve Wozniak some more important
developments and was marketed by his friend Steve Jobs.
● In 1980 IBM introduced its Personal Computers (PC). The first IBM PC was known as IBM Model

5150, was based on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor

● In 19993, Pentium microprocessor was released by Pentium followed by the release of Microsoft

window's NT
● In 1994 Sony entred the home gaming market with release of play station console.

● In 2006, Amazon web services launched cloud-based services.

A Personal Computer (PC) is a digital computer designed for the usage by one person at a time. PCs
can be classified into desktop computers, workstations and laptop computers. Today, PCs have five major
applications which are as follows:
1. Internet Browser: Internet browser is a software application used to access the Internet. For example,
Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, etc., are all Internet browsers.
2. Data Compression Software: Data compression software is used to reduce file size. ZIP is widely used
as the data compression software on personal computers.
3. Windows Media Player: Windows Media Player is used to create music libraries for listening music.
4. Image Editing Software: Image editing software is used to develop good quality pictures. Examples of
such software include Photoshop, Microsoft Publisher and Picasa.
5. Audio Editing Software: Audio editing software is used to edit audio files and also to add audio effects.

Check Your Understanding

1. What is a computer?
Ans. A computer is an electronic device capable of executing programs written in different languages.
2. What is the use of data compression software?
Ans. Data compression software is used to reduce file size.

Note The first personal computer was Altair 8800. Later IBM introduced IBM PC.

Computers have become an integral part of the society because of the following characteristics they
possess:
● A computer can perform millions of calculations in a second.

● A computer works with precision every time.

● A computer can store billions of bytes of information. For example, the capacity of a terabyte =

2,00,000 songs.
● A computer can work continuously without getting tired.

● A computer can be used to perform various tasks simultaneously.

● A computer will remember the information stored for as long as required.

 Introduction to Digital Computer 5

1.2 Von neumann concept

In early computers, the data and instructions were not stored in the same memory. However, such storage
became possible in the Von Neumann architecture, also known as “stored program” architecture because
it could store the program and instruction data in the same memory. In the Von Neumann architecture,
computers can perform complex operations within less time. Besides performing calculations, they can
manage to do a sequence of calculations as well. The basic structure of Von Neumann architecture consists
of the memory, processing unit and the control unit.
The characteristics of Von Neumann architecture are as follows:
1. The hardware system comprises the following:
● Memory: In Von Neumann architecture, there is a main memory system – Random Access
Memory (RAM) which holds the data or program.
● Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): As the name suggests, this is useful in arithmetic and logical
calculations such as addition, subtraction, division and comparisons.
● Control Unit: In the central processing unit (CPU), there is a control unit (CU) managing
the process of data or program. The execution of the program is done by the Control Unit. For
example, the fetch-decode-execution.
Input-Output System: Using this system, an input is given and output is generated after
●

execution. The information can be stored by using compact disk (CD), floppy, etc.
2. Data or programs are stored into the main memory.
3. Processing of instructions is sequential.

Note A process describes how the processor takes the data or program, decodes it and
finally executes it. The fetch-decode-execute cycle is also known as the Von Neumann
execution cycle.

Check Your Understanding

1. Who developed the basic architecture of computers?
Ans. John Von Neumann
2. What do the following terms stand for?
CPU, ALU, CU, RAM
Ans. CPU: Control Processing Unit
ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit
CU: Control Unit
RAM: Random Access Memory

1.2.1 A Simple Model of the Computer

A Computer system has three basic components which are as follows:
6 Problem Solving and Python Programming

1. Processor: It is also known as the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The processor is the brain of the
computer. It takes data in the form of input and processes this input using arithmetic or logical operations in
the ALU, thereby transforming it into the output.
2. Memory (Storage): Memory refers to the data storage, permanent or temporary. Computer memory
understands only two bits, 0 and 1. The temporary memory is called RAM and the permanent memory is
called Read Only Memory (ROM).
3. Input/Output: It refers to the communication mechanism. Input and output devices are significant portions
of the computer accessories. Input devices provide data to the computer as input from the external source
while output devices generate information for the user after processing the input.

Input Process Output

Storage

Figure 1.1 Model of Computer

TIP
Before buying a computer, one should check the processor speed. To determine the processing
speed of the CPU, the clock speed is checked. The CPU can perform a certain number of
clock cycles per second. The computer’s clock speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz). One
GHz equals to one billion cycles per second. A higher clock speed indicates that the CPU
can execute more operations per second.

Note The very first commercially produced and sold computer in 1951 was UNIVAC.

1.2.2 Components of the Digital Computer

A digital computer performs calculations and solves complex problems. Thus, it must be equipped with the
following components:
1. Input Devices: These are the devices through which the information is provided to the computer. There
are different types of input devices, such as keyboard, mouse, scanner, touch pad, etc.
2. Output Devices: These are the devices through which the output is being provided to the user. There are
different types of output devices, such as printer, speakers, screen, etc.
3. Processing Unit: CPU is the brain of the computer. It takes data in the form of input and processes it,
thereby transforming the data into output. A CPU basically consists of the following:
 Introduction to Digital Computer 7

● Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU performs both arithmetic and logical operations including
addition, subtraction, division and bits manipulation.
● Registers: Registers hold values in the CPU. Each register has a unique name and is capable of
holding a byte or word of data.
● Control Unit: The Control Unit controls the operation of the CPU, the Memory and the input-output
components based on a sequence of instructions in the Memory.
4. External Memory: The External Memory is a physical device used to store programs (set of instructions)
or data temporarily or permanently for use in a computer or some other digital electronic device. It is
classified into two categories which are as follows:
● Primary Memory: The primary memory is also known as main memory. The program is loaded in
the main memory before it can be executed. The information within the Primary Memory can be lost
when power to the computer is turned off. Thus, the Primary Memory is volatile by nature.
● Secondary Memory: The secondary memory is a non-volatile, low-speed memory. The information
within this memory will not be lost even if the computer is turned off due to power failure. Examples
of secondary storage include hard disk, DVD, floppy drive, etc.
5. Bus: In a computer, all the components described above are connected by cables and each cable can only
send one bit at a time. These cables are called bus and are responsible for the movement of data from input
devices to output devices.

Keyboard

Control Unit Mouse

Main
Memory Input
Devices

ALU
Display
Registers Secondary
Memory
Printer
Storage Output
Devices
Central Processing Unit Bus
(CPU)

Figure 1.2 Components of Computer

Computers have become a huge part of our life nowadays. We use them every day to complete different
tasks. They are basically composed of two main things-the software and the hardware. The software has all
the instructions and information needed for the computer to run. This includes the operating system and the
programs or applications. The hardware consists of all the physical elements that make the computer work.
This includes the CPU, RAM, ROM, Cache etc.
8 Problem Solving and Python Programming

Let us imagine a restaurant. Every day a keeper comes to open the restaurant and makes sure everything is
ready and working well. Here, the keeper and the computer is called read-only memory or ROM which can
be modified. To keep everything running properly in a restaurant we need an administrator, this is the central
processing unit or CPU. It is called a microprocessor in cell phones and it contains the arithmetic logic unit
or ALU and the control unit or CU. The ALU in a computer is the manager who takes care of the numbers
and logical part. The control unit is the head chef who organises the incoming information and gets everyone
task. Let us see a customer making an order. The order acts as the input data. The waiter or data bus then
carries this information to the kitchen, and then goes to the head chef who decides where it should go further.
The kitchen represents the mother board inside, where there is a fridge and you keep everything that is used
frequently for easy access. This is called random access memory or RAM in a computer. Cache will be like
a small recipe book in which the computer keeps the frequently used instructions. There is also a warehouse
for rest of the information stored and this works as a hard disk. We can also get the things delivered through
the back door which acts as an optical disc in the computer. These are called the secondary storage devices.
Let us imagine, we also have a timer in the kitchen. Every time the timer starts, everyone starts preparing
a dish and has to get it done by the time gets over, so this keeps everything synchronised. In a computer, it
is called the internal clock.
We get an order, the buses carry it and it goes through the control unit in the CPU which supervises that
it reaches the right destination. If we need something that has been recently used, we can easily get it from
RAM, and if not, then the computer has to look for it in the secondary storage devices. The data is processed
now, and it is time for the chefs to turn into some delicious food that we can eat. This is the task of the video
card converting data into images. This is how our computer works.

Check Your Understanding

1. In which form does CD-ROM store information?
Ans. Digital form
2. What is the main difference between primary and secondary storage?
Ans. Primary memory is volatile while secondary memory is non-volatile in nature.
3. What is the working of Bus?
Ans. The Bus is responsible for movement of data from input devices to output devices.

1.3 Storage
The term Storage refers to memory that retains computer programs and data. There are basically two
categories of storage: primary and secondary.

1.3.1 Primary Storage

It is also known as the temporary storage since it is a short-term memory. There are three types of primary
storage:
1. RAM (Random Access Memory): The RAM is a very important part of the computer. It stores the data
accessed by the CPU. The RAM is the place where the programs or data in current use can be kept. This
memory is volatile in nature as the information within it is lost when power to the computer is turned off.
RAM is also known as working memory or main memory.
 Introduction to Digital Computer 9

Figure 1.3 Random Access Memory

2. ROM (Read Only Memory): The Read Only Memory gets its name from the fact that the computer can
only read information from it but cannot write any information on it. A part of the operating system is
stored in ROM. When the computer system is turned on, the CPU executes instructions stored in ROM.
The information stored in ROM cannot be changed and will not be lost even if the computer is turned off.

Figure 1.4 Read Only Memory

3. Cache Memory: Cache memory stores the data recently processed by the CPU. The size of cache is very
small and execution is very fast. In order to process an application, processor first searches the cache memory
and then, the RAM.

Figure 1.5 Cache Memory

10 Problem Solving and Python Programming

1.3.2 Secondary Storage

Secondary storage is also known as the permanent storage. It is not constantly accessible to a computer
system. When required, secondary storage devices and media can be accessed by plugging or inserting them
into a computer. Examples of secondary storage include the hard drive, DVD, memory card etc. Secondary
storage is like long-term memory since the data remains stored in the secondary storage device even after
the computer is shut down.
The various types of secondary storage are:
1. Hard disks: Hard Disk or Hard Disk Drive (HDD) stores and provide relatively quick access to large
amounts of data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces.
2. Floppy Disc: A floppy disc consists of a plastic case inside which there is a very thin piece of plastic coated
with microscopic iron particles. Floppy discs store very less data—a maximum of 1.44 MB.

Figure 1.6 Floppy Disc

3. Flash Drive: A flash drive can be inserted into a USB port for data retrieval and data storage. It is small
in size and portable. Nowadays, flash drive comes in many shapes.

Figure 1.7 Flash Drive

 Introduction to Digital Computer 11

4. Memory Card: A memory card is a very small data storage medium. It is portable and can be used in
remote computing devices.

Figure 1.8 Memory Card

5. Compact Disc: A compact disc is a kind of optical disc used to store digital data. Data can be accessed
faster here compared to the floppy discs, but it is still slower than the hard discs. A compact disc stores the
same data as a floppy disc does.

Figure 1.9 Compact Disc

12 Problem Solving and Python Programming

Note An early method used to store data or information in the computer was the Punch
card. The machine Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage had a punched card
system to store and retrieve information.

1.3.3 Register
It contains the address of the memory location where data resides. Register is highly accessible by the CPU.
Speed of the CPU is determined by the number of registers it has.
Memory hierarchy is the arrangement of the storage in a computer. Each level of memory hierarchy is
distinguished by the response time. It is illustrated in Figure 1.10.

Regs Small, fast, expensive

Cache

Main Memory

Disk/Virtual Memory

Tape, Remote Access, etc. Large, slow, cheap

Figure 1.10 Memory Hierarchy

Check Your Understanding

1. How can memory be measured?
Ans. A byte is the unit of memory of a computer. The smallest unit of memory is bit.
1 byte = 8 bits
1 kilobyte = 1,024 bytes
1 megabyte = 1,024 kilobytes
1 gigabyte = 1,024 megabytes
1 terabyte = 1,024 gigabytes

1.4 programmIng LanguageS

A computer language is used to make a computer understand what the user wants to say. When a user writes
a program, he/she uses the computer language.
A program, written in a programming language, is a set of instructions by which the computer comes
to know what is to be done. It is a coding language used by programmers to write the instructions that a
computer can understand.
 Introduction to Digital Computer 13

There are three types of computer languages as illustrated in Figure 1.11.

● High-level Language
● Assembly Language
● Machine Language

1.4.1 High-level Language

Symbolic languages are very tedious to work with because each machine instruction needs to be coded
individually. High-level languages on the other hand uses English-like languages allowing the programmer
to focus on application problems instead of focusing on the intricacies of the particular computer. High-
level languages are converted into machine level language using a converting software called compiler. It
is a computer programming language that does not requires great efforts from the programmer. It is called
high-level language because it is close to the user. The first high-level language used was FORTRAN, which
was followed by COBOL.

1.4.2 Assembly Language

Assembly language is a low-level programming language. It is more machine friendly and requires more
efforts from the programmer. Assembly (or symbolic) language closely resembles machine language.
Symbols and mnemonics are used in this language to represent various machine language instructions.
Assembly language is directly converted into binary language and is machine-dependent.
This language is known as symbolic language because of the symbols it employs. Since the computer
does not understand symbolic language, a program called assembler is used to translate the symbolic code
into machine language, and is the reason why it is called assembly language.

1.4.3 Machine Language

Machine language consisting of 0s and 1s, was the earliest mode of programming language. The computer
understands only 0’s and 1’s because it is made of switches, transistors, and other electronic devices which
can only be in the state of either on or off. The off state is represented by 0 and on state by 1. A machine
language is a low-level computer programming language and is more machine friendly. This language is
known as machine language because it is close to the machine.

Programming Languages

Low-Level Languages High-Level Languages

Machine Assembly
Language Language

Figure 1.11 Programming Languages

14 Problem Solving and Python Programming

Check Your Understanding

1. What do you mean by a programming language?
Ans. A programming language is a coding language used by the programmers to write instructions
that a computer can understand and act on.

TIP
If you want to learn programming languages, first choose a language that you want to
learn. After that, you need to learn the core concepts of that language. Install the software
that is required to compile the program. Now, create your first program.

1.5 tranSLatorS
A translator is a computer program that can instantly translate between any languages. It converts program
language to machine level language for the debugging and execution of the programs. While the computer
understands only binary code i.e. 1’s and 0’s, it is not easy for humans to read and write in such code. So,
the translators are used to translate a computer program into binary code. There are three types of translator
programs, namely Compiler, Assembler, and Interpreter.

1.5.1 Compiler
A compiler is very important in giving the application a performance boost. The compiler of a language is
a computer program that converts the source code of an application written in the computer programming
language to the target language with its binary form.
The compiler checks for syntax errors in a source code of a program. If no error is found, the program
is declared to be successfully compiled. If the program does not contain any syntax error, the compiler
translates the source code of the program into the machine language of the computer, so that the computer
is able to understand the instructions given to it.
Source files are the program files created by a programmer. They contain information and instructions
written by the programmer, which are checked by the compiler during the process of compilation. These
source files are compiled by a compiler and run with an executable file.

1.5.2 Assembler
To translate the assembly language into machine language, a translator is needed. This translator is also
called an assembler. Each assembly language is unique to the particular computer architecture. In assembly
language, we use some mnemonic such as ‘add’, ‘sub’, ‘mul’ etc. for all the operations.
For example, if we want to add 4 and 3, then in assembly language, we will write Add 4 3 where Add
is a mnemonic and both 4 and 3 are the arguments of the operand. Now, the assembler will map this to the
binary code.
 Introduction to Digital Computer 15

1.5.3 Interpreter
Like a compiler, an interpreter also translates high-level language into low-level machine language. An
interpreter reads the statement and first converts it into an intermediate code and executes it, before reading
the next statement. It translates each instruction immediately one by one. This is a rather slow process
because the interpreter has to wait while each instruction is being translated.
The interpreter stops execution at the time of error occurrence and reports it, whereas a compiler reads
the whole program even if it encounters several errors.

Check Your Understanding

1. What is the difference between a compiler and an interpreter?
Ans: An interpreter translates each instruction one by one, while a compiler reads the whole program
first and then translates it into the machine language.

1.6 Hardware and Software

Computer systems have become an essential part of our life. Most of our work is done with the help of
computer system in a fast and efficient manner. Hardware refers to the tangible objects that can be run
using software. Software refers to a set of instructions to the computer. Without hardware, software cannot
work and vice versa. For example, a car without a driver is like hardware without software. Software tells
hardware what to do and how to do it. To reiterate, the computer system is made up of two major components:
Hardware and Software that are essential for functioning of the system.

1.6.1 Hardware
Hardware are the physical components of the computer system. The hardware components consist of several
parts like input devices, Central Processing Unit (CPU), primary storage, output devices and auxiliary
storage devices.
1. Input Devices: These are the devices such as keyboards that are used to enter the program and data. Mouse
and audio input also fall in the category of input devices.
2. CPU: It processes all the instructions given to the computer and is also used for doing arithmetic
calculations and comparisons, and for controlling the movement of data.
3. Primary Storage: It is the main memory of the computer system. In primary storage, programs and data
are stored temporarily for processing. The data in the primary device is erased when the computer is turned
off.
4. Output Devices: Devices such as monitor or printer are used to get the output.
5. Auxiliary Storage: Programs and data are stored permanently in auxiliary storage. It is also known as
secondary storage and used for both input and output. This storage is very useful as the data remains stored
even when the computer is turned off.
16 Problem Solving and Python Programming

1.6.2 Software
Computer software is a collection of programs used to manage the entire file system of the computer. It is
also necessary for the running of computer hardware. The working of the computer hardware depends on
the computer software. Computer software is classified into two categories, namely, System software and
Application software.
1. System Software: The system software provides interface between the user and the hardware (components
of the computer). It also manages the system resources, enabling the working of all hardware components
(hard disk, RAM, CD drive, etc.) of the computer. Computer hardware resources are managed through this
system software with the help of programs.
These programs fall into following three types:
● Operating System: It provides the interface between the user and computer hardware, managing
all files and folders, and providing ease of access to the database. The operating system makes the
computer perform efficiently.
● System Support Software: It provides all the services of the operating system and system utilities.
For example, disk format program is the system utility made to do the formatting of the storage. Other
services include data encryption and bit lock for locking storage devices.
● System Development Software: It works as a language translator that converts program language to
machine level language for debugging and execution of the programs.
2. Application Software: The application software runs under the system software. It helps the user to solve
problems. It can be further classified into general-purpose software and application-specific software.
● General-Purpose Software: It refers to software meant to be used for more than one application.
For example, Word Processor.
● Application-Specific Software: As the name suggests, it refers to software generally used for
a specific, intended purpose. For example: a general account ledger used by the accountants for
managing accounts.
The examples of application software are as follows:
a) Microsoft Internet Explorer
b) VLC Media Player
c) Adobe Reader X

Note Auxiliary storage is very useful since when the computer is turned off, the data
remains in the secondary storage, ready for the next time we need it.

Check Your Understanding

1. What is System Software?
Ans: System software is a part of software. It helps the computer function properly. It also controls
the computer hardware operations.
2. What is Hardware?
Ans: Computer hardware is the collection of all the parts that can be physically touched. For example:
motherboard, CPU, RAM, etc.
 Introduction to Digital Computer 17

1.7 operatIng SyStemS

An operating system is a software environment in which the program runs. Most of the operating systems
are described as a combination of the software and the underlying hardware. The operating system works as
an interface between hardware and user. It controls file and database access besides providing the interface
to communication systems such as internet protocol. The working together of the various hardware and
software can only be achieved by the operating system. It is the mother of the computer without which
computer is nothing more than blank box. The functioning of every component of the computer depends on
the operating system.
Some commonly used operating systems are Windows 98, Windows server 2000, Windows XP, Windows
Vista, Linux, Ubuntu, UNIX, Macintosh (for apple computer), Windows 7, and Windows 8.
The main functions of an operating system includes:
1. The main objective of the operating system is to ensure the efficient working of the computer system
and to stimulate various hardwares.
2. The operating system performs basic tasks, such as taking input from the keyboard, displaying output
on the screen, managing files and operation on files on disk drives, and managing other devices
including keyboard, mouse and printers.
3. The operating system can enable users to do multitasking. Multitasking refers to the situation where
two or more than two programs can run simultaneously on a single operating system.
4. The operating system also allows users to do multithreading. Multithreading refers to the situation
where two or more parts of the single program can run concurrently on single operating Systems.
5. The users can interact with the operating system with the help of commands.
Figure 1.4 shows the operating system and the range of tasks it performs. Without an operating system,
the computer system becomes useless.

Operating System

Drives
(C:, D:, E: etc.) Monitor

Mouse Application or Program

Keyboard Printers

Figure 1.12 Operating Systems and Related Task

18 Problem Solving and Python Programming

ALWAYS REMEMBER
● The Von Neumann architecture is also known as “stored-program” architecture because in this architecture,
the program data and instruction data are stored in the same memory.
● The basic structure of Von Neumann architecture consists of the memory, the processing unit and the
control unit.
● In the central processing unit (CPU) there is a control unit that manages the process of data or program.
● Input devices are used to give data to the computer as input from the external source.
● Output devices are used to convey the information after processing to the user.
● Primary storage is also known as temporary storage and is used for storing data and programs temporarily.
● Secondary storage is also known as permanent storage. Examples of secondary storage include the hard
drive, DVD and memory card.
● The computer understands only machine language. All instructions are written in 1s and 0s form.
● When a high-level language is translated into machine language, there are two ways to translate it:
compiled or interpreted.
● Hardware is the physical component of the computer system. It consists of several parts including input
devices, CPU, primary storage, output devices and auxiliary storage devices.
● Computer software is used to manage the entire file system of the computer and is necessary for the
running of computer hardware.
● The operating system can allow users to do multitasking, by allowing two or more than two programs to
be run simultaneously on a single operating system.
● The compiler checks for syntax error in a source code of a program.
● The interpreter stops execution when an error occurs and reports it, whereas a compiler reads the whole
program even if it encounters several errors.

KEY TERMS
✓ ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU): It is useful in arithmetic and logical calculations, such as addi-
tion, subtraction, division and comparisons.
✓ ASSEMBLER: It translates the assembly language to machine language.
✓ BIT: Bit is the smallest storing space in the computer. In a computer, bit represents two states: either
“on” or “off”. It represents two numerical digits “0” and “1”.
✓ BYTE: A group of 8 bits form a byte. A computer’s capacity is measured in terms of bytes.
✓ BROWSER: A browser is a software used to access the Internet. For example, Internet Explorer, Mozilla,
Opera, etc.
✓ CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU): It takes data in the form of input and processes the input by
some arithmetic or logical operations using ALU, transforming the data into output.
✓ COMPUTER: A computer is an electronic device that is able to execute programs written in different
languages.
 Introduction to Digital Computer 19

✓ COMPILER: A compiler is a software program that converts high-level language into low-level lan-
guage understood by the processor.
✓ INTERPRETER: Just like a compiler, an interpreter also translates high-level language into low-level
machine language. It translates each instruction immediately one by one.
✓ OPERATING SYSTEM: Operating system works as an interface between the hardware and the user.
✓ PROGRAM: A program, written in programming language, is a set of instructions by which computer
comes to know what is to be done.
✓ STORAGE DEVICE: Storage devices are used to store the digital data and programs which can be ac-
cessed by the computer system.
✓ PRIMARY STORAGE: Primary storage is also known as temporary storage. It is used for storing data
and programs temporarily.
✓ SECONDARY STORAGE: Secondary storage is not constantly accessible by a computer system.
When required, secondary storage devices and media can be accessed by plugged or inserting them into
a computer.
✓ SOFTWARE: A software is a collection of programs. Computer software is used to manage the entire
file system of the computer and is also necessary for the running of computer hardware.
✓ HARDWARE: Hardware is the physical component of the computer system.

REVIEW EXERCISES
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which was the first microcomputer?
a. Altair 8800 b. Altair 8600
c. Altair 8400 d. Altair 8000
2. Which of the following comprises Von Neumann architecture?
a. Arithmetic logic unit, control unit b. Memory, processing unit, control unit
c. Integrated Circuits, Monitor, Mouse d. Processing unit, control unit
3. Which of the following are the components of the Central Processing Unit (CPU)?
a. Control Unit, Monitor b. Arithmetic logic unit, Memory
c. Control Unit, Memory d. Arithmetic logic unit, Control Unit
4. Which storage device is permanent?
a. Tertiary b. Primary
c. Secondary d. None of the above
5. Which of the following languages is Assembly language?
a. Machine language b. Medium-level programming language
c. Low-level programming language d. High-level programming language
6. Which of the following programs can be used to convert high-level language into machine-level
language?
a. Assembler b. Compiler
c. Translator d. Interpreter
20 Problem Solving and Python Programming

7. What works as an interface between the hardware and the user?

a. Operating System b. Software
c. Computer d. Memory
8. Where are the saved files stored in the computer?
a. Cache b. RAM
c. Hard disk d. ALU
9. Which component of computer is considered as its Brain?
a. Microprocessor b. Monitor
c. Keyboard d. CPU
10. Which type of software is system software?
a. General purpose software b. Operating System
c. Application software d. All of the above
11. If two or more parts of the single program can run concurrently on single operating systems, what will
it be known as?
a. Multithreading b. Multitasking
c. Multiprocessing d. Multiprogramming
12. Which of the following types of software is application software?
a. Compiler b. Assembler
c. Word processor d. All of the above
13. RAM stands for?
a. Read Access Memory b. Random Access Memory
c. Read Arithmetic Memory d. Random Arithmetic Memory
14. What is a register?
a. Set of paper tapes b. Set of capacitor
c. Part of auxiliary memory d. Temporary storage unit within the CPU
15. An error in computer data is called?
a. CPU b. Chip
c. Bug d. Storage device
16. The secondary storage devices can only store data but they cannot perform?
a. Logic operation b. Arithmetic operation
c. Fetch operation d. Either of the above
17. Which of the following is not a computer language?
a. Low level language b. Medium level language
c. High level language d. Machine language
18. From where the term ‘computer’ is derived?
a. English b. Greek
c. Latin d. Sanskrit
19. Main storage is also known as?
a. Memory b. Mother board
c. CPU d. Register
20. Which American computer company is called Big Blue?
a. Apple b. Microsoft
c. Lenovo d. IBM
 Introduction to Digital Computer 21

21. Memory is made up of?

a. Set of registers b. Large number of cells
c. Set of circuits d. None of the above
22. Which of the following is the most powerful computers?
a. Mini computers b. Micro computers
c. Super computers d. Mainframe computers
23. What is responsible for movement of data from input devices to output devices?
a. Bus b. Circuit
c. Memory d. Register
24. Which one of the following is the correct statement?
a. 1KB = 1000GB b. 1GB = 1,024KB
c. 1MB = 1,024TB d. 1GB = 1,024MB
25. A CD-ROM basically is used to store up to….. data?
a. 680 bytes b. 680 MB
c. 680 KB d. 680 GB
26. Which of the following storage devices can store the largest amount of data?
a. Flash Disks b. CD-ROM
c. Hard Disks d. Floppy Disks
27. A program which interprets each line of high level program at time of execution is called?
a. Interpreter b. Compiler
c. Translator d. Instructor
28. Process of reading data from permanent storage and writing it to computer’s main storage is known
as?
a. Linking data b. Reading data
c. Relocate data d. Loading data
29. Which one of the following is the most quickly accessible storage?
a. RAM b. Registers
c. CD-ROM d. ROM
30. What was the very first commercially produced and sold computer?
a. ABC b. ENIAC
c. UNIVAC d. Vacuum tubes

Short Questions
1. What is a digital computer? What are the components of digital computer?
2. What are the characteristics of Von Neumann architecture?
3. What is the difference between primary storage and secondary storage?
4. Explain the terms hardware and software.
5. What do you mean by programming languages? What is the difference between machine language,
assembly language and high-level language?
6. What is compiler? How is compiler different from interpreter?
7. What is assembler? What are the differences between compiler and assembler?
8. What is the difference between RAM and ROM?
9. What is an operating system?
22 Problem Solving and Python Programming

10. What do you mean by system software and application software?

11. What are memory card and hard disk?
12. What are peripheral devices? List different types of peripheral devices.

Answers to Multiple Choice Questions

1. a 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. c 6. b 7. a 8. c 9. d 10. b
11. a 12. c 13. b 14. d 15. c 16. d 17. b 18. c 19. a 20. d
21. b 22. c 23. a 24. d 25. b 26. c 27. a 28. d 29. b 30. c
 Problem Solving
2 StrategieS

2.1 Problem AnAlysis

Before applying a particular method or technique to solve a problem, we need to analyse the problem first.
There are few dimensions basis on which a problem is analysed before any particular method is applied to
it. In case of complex problems, it is important to identify the best or most appropriate technique that can
solve the problem.
Following are the key dimensions basis on which an appropriate method is applied.
1. Decomposable/Non-decomposable: Analyse whether a problem is decomposable, i.e., whether
it can be broken down into sub-problems. Please note that if it cannot be decomposed, then such a
problem is non-decomposable.
2. Solution steps–Can/Cannot be Ignored: It is important to determine if we can/cannot ignore a few
steps while solving a problem. On the basis of this key dimension, a problem can be categorised into
the following:
● Ignorable: In case of ignorable problems, a few steps can be ignored since they are not extremely

important to follow for solving the problem.

● Recoverable: As the name suggests, recoverable problems are those in which previously executed

steps can be easily backtracked.

● Irrecoverable: In case of irrecoverable problems, we cannot backtrack previously executed steps;

hence it is important to carefully solve the problem.

3. Predictable/Unpredictable: This dimension determines the certainty/uncertainty factor attached to a
problem. It is important to know whether there will be an expected/unexpected output after applying
a particular input.
4. Good solution: Absolute/Relative: It is important to determine whether we are trying to achieve
an optimum solution or idea to identify the best solution. On the basis of this decision, appropriate
techniques can be applied to achieve the best solution.

2.1.1 Formal Definition of Problem

A problem can be defined as a gap between the actual and desired conditions. It is an unfulfilled customer
need. For example, there will be a problem when a standard is not achieved or customer’s requirements are
24 Problem Solving and Python Programming

not fulfilled. If your goal was to achieve 100% growth but you end up attaining only 70%, this implies that
you have not met the actual standard.
While solving a problem it is acceptable to skip a few steps if these steps are not really important. On
the basis of this key dimension, a problem can be categorised as ignorable, recoverable and irrecoverable.

Note The very first step of writing a program is to understand the problem. In order to
understand the problem, it must be thoroughly analysed.

Check Your Understanding

1. What do you mean by a problem?
Ans. A problem can be defined as a gap between the actual and desired conditions.

2.1.2 Methodology of Problem Solving

After carefully understanding a problem, an appropriate solution is developed. The process of developing
a solution consists of development of a structure chart, a pseudo code and a flow chart. A structure chart is
used to develop the whole program and a flow chart or a pseudo code is used to develop individual parts of
a program. These parts are also known as modules.
1. Structure chart A structure chart is a hierarchy that shows the functional flow of a program. Large
programs are complex structures comprising interrelated parts. Hence, they must be very carefully laid out. A
structure chart shows a logical breakdown of a program into different steps. Each step has separate modules
that are related to different modules. Before writing any program, it is important to design a structure in line
with the structure chart.
2. Pseudo code A pseudo code is used by almost all the professional programmers. Pseudo codes are easy
to understand. These are used to depict the design of an algorithm.
For example: The pseudo code for a sum of two numbers can be written as:
a) Read a, b
b) Add two numbers
Sum = a + b;
c) Result sum “the sum is”;
d) End
3. Flow chart A flow chart is a graphical representation of the logical flow of data. It uses the standard
graphical symbols to narrate the sequential process of a specific module. These steps must be followed while
designing the whole program.

2.2 Algorithms
In computer science and mathematics, an algorithm is a set of instructions used for solving problems in a
step-by-step manner. This step-by-step explanation of doing something is known as an algorithm.
 Problem Solving Strategies 25

a) Algorithm is a finite and ordered sequence of steps.

b) It is a description of a process independent of any programming language.
c) It can be implemented in many different languages by using different methods and programs.
Following example illustrates a simple algorithm to put a book in the box.
1. Open the box.
2. Pick up the book.
3. Put the book inside the box.
4. Close the box.
For example: An algorithm for sum of two numbers can be written as:
1. Start
2. Read number n1 and n2;
3. Sum = n1 + n2;
4. Write sum “the sum is”;
5. Stop;
Typically, algorithms are executed by computers. However, humans follow algorithms too. How would
you count people in a room? You will probably point at each person, one at a time, and assign a number to it,
starting from 0: 1, 2, 3, 4 and so forth. This is also an algorithm. In fact, algorithms can be formally described
in pseudo codes that have English-like syntax and resemble programming language.
An algorithm can be written in following two ways:
1. Pseudo code
2. Flow chart
A pseudo code for counting people in a room:
1. Let P = 0 (A variable called P will initialise its value to zero.)
2. For each person in a room, set P = P + 1 (This is a sequence of steps that will repeat a few
number of times.)
Step 2 will be repeated until every person in the room has been counted. If there is no person in the room,
then only step 1 will be executed and there will no step 2.

Check Your Understanding

1. What is algorithm?
Ans. An algorithm is a set of instructions used for solving a problem in a step-by-step manner.
2. What is pseudo code?
Ans. A pseudo code is used to state an algorithm in an English-like syntax.

TIP
If an algorithm is correctly written, there are very low chances of generating a bad program.
26 Problem Solving and Python Programming

2.3 Flow ChArts

A flow chart is a simple diagram that illustrates a sequence of operations to be performed for obtaining a
solution. It allows you to identify the actual sequence of events in a process that any product or service
follows. Flow charts are very effective in understanding how a process works. Even a quick glance at a flow
chart can offer a clear idea of how a process or a series of processes works. In a flow chart, the flow of data
is represented by arrows. It is a graphical representation of the algorithmic solution of a problem.
Flow charts are also known as process maps that can be used to identify:
a) Flow of information
b) Number of steps in a process
c) Branches in a process
d) Inter-dependent operations

2.3.1 Flow Charts Symbols

There are six basic symbols that are used to draw a simple flow chart which are as follows:
1. Start/Stop: Every flow chart has a starting point and a terminating point. The symbol that is used for
both the starting and terminating points is a rounded rectangle, a rectangle with round corners. It is called
a ‘terminal’ (Fig. 2.1).

Figure 2.1

2. Input/Output: Every time you take an input from a user and return an output to the user, an input/
output symbol is used in the flow chart. The symbol that is used for both input/output-related actions is a
parallelogram as shown in Fig. 2.2.

Figure 2.2

3. Process: If you are running a processing instruction, you need to use a rectangular box in the flow chart.
This rectangular box, as shown in Fig. 2.3, is used for processing needs.

Figure 2.3
 Problem Solving Strategies 27

4. Decision Symbol: In a flow chart, a decision symbol, as shown in Fig. 2.4, is used for answering questions
in the form of either true/false or yes/no. Please note that each answer can lead you to a different path in
the flow chart. A ‘yes’ to a question can take you to one path and a ‘No’ to the same question can generate
a completely new path.

Figure 2.4

5. Flow Lines: Flow lines depict the direction of a flow in a flow chart. There are four types of flow lines.
Flow lines, as shown in Fig. 2.5, can depict a left, right, top or bottom direction.

Figure 2.5

6. Connector: As the name suggests, a connector connects. It connects different steps in a flow chart that are
on different pages and gives a sense of continuation. Generally, it is used in extremely complex flow charts
and it is denoted by a small circle as shown in Fig. 2.6.

Figure 2.6

Check Your Understanding

1. What is flow chart?
Ans. A flow chart is a simple diagram that illustrates a sequence of operations to be performed for
obtaining solution to a problem.
2. What is a terminal in a flow chart?
Ans. A rounded rectangle symbol that is used for both the starting and terminating points in a flow
chart is a terminal.

TIP
To draw a correct flow chart, it is imperative to know the function of each flow chart
symbol.
28 Problem Solving and Python Programming

Flow Chart Convention

● Selection Structure (Fig. 2.7)

Start

Yes Is it No
raining?

Wipers on Wipers off

Stop

Figure 2.7

● Repetition Structure (Fig. 2.8)

Start

Is the
No
statement
true?

Yes
Statement will be repeated
Stop

Figure 2.8
 Problem Solving Strategies 29

● Sequential Structure (Fig. 2.9)

Start

Perform step 1

Perform step 2

Perform step 3

Stop

Figure 2.9

An example is shown in Fig. 2.10.

Start

Count your money

Do you have Yes

more than 100 Go to movie
Rs?

No

Stay at home

Stop

Figure 2.10

Guidelines for Drawing Flow Charts

● Firstly, describe the process to be charted.
● Start with a trigger event. For example, in Fig. 2.10, ‘count your money’ is the trigger event for starting
the process of counting.
● Usually, direction of flow of a process is from left to right or top to bottom.
● Please note that only one flow line should come out from a process symbol.
30 Problem Solving and Python Programming

● Also, only one flow line should enter a decision symbol. However, two or three flow lines can leave
the same decision symbol. For example, in Fig. 2.10, decision after the question ‘do you have more
than 100 rupees?’ led to two flow lines, each representing a ‘yes’ and a ‘no’, respectively.
● Only one flow line, as shown in Fig. 2.10, is used in conjunction with a terminal symbol.
● It is important to ensure that a flow chart has a logical start and end. A flow chart can have only one
start terminal. However, it can sometimes lead to more than one terminal symbols.
● It is also important to stop a flow chart at a logical conclusion.

2.4 exAmPles oF Algorithms And Flow ChArts

Examples of Algorithms
A. Write an algorithm to log in to your Gmail account.
1. Go to www.gmail.com.
2. Enter your email id and password.
3. Click the Sign in button.
B. Write an algorithm to multiply two numbers 5 and 6.
1. Start.
2. Read two numbers 5 and 6.
3. Multiply two numbers, Mul = 5 * 6.
4. Write “the multiplication is”: mul.
5. Stop.
C. Write an algorithm to find out the largest of three numbers.
1. Start.
2. Read three number p, q, r.
3. If p > q, go to step 5.
4. If q > r then
write q is the largest number.
else
write r is the largest number.
5. If p > r then
write p is the largest number.
else
write r is the largest number.
6. Stop.
D. Write an algorithm to find the sum of 4 numbers.
1. Start.
2. Sum = 0 and count = 0.
3. Read the number n.
4. Now, sum = sum + n and then the counter will be incremented by 1 as count = count + 1.
5. Now check whether the count is less than 4 or not. If count < 4 then go to step 3 otherwise write
sum “the sum is”.
6. Stop.
E. Write an algorithm to calculate the total marks of a student and also check whether the student is pass
or fail. The total mark is calculated as the average of five subjects’ marks.
1. Start.
Exploring the Variety of Random
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of William Jordan,
Junior
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Title: William Jordan, Junior

Author: J. C. Snaith

Release date: March 4, 2024 [eBook #73096]

Language: English

Original publication: United Kingdom: Archibald Constable & Co.

Ltd, 1907

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WILLIAM

JORDAN, JUNIOR ***
WILLIAM JORDAN, JUNIOR
 NEW NOVELS. 6s. each.

DELICIA, and other Stories never before collected. By Marie

Corelli.
[Third Impression.
NEW CHRONICLES OF REBECCA By Kate Douglas
Wiggin. With Illustrations by F. C. Yohn.
THE FIGHTING CHANCE By Robert W. Chambers. With
Illustrations by Fred Pegram.
[Fifth Impression.
THE HELPMATE By May Sinclair.
[Second Impression.
WILLIAM JORDAN, JUNIOR By J. C. Snaith.
CONFLICT By Constance Smedley.
THE GOOD COMRADE By Una L. Silberrad.
[Second Impression.
THE SQUARE PEG By W. E. Norris.
DOCTOR PONS By Paul Gwynne.
THE ‘WIDDA-MAN’ By T. Kingston Clarke.
BACHELOR BETTY By Winifred James.
[Third Impression.
MARCUS HAY By Stanley Hyatt.
THE THREE COMRADES By Gustav Frenssen.
THE MEASURE OF THE RULE By Robert Barr.
REED ANTHONY, COWMAN By Andy Adams.
A WALKING GENTLEMAN By James Prior.
THE PRICE OF SILENCE By M. E. M. Davis. With
Illustrations by Griswold Tyng.
 WILLIAM JORDAN
JUNIOR
By
J. C. SNAITH
Author of
“Broke of Covenden,” “Henry Northcote,” etc.

LONDON
ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & CO. Ltd.
1907
 Richard Clay & Sons, Limited,
BREAD STREET HILL, E.C., AND
BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.
 WILLIAM JORDAN, JUNIOR

I
It had been raining all day in London. The beating of water, cold,
monotonous and heavy upon the streets, had now acquired mystery
from the darkness of a November night. The vague forms floating
here and there through the haze of the lamps, which a few hours ago
were easy to define, were full of strangeness, while the noise of the
water as it gurgled into the sewers, and slopped from the spouts
over the dark fronts of the shops had a remote significance. Now and
again odd shapes would emerge from the curtain of the shadows: a
wet policeman, a dog, a bedraggled walker of the streets, a sullen
cabman, a lame horse. Over and above, round and about these
phantasmal appearances, was the sound of continual water falling
upon the great roar of London.
In one of the narrow purlieus leading from the City to the eastern
wilderness, night had erased the actual like a wet cloth drawn across
writing in chalk upon a board. Two rows of sopping shuttered walls
were only able to emit an occasional smear of lamplight, by which
the pageant of the individual consciousness could embody itself.
Here and there a signboard would be half-disclosed over some
deserted shop; and in the middle of a long and very dismal
thoroughfare was one that seemed to take a quality from the fact that
a faint gleam of light was stealing through a chink in the shutters of a
door. Above this door, in faded letters which the film of shadows
rendered barely visible, was the legend, “Second-hand Bookseller.” It
seemed to be centuries old. The light, however, frail as it was,
somehow appeared to make it memorable. Yet the source of this
talisman was not the shop itself, but a little room that lay behind.
This small shop in which a thousand and one volumes huddled, like
corpses in a chasm, seemed almost to form an intermediary
between the real on the one hand, and the chimerical on the other.
On its shelves, in a limbo of darkness and neglect, lay the dead, the
dying, and the imperishable. Buried in dust and decay, in covers that
could hardly hold together, were pregnant annotations upon the
human comedy. On the upper shelves were tomes whose destiny it
had been to hold back the hands of time, and had duly fulfilled it.
Below these were a thousand formulas which had proved
disconcerting to man. Still, however, as in the sodden and shadow-
fraught chimera beyond the shutters, even here darkness did not
reign inviolate. There were tiny lamps on this shelf and that: like
those in the street without the power to offer more than a flicker of
light, yet able to suggest that the blackest night is susceptible of
challenge. A candle shone here and there in the gloom, faint yet
invincible, like a will-o’-the-wisp that hops about the mounds in a
cemetery.
Opening out of the shop was a little inner room. It was from this that
the thread of light proceeded. This tiny chamber, some twelve feet by
sixteen, had little furniture. In the centre was a quaint old table. A
curious tome of yellow parchments was spread open upon it. Built
into the outer wall was a cupboard. Its heavy oak door was studded
with nails and strongly secured. In the grate the fire was bright; the
bare floor and walls were spotless; and from the low ceiling
depended a lamp in the form of a censer whose light was soft yet
clear.
The room had two occupants: a man whose hair was almost white
and a boy. Each was immersed in a book: the man in the tome
outspread on the table, whose yellow leaves, venerable binding, and
iron clasps, gave it a monastic appearance; the boy was reading in
the ancient authors.
The countenance of each was remarkable. The eyes of the man
were those which age does not darken; yet his cheeks were gaunt,
and the lines of his frame seemed to be prematurely old; but the
ample forehead and every feature was suffused with the luminosity
by which a high intelligence reflects itself. The face of the boy, pale,
gentle and mobile, was too rare to describe. His eyes, vivid in hue
and very deeply set, were bright with a kind of veiled lustre; his form
was of elfin slightness; his hands looked as frail as gossamer. Yet
the countenance, although full of the solemn wonder of childhood,
and angelic beauty, was marred by a gross physical blemish. Every
feature appeared to have been touched by the wand of a fairy, yet in
the middle of the right cheek was an open wound.
There was not a sound in the little room except the ticking of the
clock, and an occasional creak from the fire. Now and again the man
would pause in his scrutiny of the old yellow page. Uplifting the finger
which pursued every word of the faded and almost illegible writing,
he would seem to consider it with secret thoughts shaping
themselves upon his lips. Then he would smile a little and sigh faintly
and turn to it again.
Presently his gaze sought the boy. Within it was a look of
indescribable solitude, for as the boy crouched over the old volume
printed in black letter which he held upon his knees, great tears
dripped softly from his eyes. The white-haired man addressed him in
a low voice that was like a caress.
“Ah, my brave one! thou dost not fear the drama.”
The boy looked up with a startled face. He gave a little shiver.
“What is that, my father,” he asked, “that you speak of as the
drama?”
“What is that, beloved one,” asked his father, “that afflicts you with
dismay?”
The boy pressed his palms against his thin temples.
“I think—I think it is the words, my father,” he said, “the something in
the sound of the words.”
“Truly,” said his father, “the something in the sound of the words.
That which is given is taken away—the something in the sound of
the words.”
“Did you not say, my father,” said the boy, “that the drama was—was
what you call a ‘play’?”
“Yes, a play,” said his father, “a bewildering and curious play—a
haunting and strange play. It is almost terrible, and yet it is beautiful
also.”
“I don’t understand,” said the boy, his eyes growing dark with
perplexity.
His father was quick to read his distress, and a mournful compassion
came into his face. The boy left his book and came to his father’s
side. The man folded the frail and excitable form to his bosom.
“Patience, patience, agile spirit!” he exclaimed as he pressed his lips
upon the gaunt cheek upon which lay the wound.
“I must understand all things, my father,” said the boy, who was
composed a little by his father’s arms. “I—I must know something
more about the drama, for I—I must understand it all.”
“It is that which we feel,” said his father. “It is sometimes in the air. If
we listen we can hear it. I hear it now.”
The boy lifted his face with all his senses strung.
“I can only hear the ticking of the clock, my father, and the creaking
of the fire.”
“There is something else.”
The boy walked to the shutters of the little room, pressed his ear
against them, and listened with great intensity.
“There is only the gurgle of water,” he said, “and the little voice of the
wind.”
“And,” said the man with faint eyes.
“And—and! And the mighty roar of the streets of the great city.”
“That is the drama, beloved one.”
The boy sprang away from the shutters with a little cry.
“Yes, now I know,” he said excitedly. “Now I know what it is. And it
was the something in the sound of the words. That which is given is
taken away. It is what I am always dreaming about this little room of
ours. I am always dreaming, my father, that it has been taken from
us, that we have been cast out of it, that we have it no more. I have
even dreamt that we wandered all day and all night in the cold and
dreadful streets of the great city, among all those fierce and cruel
street-persons, and that they looked upon us continually with their
rude eyes. Then it is that I shiver so much in my fear that I awaken;
and I could shout with joy when I find it is ours still, and that it has all
been a dream.”
The look of compassion deepened in the man’s face.
“Dost thou never grow weary of this little room?” he said.
“Never, never, my father,” said the boy. “I can never grow weary of
this little room. I almost wish sometimes we did not venture to leave
it, lest one day we should lose our path in the great city, and not find
our way back. I sometimes think I would like to stay in it every
moment of my earth-life, so that I might read every one of those
authors in the shop. How I wish, my father, that I understood all the
hard words and all the strange tongues like you do. But at least I
understand one more very difficult word now that I know what is the
meaning of the drama.”
“That is to say, beloved one,” said his father, “now that you
understand the meaning of the drama you hold the key to many
other words that are also very difficult.”
“Yes, yes, my father—and how quickly I shall learn them!”
“You are indeed wonderful at learning.”
“Yet sometimes, my father, I hardly dare to think how much there is
to know. Sometimes when I lie by your side in the darkness, my
father, and something seems to have happened to the moon, I
almost feel that I shall never be able to know all.”
“Thou art quite resolved, my brave one, to know all?”
“Oh yes, my father,” said the boy, and his eyes grew round with
surprise at the question.
“Wherefore, beloved?”
“I must, I must!” said the boy, and his eyes grew dark with
bewilderment. “Dost thou not know, O my father——” He checked
his words of surprised explanation shyly and suddenly.
“I know,” said his father gently, “thou art one of great projects.”
“I had forgotten, O my father,” said the boy, a little timorously, “that I
had not revealed them unto you.”
“Pray do so, my beloved,” said the man softly.
The boy faltered. A shy blush overspread the pallor of his cheeks.
“I am to be one of the great ones of the earth, my father,” he said,
with the sensitive gaze of a girl.
“Truly,” said his father, with a glance of grave tenderness; “destiny
declared it so in the hour that you were born. And I doubt not you will
be called to great endeavours.”
“Oh yes, my father,” said the boy, with strange simplicity. “I am to
walk the path of heroes.”
The white-haired man averted his glance.
“It is for that reason I must be well found in knowledge, my father,”
said the boy.
“True, beloved one,” said the man through pale lips.
“And the meaning of every thing, my father,” said the boy; “bird,
beast and reptile, and the moon and stars, and why the street-
persons walk the streets of the great city; and why the earth is so
many-coloured; and why the sky is so near and yet so far off; and
why when you clutch the air there is nothing in your hand. Must not
such as I know all this, my father?”
“True.”
“And why a man has two legs, and a horse four, and a crocodile I
know not how many, and why a serpent crawls upon its belly.”
“True, true,” said his father. “But I fear, beloved one, that all this
knowledge is not to be acquired in this little room of ours. If you wish
to learn the meaning of all things, will you not have to go to school?”
A shiver passed through the boy’s frame. His face had the pallor of
great fear.
“Dost thou mean, O my father,” he said, “that I must leave this little
room of ours and go out among the street-persons in the endless
streets of the great city?”
“He who would understand the meaning of all things,” said his father,
“must certainly go to school.”
“Yet are not all things to be learned from the ancient authors, my
father?” asked the boy eagerly. “Is not every secret contained in
those hundreds of books in the shop that it is not yet given to my
mind to grasp?”
“There are many secrets, beloved, which no book has the power to
reveal.”
“Not even those among them, my father, which are wrought of the
great souls of heroes?” said the boy in dismay.
“Not even they.”
“Yet have I not heard you say, my father, that there were few things
they did not understand?”
“True, beloved, but they had not the power to commit the whole of
their knowledge to their writings.”
“But did you not say, my father, that each of these great ones
communed with his peers constantly and faithfully in his little inner
room?”
“What a prodigious memory is yours! But I ought to have made it
clear to you that before these heroes could commune with their
peers faithfully, they were compelled to leave their little rooms,
adventure out among the streets of the great city and go to school.”
“Then, my father, I also will go to school.”
The boy clasped his frail hands, and strove to conceal the abject fear
in his eyes.
“When, my brave one?”
“To-morrow I will go, my father.”
“So be it then, beloved one.”
In the silence which followed the tense breathing of the frail form
could be heard to surmount the ticking of the clock, the creaking of
the fire, the little voice of the wind, the gurgle of water, and the great
roar of London.
“Are all heroes in bitter fear, my father, when first they go to school?”
asked the boy.
“Indeed, yes.”
“Do they ever tremble like cravens, and do their eyes grow dark?”
“Yes, beloved one.”
“Have not these great ones a strange cowardice, my father?”
“Is not the cowardice of heroes the measure of their courage?”
“Can it be, O my father,” said the boy, with a deepening pallor, “that
these great ones derive their valour from their craven hearts?”
“Truly, beloved, if they learn the secret.”
“The secret, my father?”
“The secret which is only to be learned in the school which is in the
streets of the great city.”
The face of the boy grew like death. “To-morrow then, my father,” he
said in a faint and small voice, “Achilles will adventure forth to this
school which is in the streets of the great city, that he too may learn
this secret. He should have known that one like himself should not
only have great learning, wisdom and constancy, but also a noble
valour.”
“True, a thousand times! This is indeed Achilles!”
“I give you good-night, my father. Pray remember me in your vigil.”
The boy threw his arms round the man’s neck, and pressed his
cheek against him. It seemed to burn like a flame.
The boy took a candle from the chimney-piece, lighted it, and in his
great fear of the darkness, was accompanied by his father up the
stairs. When the white-haired man had enveloped the frail form in
the blankets with a woman’s tenderness, he left the light in the
chamber burning at its fullest, and returned to the little room. It was
then near to midnight.
The massive old tome in which he had been reading was open still
upon the table. He knelt before it, pressing his eyes upon the yellow
parchments. On the clock in the little room the hands made their
tardy circuit: midnight passed; one o’clock; two o’clock; three o’clock.
Throughout these hours the man remained thus, not heeding that all
about him was darkness; for the lamp and the fire had burned
themselves out long ago.
Near to the hour of four a ghostly figure, pale but luminous, crept into
the silence of the room. It was the boy, clad in a white gown and
bearing a lighted candle. He touched the kneeling figure softly.
“My father,” he breathed; “how you tremble, my father, and how cold
you are!”
The man rose to his feet with a slight shiver.
“The fire is low,” he said. “Are we not ever cold when the fire is low?”
“The fire is out, my father,” said the boy.
“Is the fire ever out, beloved,” said his father, “while one ember is still
faintly burning? May we not draw it into flame perhaps?”
The man knelt again and breathed upon the embers, so that
presently they began to glow.
“I could not rest, my father,” said the boy, “and I grew so afraid of the
loneliness that I have come to be near you. I do not think it is raining
now, but the wind is speaking bitterly. I wish the stars would shine. I
am not so craven-hearted when the stars look at me with their bright
eyes.”
“May there not be one among all those millions,” said his father, “who
knows that to be so, and shines out to comfort you? Let us look.”
With eager hands the boy helped his father to unfasten and cast
back the shutters. Through heavy masses of walls and chimney-
stacks a fragment of the void was to be seen. Across it the broken
clouds were scudding, and a single star was visible. It emerged faint
but keen and clear.
“It is Jupiter,” cried the boy in a voice of joy and excitement. “Hail,
mighty prince of the heavens! Ave, ave, great lord of the air!”
The patient white-haired figure at the boy’s side was peering also
towards the star. In his eyes shone the entrancement of many
thoughts.
 II
When at last the morning brought its grey light the boy set out with
his father into the streets of the great city. Amid the dun-coloured
wilderness through which he passed, amid the labyrinth of dread
thoroughfares in which noise, dirt, and confusion seemed to contend,
he grasped his father’s hand in the fear of his heart. The rattle of
horses and carts, the mud-flinging hoofs and the cries of the drivers,
the vigour and rudeness of the street-persons by whom he was
hustled, filled him with a dire consternation. Yet beyond all that he
suffered in this way, which was no more than a little personal
inconvenience after all, was the fear, permanent, overmastering and
intense, that never would his father and he be able to retrace their
steps to that tiny refuge which they had left so lately, which now
seemed so far away that they could never hope to win their way
back. How could they hope to retrace their steps among that ever-
surging sea of streets and houses and faces and vehicles? Once as
he was submerged in a whirlpool that was formed by the meeting of
four main arteries of traffic, and was compelled to wait until a
strangely clad street-person, who wore a helmet like Minerva,
stopped, by the magic process of holding up his hand, the unending
procession of carts and horses to enable his father and himself and
a swarm of street-persons, who pressed upon his heels and trod
upon his toes, to pass to that debatable land across the way, which
looked so full already that it could not yield space for another living
soul, he held his father’s hand convulsively and said in a voice of
despair: “I feel sure, my father, we shall never win our way back to
our little room.”
In point of actual time this journey was not more than half-an-hour,
yet it formed such a highly wrought experience, that to the boy it
seemed to transcend and even to efface all that had previously
happened in the placid term of his existence. At last it came to an
end in a succession of quiet streets that led to a gloomy square,
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