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Problem Solving and
Python Programming
 About the Author
E Balagurusamy is presently the Chairman of EBG Foundation, Coimbatore. In the past he has also held the
positions of member, Union Public Service Commission, New Delhi and Vice-Chancellor, Anna University,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu. He is a teacher, trainer and consultant in the fields of Information Technology and
Management. He holds an ME (Hons) in Electrical Engineering and PhD in Systems Engineering from the
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand. His areas of interest include Object-Oriented Software
Engineering, E-Governance: Technology Management, Business Process Re-engineering and Total Quality
Management.
A prolific writer, he has authored a large number of research papers and several books. His best-selling
books, among others include:
● Programming in ANSIC, 7/e

● Fundamentals of Computers

● Computing Fundamentals and C Programming, 2e

● Programming in C#, 3/e

● Programming in Java, 5/e

● Object-Oriented Programming with C++, 7/e

● Programming in BASIC, 3/e

● Numerical Methods

● Reliability Engineering

● Problem Solving and Python Programming

A recipient of numerous honors and awards, he has been listed in the Directory of Who’s Who of
Intellectuals and in the Directory of Distinguished Leaders in Education.
Problem Solving and
Python Programming

E Balagurusamy
Chairman
EBG Foundation
Coimbatore

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

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Problem Solving and Python Programming

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 Contents

Preface ix

Unit 1: Introduction to Computing and Algorithmic Problem Solving

Chapter 1 Introduction to Digital Computer 3

1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Von Neumann Concept 5
1.3 Storage 8
1.4 Programming Languages 12
1.5 Translators 14
1.6 Hardware and Software 15
1.7 Operating Systems 17
Always Remember 18
Key Terms 18
Review Exercises 19
Multiple Choice Questions 19
Short Questions 21
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 22

Chapter 2 Problem Solving Strategies 23

2.1 Problem Analysis 23
2.2 Algorithms 24
2.3 Flow Charts 26
2.4 Examples of Algorithms and Flow Charts 30
Always Remember 35
Key Terms 35
Review Exercises 36
vi Contents

Multiple Choice Questions 36

Short Questions 37
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 37

Appendix A: Practice Exercises with Algorithm and Flow Chart 38

Appendix B: Problem Solving Exercises with Algorithms and Pseudocode 91

Unit 2: Introduction to Python and Data, Expressions, Statements

Chapter 3 Introduction to Python 117

3.1 Introduction 117
3.2 Python Overview 117
3.3 Getting Started with Python 118
3.4 Comments 123
3.5 Python Identifiers 123
3.6 Reserved Keywords 124
3.7 Variables 124
3.8 Standard Data Types 126
3.9 Operators 132
3.10 Statement and Expression 142
3.11 String Operations 143
3.12 Boolean Expressions 145
3.13 Control Statements 146
3.14 Iteration – while Statement 152
3.15 Input from Keyboard 154
Always Remember 156
Key Terms 157
Review Exercises 157
Multiple Choice Questions 161
Short Questions 162
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 162

Unit 3: Functions

Chapter 4 Functions 165

4.1 Introduction 165
4.2 Built-in Functions 165
4.3 Composition of Functions 171
4.4 User Defined Functions 172
 Contents vii

4.5 Parameters and Arguments 175

4.6 Function Calls 179
4.7 The return Statement 180
4.8 Python Recursive Function 181
4.9 The Anonymous Functions 181
4.10 Writing Python Scripts 183
Always Remember 185
Key Terms 186
Review Exercises 187
Multiple Choice Questions 192
Short Questions 193
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 194

Unit 4: Lists, Tuples and Dictionaries

Chapter 5 Strings and Lists 197

5.1 Strings 197
5.2 Lists 209
Always Remember 217
Key Terms 218
Review Exercises 219
Multiple Choice Questions 226
Short Questions 229
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 232

Chapter 6 Tuples and Dictionaries 233

6.1 Tuples 233
6.2 Dictionaries 244
Always Remember 251
Key Terms 252
Review Exercises 253
Multiple Choice Questions 259
Short Questions 262
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 264

Unit 5: Files, Modules and Packages

Chapter 7 Files and Exceptions 267

7.1 Text Files 267
7.2 Directories 277
7.3 Exceptions 279
viii Contents

7.4 Exception with Arguments 285

7.5 User-Defined Exceptions 286
Always Remember 288
Key Terms 289
Review Exercises 290
Multiple Choice Questions 295
Short Questions 297
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 298

Chapter 8 Classes and Objects 299

8.1 Overview of OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) 299
8.2 Class Definition 300
8.3 Creating Objects 302
8.4 Objects as Arguments 305
8.5 Objects as Return Values 306
8.6 Built-in Class Attributes 307
8.7 Inheritance 308
8.8 Method Overriding 312
8.9 Data Encapsulation 312
8.10 Data Hiding 314
Always Remember 315
Key Terms 316
Review Exercises 317
Multiple Choice Questions 323
Short Questions 325
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 326

Appendix C: Fundamental Standard Library Modules 327

 PrefACe

Developments in the field of digital electronics and the huge amount of data generated during the last
few decades ushered in the second Industrial Revolution which is popularly referred to as the Information
Revolution. Information technology played an ever-increasing role in this new revolution. A sound knowledge
of how computers work, process and analyze data has, therefore, become indispensable for everyone who
seeks employment not only in the area of IT, but also in any other fields. Rightly so, many institutions and
universities in India have introduced a subject covering Problem Solving and Python Programming for their
undergraduate students. This book caters to those needs of the undergraduate students.

Why learn Python?

Python is a high-level, interpreted, reflective, dynamically typed, open-source, multi-paradigm, and general-
purpose programming language. It is quite powerful and easy. It offers no special tools or features that let
you do things that you cannot do with other languages, but its elegant design and combination of certain
features make Python a pleasure to use.

What’s Special in this Book?

The book ensures a smooth and successful transition to a skilled expert in Python. This book uses a simple-
to-complex and easy-to-learn approach throughout the book. The concept of ‘learning by-solving’ has been
stressed in all the chapters of the book. Each feature of Python is treated in-depth followed by a complete
program example to illustrate its use. Wherever necessary, concepts are explained pictorially to facilitate
better understanding. It presents a contemporary approach to programming, offering a combination of theory
and practice.
Each of the 8 chapters follow a common structure with a range of learning and assessment tools for
instructors and students.

Salient Features of the Book

The salient features of the book include the following:
● Bottom-up approach of explaining concepts has been adopted in the book.
x Preface

● Algorithms and flowcharts have been discussed extensively in an appendix.

● Codes with Comments have been provided throughout the book to illustrate the use of various features
of Python.
● Supplementary Information and important notes that complement, but stand apart from the text, have
been included in special boxes under the head Notes.
● Always Remember consists of important summary points at the end of every chapter to help the readers
recollect the topics covered with ease.
● Check Your Understanding helps the readers evaluate their learning after every section within the
chapters of the book.
● Important Key Terms within the chapter have been listed at the end.
Review Exercises comprising Multiple choice questions along with answer keys, short questions and
programming exercises are provided at the chapter end to help readers test their conceptual understanding.

Organization of the Book

The book spans across eight chapters spread over 5 Units. The first two chapters introduces the learner to
digital computers–the basic structure, programming languages, operating systems, problem solving strategies
and conventional introduction to programming. The next six chapters present a more-or-less the conventional
introduction to programming. The readers learn about variables, types, statements, conditionals, loops,
functions, recursion, classes and inheritance. In all the chapters, first the basic ideas are explained, and
then the reader is led through a process of experimentation that helps them find and test the limits of their
understanding.

Publisher’s Note
Remember to write to us. We look forward to receiving your feedback, comments, and ideas to enhance
the quality of this book. You can reach us at info.india@mheducation.com. Please mention the title and
authors’ name as the subject. In case you spot piracy of this book, please do let us know.
 Unit 1
Introduction to Computing and
Algorithmic Problem Solving

Chapter 1: Introduction to Digital Computer

Chapter 2: Problem Solving Strategies
Appendix A: Practice Exercises with Algorithm and Flow Chart
Appendix B: Problem Solving Exercises with Algorithms & Pseudocode
 IntroductIon to
1 dIgItal computer

1.1 IntroductIon
In earlier days, the term “digital computer” was used to refer a person who drew mathematical tables and
solved complex calculations. In less than a human lifetime, computers have changed from massive, expensive
and unreliable calculators to the dependable and versatile machines that are now omnipresent in society.
Computers were once the size of rooms and used to take a day to change the program and now, it is just a
double click away. Computers help the impossible become possible. They have become a necessary tool in
today’s society. Without computers, it is hard to do pretty much anything. Computers process information in
1’s and 0’s (usually referred to as On and Off respectively). This operation identifies instructions in Binary
Code. This is the language understood by the computer to complete a command. By 1953, it was estimated
that there were almost 100 computers in the world.
It is believed that the first computer was invented in Berlin, Germany, in 1936.
● The Z1 was invented in 1936 by Konrad Zuse in Germany. This was a programmable machine that

was able to remember numbers. This process is now referred to as memory.

● IBM followed suit and introduced the Harvard Mark 1 which was completed at Harvard University in

1944. It was a large calculator. This computer was able to calculate many different types of numbers.
● With the advancement of technology and research, major companies like IBM, Apple, and Intel have

contributed to the explosion of the personal computers as we know today. For example, Apple 1 was
released in 1976 which was having memory of 4 KB expandable to 8 KB. The Macintosh was released
in 1984 which was having memory of 64 KB expandable to 256 KB.
● CSIRAC was the first computer to play digital music in 1949.

● UNIVAC 1 was used by CBS to predict the results of the 1952 presidential elections in USA.

● On December 2, 1954 IBM’s NORC calculated PI 3089 digits.

● In 1958, Jack Kilby invented the Integrated Circuit.

● COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language), one of the oldest programming languages, was

developed by Grace Murray Hopper in 1959,

● In 1962 Space War, the first computer game was written by MIT student Steve Russell.

● In 1975, the first personal computer Altair 8800 was invented.

● In 1976, Intel & Zilog introduced new microprocessors

4 Problem Solving and Python Programming

● Single - board computer known as apple -1 was designed by Steve Wozniak some more important
developments and was marketed by his friend Steve Jobs.
● In 1980 IBM introduced its Personal Computers (PC). The first IBM PC was known as IBM Model

5150, was based on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor

● In 19993, Pentium microprocessor was released by Pentium followed by the release of Microsoft

window's NT
● In 1994 Sony entred the home gaming market with release of play station console.

● In 2006, Amazon web services launched cloud-based services.

A Personal Computer (PC) is a digital computer designed for the usage by one person at a time. PCs
can be classified into desktop computers, workstations and laptop computers. Today, PCs have five major
applications which are as follows:
1. Internet Browser: Internet browser is a software application used to access the Internet. For example,
Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, etc., are all Internet browsers.
2. Data Compression Software: Data compression software is used to reduce file size. ZIP is widely used
as the data compression software on personal computers.
3. Windows Media Player: Windows Media Player is used to create music libraries for listening music.
4. Image Editing Software: Image editing software is used to develop good quality pictures. Examples of
such software include Photoshop, Microsoft Publisher and Picasa.
5. Audio Editing Software: Audio editing software is used to edit audio files and also to add audio effects.

Check Your Understanding

1. What is a computer?
Ans. A computer is an electronic device capable of executing programs written in different languages.
2. What is the use of data compression software?
Ans. Data compression software is used to reduce file size.

Note The first personal computer was Altair 8800. Later IBM introduced IBM PC.

Computers have become an integral part of the society because of the following characteristics they
possess:
● A computer can perform millions of calculations in a second.

● A computer works with precision every time.

● A computer can store billions of bytes of information. For example, the capacity of a terabyte =

2,00,000 songs.
● A computer can work continuously without getting tired.

● A computer can be used to perform various tasks simultaneously.

● A computer will remember the information stored for as long as required.

 Introduction to Digital Computer 5

1.2 Von neumann concept

In early computers, the data and instructions were not stored in the same memory. However, such storage
became possible in the Von Neumann architecture, also known as “stored program” architecture because
it could store the program and instruction data in the same memory. In the Von Neumann architecture,
computers can perform complex operations within less time. Besides performing calculations, they can
manage to do a sequence of calculations as well. The basic structure of Von Neumann architecture consists
of the memory, processing unit and the control unit.
The characteristics of Von Neumann architecture are as follows:
1. The hardware system comprises the following:
● Memory: In Von Neumann architecture, there is a main memory system – Random Access
Memory (RAM) which holds the data or program.
● Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): As the name suggests, this is useful in arithmetic and logical
calculations such as addition, subtraction, division and comparisons.
● Control Unit: In the central processing unit (CPU), there is a control unit (CU) managing
the process of data or program. The execution of the program is done by the Control Unit. For
example, the fetch-decode-execution.
Input-Output System: Using this system, an input is given and output is generated after
●

execution. The information can be stored by using compact disk (CD), floppy, etc.
2. Data or programs are stored into the main memory.
3. Processing of instructions is sequential.

Note A process describes how the processor takes the data or program, decodes it and
finally executes it. The fetch-decode-execute cycle is also known as the Von Neumann
execution cycle.

Check Your Understanding

1. Who developed the basic architecture of computers?
Ans. John Von Neumann
2. What do the following terms stand for?
CPU, ALU, CU, RAM
Ans. CPU: Control Processing Unit
ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit
CU: Control Unit
RAM: Random Access Memory

1.2.1 A Simple Model of the Computer

A Computer system has three basic components which are as follows:
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