School Year: 2024-2025

Semester: 1
Subject: Computer Systems Servicing NC II (Specialization)
Grade: 11
Subject Teacher: Engr. Jeff T. Magsino

Week 1

A. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING

What is Computer System Servicing?

Computer System Servicing NC-II is a certification offered by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
(TESDA) in the Philippines. This certification is designed to validate the skills and knowledge of individuals who are
working or seeking to work in the field of computer servicing.

➢ The qualification of Computer Systems Servicing NC II

The COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING NC II Qualification consists of competencies that must possess to enable to install
and configure computers systems, set-up computer networks and servers and to maintain and repair computer systems
and networks. This Qualification is packaged from the competency map of the Electronics industry as
shown in below

Code BASIC COMPETENCIES

500311105 Participate in workplace communication
500311106 Work in a team environment
500311107 Practice career professionalism
500311108 Practice occupational health and safety procedures

COMMON COMPETENCIES
ELC315202 Apply quality standards
ELC311203 Perform computer operations
ELC311201 Perform mensuration and calculation
ELC311202 Prepare and interpret technical drawing
ELC724201 Use hand tools
ELC724202 Terminate and connect electrical wiring and electronic
ELC724205 circuits
Test electronic components

CORE COMPETENCIES
ELC724331 Install and configure computer systems
ELC724332 Set-up Computer Networks
ELC724333 Set-up Computer Servers
ELC724334 Maintain and Repair Computer Systems and Networks

A person who has achieved this Qualification is competent to be:

➢ Computer Assembler
➢ Computer Service Technician
➢ Network Technician
➢ Computer Maintenance Technician

CSS NCII is the upgraded version of what is then called Computer Hardware Servicing (CHS NCII) qualification. During the
late CHS, the qualification was said to be the NCII level, meaning that in a ranking basis, it is the baseline level.

To cope up with the hastened trend of technology advancement, CSS was introduced, this new competency has four (4)
modules. This seems to be great move to ensure that we are not left behind on what is the new global standard in
technology.
Purpose: The certification aims to ensure that individuals are proficient in installing, configuring, and maintaining
computer systems. It covers a range of tasks essential for the proper functioning of computer systems and networks.

Coverage: The training and assessment for Computer System Servicing NC-II typically include:

• Installing and Configuring Computer Systems: This involves setting up hardware components, installing
operating systems, and configuring system settings for optimal performance.

• Troubleshooting and Repairing: Candidates learn to diagnose and resolve issues related to computer hardware
and software, including fixing faults and replacing defective components.

• Maintaining and Upgrading: Skills include routine maintenance tasks like cleaning and updating hardware, as
well as upgrading system components to enhance performance.

• Networking Basics: Basic networking skills are often included, such as setting up network connections and
understanding network configurations.

Certification Process: To achieve the NC-II certification, individuals must undergo training that covers these areas and
pass a TESDA assessment. The assessment typically includes both practical and theoretical components to test the
candidate’s competency in computer system servicing.

Target Audience: The certification is intended for individuals seeking careers in IT support, computer repair, and related
fields. It is also useful for those looking to enhance their skills and qualifications in the IT industry.

Benefits: Having an NC-II certification can improve job prospects, validate technical skills to employers, and provide a
formal recognition of one's expertise in computer system servicing.

Key Skills Developed

1. Hardware Installation: Knowledge of different hardware components and their installation procedures.
2. Software Installation and Configuration: Installing operating systems and essential software, and configuring settings.
3. System Maintenance: Performing regular maintenance tasks to ensure system longevity and performance.
4. Problem-Solving: Identifying and fixing hardware and software issues efficiently.
5. Networking Fundamentals: Basic understanding of network setups and configurations.

Overall, Computer System Servicing NC-II certification is a valuable credential for anyone aiming to work in the field of
computer servicing and support.

B. Why Computer Services Important? (Ask them)

Computer services are crucial for several reasons, affecting individuals, businesses, and the broader technological
ecosystem. Here’s a detailed look at why computer services are so important:

1. Operational Efficiency

• System Performance: Regular maintenance and servicing ensure that computer systems run smoothly and
efficiently. This helps in avoiding slowdowns, crashes, and other performance issues that can disrupt work.

• Productivity: Well-maintained and properly functioning computers enable employees to work more effectively
and efficiently, leading to higher productivity.

2. Problem Resolution

• Troubleshooting: Computer services are essential for diagnosing and resolving technical issues. Whether it’s
hardware malfunctions, software glitches, or network problems, effective troubleshooting minimizes downtime.

• Repairs: Quick and efficient repairs reduce the impact of computer failures on business operations and personal
tasks.

3. Security

• Virus and Malware Protection: Regular servicing includes updating antivirus software and running scans to
protect systems from threats. This helps in safeguarding sensitive data and maintaining system integrity.

• Data Backup: Computer services often include setting up and managing backup systems to ensure that
important data is not lost in case of hardware failure or other issues.
4. Technology Upgrades

• Hardware Upgrades: Updating or replacing outdated hardware components ensures that the system remains
compatible with new software and performs at optimal levels.

• Software Updates: Keeping software up-to-date ensures access to the latest features, improvements, and
security patches, which can enhance overall system performance and security.

5. Cost Efficiency

• Preventive Maintenance: Regular servicing can prevent major issues that might lead to expensive repairs or
replacements. This helps in managing and reducing long-term costs.

• Extended Lifespan: Proper care and maintenance extend the lifespan of computer systems and components,
delaying the need for costly replacements.

6. Data Management

• Data Organization: Effective computer services can help in organizing and managing data, making it easier to
access and use.

• Data Recovery: In the event of data loss, professional computer services can assist in recovering lost or
corrupted data, minimizing the impact on personal or business operations.

7. User Support

• Technical Assistance: Computer services provide support to users who may face technical difficulties, helping
them resolve issues and continue their work with minimal interruptions.

• Training: Services may also include training users on new systems or software, improving their skills and
efficiency in using technology.

8. Business Continuity

• System Reliability: Reliable computer systems are crucial for business operations, as they support everything
from daily tasks to critical business processes.

• Disaster Recovery: Effective computer services include planning and implementing disaster recovery solutions,
ensuring that businesses can quickly recover from unexpected events.

9. Compliance and Regulations

• Adherence to Standards: Many industries have specific regulations regarding data security, privacy, and system
performance. Computer services help organizations comply with these standards.

• Documentation and Audits: Proper servicing includes maintaining records of system configurations, updates,
and repairs, which can be important for audits and regulatory compliance.

10. Innovation and Adaptation

• Integration with New Technologies: Regular computer services help businesses adapt to new technologies and
integrate them smoothly into existing systems.

• Improving Capabilities: Servicing ensures that systems can support new applications and technologies, helping
businesses stay competitive and innovative.

In summary, computer services are fundamental to maintaining the health, security, and efficiency of computer systems,
which in turn supports the smooth operation of personal, business, and organizational activities.

C. What Career Opportunities in ICT Industry?

The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry offers a wide range of career opportunities across
various fields, reflecting the sector's diverse and dynamic nature. Here’s an overview of some of the key career paths
available within the ICT industry:

1. Software Development and Engineering

• Software Developer/Engineer: Creates, tests, and maintains software applications for various platforms and
purposes.
 • Web Developer: Specializes in building and maintaining websites and web applications.
• Mobile App Developer: Designs and develops applications for mobile devices on platforms like Android and iOS.
• Software Tester/QA Analyst: Tests software to identify and resolve bugs or issues before release.

2. Network and Systems Administration

• Network Administrator: Manages and maintains computer networks, ensuring they operate efficiently and
securely.
• Systems Administrator: Oversees the installation, configuration, and maintenance of operating systems and
servers.
• Network Engineer: Designs and implements network infrastructure, including routers, switches, and firewalls.

3. Cybersecurity

• Cybersecurity Analyst: Monitors and protects computer systems and networks from cyber threats and attacks.
• Information Security Manager: Develops and enforces security policies and procedures to safeguard
organizational data.
• Ethical Hacker/Penetration Tester: Tests systems for vulnerabilities and security weaknesses to help strengthen
defenses.

4. Database Management

• Database Administrator (DBA): Manages and maintains databases, ensuring their performance, security, and
availability.
• Data Analyst: Interprets and analyzes data to provide actionable insights and support decision-making.
• Data Scientist: Uses advanced statistical and machine learning techniques to analyze complex data sets and
extract valuable information.

5. Technical Support and Customer Service

• Technical Support Specialist: Provides assistance to users experiencing technical issues with hardware, software,
or networks.
• IT Help Desk Technician: Responds to and resolves technical problems reported by end-users.

6. IT Project Management

• IT Project Manager: Oversees and coordinates IT projects from initiation to completion, ensuring they are
delivered on time and within budget.
• Business Analyst: Works with stakeholders to gather requirements, analyze business needs, and design IT
solutions.

7. Cloud Computing

• Cloud Architect: Designs and manages cloud infrastructure and services for organizations.
• Cloud Engineer: Implements and maintains cloud-based solutions, including deployment and integration.

8. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

• AI/ML Engineer: Develops and implements algorithms and models for artificial intelligence and machine learning
applications.
• Data Scientist: Works on data-driven AI solutions, often involving machine learning and statistical analysis.

9.IT Consultancy and Strategy

• IT Consultant: Advises organizations on how to leverage technology to meet their business goals and solve
problems.
• IT Strategist: Develops long-term IT strategies to align technology investments with business objectives.

10. Hardware and Infrastructure

• Hardware Engineer: Designs and develops computer hardware components and systems.
• Field Service Technician: Installs, maintains, and repairs hardware at client locations.

11. Networking and Telecommunications

• Telecommunications Specialist: Manages and maintains telecommunications systems, including phone lines,
satellite communications, and internet services.
• VoIP Engineer: Specializes in Voice over IP technologies and systems.
12. IT Training and Education

• IT Trainer: Provides training and education to individuals and organizations on various IT skills and technologies.
• Instructional Designer: Develops educational materials and training programs for IT-related subjects.

13. Emerging Technologies

• Blockchain Developer: Works on developing and implementing blockchain technology for secure transactions
and decentralized applications.
• IoT Specialist: Focuses on the development and management of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and systems.

14. Digital Marketing and E-Commerce

• Digital Marketer: Utilizes online platforms and tools to promote products and services and engage with
customers.
• E-Commerce Specialist: Manages online retail platforms, optimizing user experience, and managing digital sales
strategies.

15. UX/UI Design

• UX Designer: Focuses on creating user-centered designs to improve the usability and experience of applications
and websites.
• UI Designer: Designs user interfaces that are visually appealing and intuitive.

Education and Training

For many of these roles, relevant educational backgrounds might include degrees in computer science, information
technology, software engineering, cybersecurity, data science, or related fields. Certifications and ongoing professional
development are also valuable for career advancement in the ICT industry.

The ICT industry is continually evolving, creating new opportunities as technologies advance and new areas of
specialization emerge. This diversity makes it a dynamic field with numerous career paths and growth potential.

D. Recognize and understand the market in computer systems servicing

➢ Environment and Market (EM)

One of your greatest dreams in life is to become a successful entrepreneur.

As a person, you bare capable of developing your character and personality and how to respond to some business
challenges and opportunities.
You can make things happen by identifying the opportunities around you.

You may ask yourself these questions:

What do people need?
What products and services available in the market today?
Can they be implemented?

How are they made or delivered?

Can things be done better? Cheaper? Faster? Cleaner?

Can a product which is used for specific purpose be also used for some other purposes?

Guide Questions:

1. How does one determine the product to be produced or services to be offered and delivered to the target
market or customers in a particular community?
2. How does one select an entrepreneurial activity?
3. How can one respond effectively to a business enterprise?

Lesson 1: Needs and Wants of People

Everyone has his/her own needs and wants. However, people have different concepts of needs and wants.
Needs in business are important things that every individual cannot do without in a society. These include:
1. Basic commodities for consumption
2. Clothing and other personal belongings
3. Shelter, sanitation and health
4. Education and relaxation
Basic needs are essential to every individual so he/she may be able to live with dignity and pride in the community of
people. These needs can obviously help you generate business ideas.

Wants are desires, luxury and extravagance that signify wealth and an expensive way of living. Wants or desires are
considered above all the basic necessities of life. Some examples are the eagerness or the passion of every individual
which are no-basic needs like; fashion accessories, shoes, clothes, travelling around the world, eating in a n exclusive
restaurant, watching movies, concerts, plays, having luxurious cars, wearing expensive jewelry, perfume, living in
impressive homes, and others.

Needs and wants of people are the basic indicators of the kind of business that you may engage into because it can
serve as the measure of your success. Some other good points that you might consider in business undertakings are the
kind of people, their needs, wants, lifestyle, culture and tradition, and social orientation that they belong.

Lesson 2. Generating Ideas for Business

Here are some ways by which you may generate possible ideas for business.
1. Examine the existing goods and services – are you satisfied with the product? What do other people who use
the product say about it? How can it be improved? There are many ways of improving a product from the way it
is made to the way it is packed and sold? You can also improve the materials used in crafting the product. In
addition, you introduce new ways of using the product, making it more useful and adaptable to the customer’s
many needs. When you are improving the product or enhancing it, you are doing an innovation. You can also do
an invention by introducing an entirely new product to replace the old one.
2. Examine the present and future needs. Look and listen to what the customers, institution, and communities are
missing in terms of goods and services. Sometimes these needs are obvious and felt at the moment. Other
needs are not that obvious because they can only be felt in the future, in the event of certain developments in
the community. For example, will have its electrification facility in the next six months. Only by the time will the
entrepreneur could think of electrically-powered or generated business such as xerox copier, computer service,
digital printing, etc.
3. Examine how the needs are being satisfied.
4. Examine the available resources around you.
5. Read magazines, news articles, and other publications on new products and techniques or advances in
technology.

Lesson 3: Selecting the Right Idea

In screening your ideas, examine each one in terms of the following factors:
1. How much capital is needed to put up the business?
2. How big is the demand for the product? Do many people need this product and will continue to need it for a
long time?
3. How is the demand met? Who are processing the products to meet the need (competition or demand)? How
much of the need is now being met (supply)?
4. Do you have the background and experience needed to run this particular business?
5. Will the business be legal, not going against any existing or foreseeable government regulation?
6. Is the business in line with your interest and expertise?

Lesson 4: Environmental Scanning

Environmental scanning is defined as a process of gathering, analyzing, and dispensing information for tactical or
strategic purposes. The environmental scanning process entails obtaining both factual and subjective information on the
business environments in which a company is operating.

Activity 1: Mini Survey

Directions: conduct a mini survey with the other group. Gather pertinent data on them across their indicated needs and
wants. From this survey generate or create a possible business idea that you could possibly come with.
Population/Names Needs Wants
Smartphones, laptop, internet/ PSP, Gaming laptops/computers, etc.
modem, printer etc.

Result: Base on the survey….

Your generated business idea:

Given that the result is we decided this business idea…..

Assessment/ Quiz
1. The following are examples of people’s basic needs, Except;
a. Recreation
b. Clothing
c. Shelter
d. Food
2. Which of the following should be considered first by prospective entrepreneur in choosing the right location
for his/her store?
a. Types of merchandise
b. Access of the target customers
c. The attractiveness of the store layout
d. The prevailing prices of goods in the area.
3. Thongs plans to put a “digi-print” studio in their locality. Which of the following will help him determine a
successful plan for setting up his business?
a. Survey of consumer associations
b. Checking for similar business to avoid competition
c. Getting feedback on the quality of service
d. Conduct a SWOT analysis
4. Caesar studies the population in his immediate community. He is doing this to - ?
a. Identify his would be “suki”.
b. Predict his biggest buyer.
c. Select his favorite costumers.
d. Determine whom to sell his products or service.
5. When an entrepreneur improves and alter products to make it more appealing to the target costumers,
he/she is doing an ---- of the product.
a. Alteration
b. Invention
c. Innovation
d. Improvisation
Diagnostic

Directions: Read and choose the letter of your answer.

1. How many cable pairs are there in a Cat 5e cable?

a.) 2 b.) 4
c.) 6 d.) 8

2. What standard cable is used to connect a computer to a monitor?

a. IDE b. VGA
c. LCD d. SATA

3. What is the most common power connector is used for hard drives and optical drives?
a.) IDE b.) LCD
c.) UTP d.) SATA

4. Why is HDMI known as a high-quality multimedia interface?

a. because it sends both audio and video signal

b. because it is compatible with older version
c. because it is used to connect storage devices into motherboard
d. because it is used to set up local area network

5. What form is sometimes use as an invoice when working with external customers.
a. work order form b. electronic work instruction
c. job order form d. Form 137

6. What document should be given to the customer describing the work to be completed or the products to be
manufactured?
a. job order form b. work order form
c. purchase order d. electronic work instruction

7. What type of wire is commonly used in building wiring installation?

a. THHN/THWN b. UTP
c. AGP d. STP

8. Why is stranded conductor cable easily bent?

a. because of its conductor ampacity b. because of its insulating material
c. because of its flexibility d. because of its temperature coefficient.

9. What is safety checklist?

a. a document used during safety inspections for the identification of potential hazards.
b. a set of printed or written questions with a choice of answers
c. a list of yes-no questions
d. a question-and-answer fact sheet covering a wide range of workplace

10.How do you troubleshoot electronic components in the circuit?

a. Check for the exploded or burnt parts of the circuit by seeing and smelling them.
b. Use the principle of Ohm’s law.
c. Read the user’s manual.
d. All of the above.

11. what do safety precautions checklist provide?

a. practical training in safety awareness b. maximize hazard at the workplace
c. references the commitment to work practices d. provide method for supervisors

12. A product has a safety defect if.

a. it does not meet the standard b. it does not meet the level of safety the public is entitle to expert
c. if the user is uncomfortable d. if the customer complains

13. which is a possible defect of a product?

a. promotion defect b. art defect
c. manufacturing defect d. line defect

14. what is a defect in manufacturing?

a. when the product did meet customer expectation b. when the product did meet customer satisfaction
 c. when the product fades d. when the product defect from its interested design

15. what is the common fault of a capacitor?

I. oil leakage
II. internal sound is abnormal
III. expansion of the shell
IV. temperature rise of the shell is 60 Degree Celsius

a. I, II & III b. I, III & IV

c. II, III & IV d. I, II & IV

LESSON 1: APPLYING QUALITY STANDARDS (AQS)

LO 1. Assess quality of received materials

1. Obtain work instruction in accordance with standard operating procedures

2. Check the received materials against workplace standards and specifications
3. Identify and isolate faulty materials related to work
4. Record and/ or report defects and any identified causes to the supervisor concerned in accordance with
workplace procedures
5. Replace faulty materials in accordance with workplace procedures

A. WORK ORDER AND STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES

Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) – is a set of step-by-step instruction compiled by an organization to help workers
carry out complex routine operations. It aims to achieve efficiency, quality output and uniformity of performance, while
reducing miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulation. It is a detailed written instruction to achieve
uniformity of the performance of a specific function.

An SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) Manual for Computer and Office Machine Repair and Maintenance is of
paramount importance for several reasons. Firstly, it serves as a comprehensive reference guide for technicians,
ensuring that they follow a consistent and standardized approach to repair and maintenance tasks. This consistency
minimizes the risk of errors, enhances efficiency, and ultimately results in cost savings for organizations.

Secondly, an SOP manual ensures that all safety protocols and best practices are adhered to, reducing workplace
accidents and potential damage to valuable equipment. It also aids in troubleshooting by providing step-by-step
instructions to diagnose and resolve issues, reducing downtime and improving overall productivity.

Moreover, the manual facilitates knowledge transfer and training for new technicians, helping to maintain a skilled and
competent workforce. It also acts as a regulatory compliance tool, ensuring that organizations meet industry standards
and regulations.

In summary, an SOP Manual for Computer and Office Machine Repair and Maintenance is an indispensable tool for
consistency, safety, efficiency, training, and compliance in the maintenance of crucial office equipment.

Who uses standard operating procedures?

SOPs can be used in any organization. They are especially important for businesses with tasks that are performed over
and over again. Defining the best way to perform that task in an SOP result in lower costs and higher output over time.

Standard operating procedures are common in:

• Manufacturing
• Maintenance and Repair
• Food services
• Call centers
• Military and more.

What is a Work Order?

Work Order – It is an authorize of maintenance, repair or operations work to be completed. It can manually or
automatically generate through a work request. A work order form, also known as a job order form, job ticket, work
ticket or service ticket is a document received by an organization from an external customer, or another department
internal to that organization, describing work to be completed and/or products to be purchased or manufactured.
Work order forms are usually customized to include more details than a basic purchase order. A work order is
sometimes used as an invoice when working with external customers. The work order form captures customer and job
information and summarizes labor and materials used to complete the jobs.
Additionally, a work order is a job or task being requested by a customer, another business entity, or internally. A
common scenario for requesting a work order is when a need for preventive maintenance or repairs is identified. Work
order forms assist both parties—the requestor and the person assigned—in formally documenting what the job or task
entails.

https://www.scribd.com/document/486016054/Computer-Repair-Work-Order

Using the Work Order Forms

Any value within [brackets] is meant to be replaced with your company or customer's information. Everything in the
work order is fully customizable. There are only a few cells that contain formulas that you should be careful not to mess
up (such as the line totals, subtotals, tax calculation, and grand total). Below are descriptions of some fields used in work
orders:

• [Company Name / Logo]: Enter your company name and/or insert an image for your logo.

• Bill To: The name and address of the customer that will be billed for this work. This information is usually tied to
a specific Customer ID, while the Ship To field may be different.

• Ship To: The name and address where the finished products will be shipped to.

• W.O.#: A unique Work Order number used to identify the job. You should indicate on your work order form that
all correspondence should include the WO #.

• Job: A description of the issue or job with enough details to complete the job. In the Advanced work order form,
you can enter a short general description, followed by a more detailed description that might identify the
brand/make/model of the item to be serviced.

• Qty (Quantity): This column can be used to enter the number of hours or amount of parts or materials used for
the job.

• Taxed: The basic work order form includes a column for indicating (by entering an "x") which line items are
taxable.

• Tax Rate: Consult your local and state tax laws to determine how labor and/or sales should be taxed. The
advanced work order template lets you set a different tax rate for labor and materials.
 • Taxable: The basic work order template calculates the sum of the amounts that are taxable using a SUMIF
function. The tax is then calculated by multiplying the Taxable amount by the Tax Rate.

• Other: The last field before the total can be used for including a discount or other types of charges. You should
change the label to "Discount" or something that describes what the charge is for.

https://www.vertex42.com/ExcelTemplates/work-order-form.html
Tip: After your company specific information has been entered, you can save your customized spreadsheet as a
template file (.xlt) so that you have ready-access to a pre-populated work order when you need it, without worrying
about accidentally modifying the original work order template. It's also a good idea to save a backup of your customized
blank work order template.

Activity 2: Create your own template of work order.

B. SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS

Specification sometimes abbreviated as a spec, a specification is descriptive information about hardware or software
products. For example, the technical specifications of a printer may list the printer's size dimensions, ink, acceptable
paper, etc. A specification often refers to a set of documented requirements to be satisfied by a material, design,
product, or service. A specification is often a type of technical standard.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification_(technical_standard)

WIRES AND CABLES

There are fundamental differences between wires, conductors, and cables that determine when and how they are used.
Being able to understand and clearly explain the differences can make planning an electrical installation job easier. To
avoid confusion, we will focus on terminology related to uses in the electrical contracting industry.

What is a conductor?

A conductor, or electrical conductor, is a substance or material that allows electricity to flow through it. In a conductor,
electrical charge carriers, usually electrons or ions, move easily from atom to atom when voltage is applied. Most metals
like copper are considered good conductors, while nonmetals are considered bad conductors -- that is, insulators.

Understanding electrical conductors

In general, conductivity refers to the capacity of a substance to transmit electricity or heat. A conductor conducts
electricity since it offers little or no resistance to the flow of electrons, thus leading to a flow of electrical current.
Typically, metals, metal alloys, electrolytes and even some nonmetals, like graphite and liquids, including water, are
good electrical conductors. Pure elemental silver is one of the best electrical conductors. Other good electrical
conductors include the following:

• copper
• steel
• gold
• silver
• platinum
• aluminum
• brass

Human beings are also good conductors of electricity, which is why touching someone experiencing an electric shock
causes the toucher to experience the same shock. In electrical and electronic systems, conductors comprise solid metals
molded into wires or etched onto printed circuit boards.

WHAT IS WIRE?

Wire: A wire is a single conductor made up of an electrically conductive material like aluminum or copper. This
conductor can be made up of one strand of material or a group of strands and may be left bare or surrounded by a
color-coded sheath.

The two main types of wire are solid and stranded.

 1. Solid wire is made of one single strand of drawn copper, aluminum or other conductive metal into a long thin,
still stiff, but bendable string like form. Solid wire has less resistance, so it is often used in applications that call
for handling higher frequencies.

2. Stranded wire is comprised of multiple strands of solid wire drawn into ultra-thin and flexible thread like
filaments that can be twisted or braided together to form a single conductor comparable in size and weight to
their solid counterparts. Stranded wire is often coated and is ideal for jobs that require more flexibility.

AWG or American Wire Gauge is the US standard measure for the diameter of electrical conductors. The American Wire
Gauge chart is based on the number of dies originally required to draw the copper down to the required dimensional
size. It means the higher the AWG number is, the smaller the wire diameter is.

The most common method of referring to conductor sizes uses the cross-sectional area, expressed in mm². The
following AWG metric conversion table converts AWG to mm and inches, and also lists the cross-sectional area (mm2).

AWG Metric Conversion Chart (AWG to mm)

American Wire Gauge (AWG) Diameter (in) Diameter (mm) Cross sectional area (mm2)

0000 (4/0) 0.460 11.7 107.0

000 (3/0) 0.410 10.4 85.0

00 (2/0) 0.365 9.27 67.4
0 (1/0) 0.325 8.25 53.5
1 0.289 7.35 42.4
2 0.258 6.54 33.6
3 0.229 5.83 26.7
4 0.204 5.19 21.1
5 0.182 4.62 16.8
6 0.162 4.11 13.3
7 0.144 3.67 10.6
8 0.129 3.26 8.36
9 0.114 2.91 6.63
10 0.102 2.59 5.26
11 0.0.907 2.30 4.17
12 0.0808 2.05 3.31
13 0.0720 1.83 2.63
14 0.0641 1.63 2.08
15 0.0571 1.45 1.65
16 0.0508 1.29 1.31
17 0.0453 1.15 1.04
18 0.0403 1.02 0.82
19 0.0359 0.91 0.65
 20 0.0320 0.81 0.52
21 0.0285 0.72 0.41
22 0.0254 0.65 0.33
23 0.0226 0.57 0.26
24 0.0201 0.51 0.20
25 0.0179 0.45 0.16
26 0.0159 0.40 0.13

Key Points About AWG:

1. Gauge Numbers:
o The AWG system uses gauge numbers to indicate wire diameters. The gauge number inversely relates to
the wire diameter: a smaller gauge number corresponds to a larger wire diameter, and a larger gauge
number corresponds to a smaller wire diameter.
o For example, a 12 AWG wire is thicker than a 24 AWG wire.
2. Wire Diameter:
o The diameter of the wire decreases as the gauge number increases. The relationship between gauge
number and wire diameter is not linear.
3. Cross-Sectional Area:
o The cross-sectional area of the wire also decreases as the gauge number increases. This is important
because the wire's current-carrying capacity and resistance depend on its cross-sectional area.
4. Current-Carrying Capacity:
o Larger diameter wires (smaller gauge numbers) can carry more current without overheating. Conversely,
smaller diameter wires (larger gauge numbers) have lower current-carrying capacities.
o It is essential to choose the correct wire gauge for a given application to ensure safety and efficiency.
5. Resistance:
o Thicker wires (smaller gauge numbers) have lower resistance per unit length compared to thinner wires
(larger gauge numbers). This is because resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of
the wire.

Selecting the correct AWG size is crucial for ensuring that the wire can handle the required current without excessive
heating or voltage drop, thus maintaining safety and efficiency.

Cables are groups of two or more conductors made up of stranded or solid wire that are twisted, wrapped or otherwise
bound together in some way.

In essence, cables are made up of multiple wires, while wires are made up of one or multiple conductors. Both can have
a wide range of purposes, with wires providing the backbone for a vast range of cables that go in everything from
appliances to buildings to heavy machinery.

Wires are measured with the American Wire Gauge (AWG), a standard that indicates wire thickness according to its
diameter. The smaller the number, the larger the wire and the greater amount of current it can carry. AWG typically
applies to wires that use single strands of its conductive material, but it can also be used to refer to stranded wires and
cables. In these cases, it refers to the diameter of the cross-section.

https://aerosusa.com/wires-vs-cables/
https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/conductor
Types of Cables

Connectivity relies on a broad spectrum of cables, each designed to fulfil specific requirements. In this section, we will
explain some of the most common types of cables.

1. AV cables, or audio-video cables, are integral to transmitting audio and video signals between devices. They are
available in different forms such as HDMI, RCA, and optical cables, each tailored to specific applications.

AV CABLES TYPES OF MAX PICTURE

SIGNAL RESOLUTION

An Aux cable or auxiliary connector,

commonly known as an aux cable, is a
versatile audio cable that connects devices
like smartphones or MP3 players to external
audio sources. Its primary use is to transmit ANALOG N/A
audio signals, allowing you to play music from
your device on speakers, headphones, or car
stereos with a 3.5mm jack.

VGA stands for Video Graphics Array. A VGA

cable is a cable connector used to transfer
video signals. These cables are used with 2048x1536 at
Analog
computer, laptops, projectors and 85Hz
televisions. The video graphic cable comes in
two types, male or female connector.
DVI (digital visual interface) DVI is a video
display interface. The DVI connection became
the successor to VGA as technology moved
away from analog towards digital. It was DVI-A (Analog)
developed to be an industry standard for DVI-D (Digital) 2560-1600 at
transmitting digital video content to display DVI-I 60Hz
devices at resolutions as high as 2560 x 1600. (Analog/Digital)
Common devices that utilize the DVI
connection are computer monitors and
projectors.
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia HDMI 1.0:
Interface) In the past decade, high-definition 1920x1200 at 60Hz
broadcasts became the new standard of what HDMI 1.4:
it means to be high quality. Unlike VGA and 3840x2160 (4K) at
30Hz
DVI, HDMI sends both video and audio signals
Digital HDMI 2.0:
together. The signals are digital only; thus, 3840x2160 (4K) at
HDMI is only compatible with newer devices 60Hz
and is the most frequently used HD signal for HDMI 2.1:
transferring both high-definition audio and 7680x4320 (8K) at
video over a single cable. 60Hz
 DP 1.1: 2560x1600
A DisplayPort is a digital display interface that at 60 Hz
links multiple displays, computers, and other DP 1.2: 4K at 60Hz
DP 1.3: 4K at 120Hz
electronic devices. Thus, a DisplayPort cable
or 8K at 30Hz
can transmit audio signals and video
DP 1.4: 8K at 60Hz
transmission from an electronic device, such DP 2.0: 16K with
as a computer with a DisplayPort output, to a HDR at 60Hz and
display machine with a DisplayPort input. 10K without HDR at
80Hz.

https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/hdmi-vs-displayport-which-should-i-use-for-my-pc-monitor

https://ventiontech.com/blogs/technology-overview/what-is-dp-cable

2. Computer cables are used to connect monitors, keyboards, printers, hard drives, and other peripherals to
computers. The IEEE GlobalSpec SpecSearch database contains information about many different types of
computer cables.

CABLE SPECIFICATION PICTURE

(SPEED DATA
TRANSFER)
The PS/2 (Personal System/2) port, commonly
used for connecting keyboards and mice to a
computer, has a relatively low data transfer
rate compared to modern interfaces. The
standard data transfer rate for a PS/2 port is
10-16 Kbps (kilobits per second). 10-16 Kbps

Parallel ATA (PATA) cables are used to ATA-33 (Ultra

connect storage devices such as hard drives ATA/33): 33 MB/s
and CD-ROM drives to a computer's ATA-66 (Ultra
motherboard. These ribbon cables have two ATA/66): 66 MB/s
or three connectors, only one of which plugs ATA-100 (Ultra
ATA/100): 100 MB/s
into the motherboard. The remaining 40-pin
ATA-133 (Ultra
or 44-pin connectors plug into the drives. ATA/133): 133 MB/s
SATA (Serial ATA) stands for Serial Advanced
Technology Attachment, an industry-standard SATA I: 1.2 Gbps
bus interface for connecting a computer's (150MB/s)
host bus adapter to storage devices such as SATA II: 2.4 Gbps
hard disk drives (HDD), optical drives and (300MB/s)
solid-state drives (SSD). SATA III: (4.8 Gbps)
600 MB/s

eSATA (External Serial Advanced Technology

Attachment) -
eSATA technology is an extension of, or
improvement on, the SATA cable — it makes eSATA I: 1.5 Gbps
187.5 (MB/s)
SATA technology available in an external
eSATA II: 3 Gbps
form. In reality, eSATA is not much different
(375 MB/s)
from SATA, but it allows connections to eSATA III: 6 Gbps
devices like external hard drives and optical (750 MB/s)
drives. This is useful because eSATA offers
speeds much faster than most
FireWire and USB alternatives.
USB (Universal Serial Bus) cables, are widely
used for connecting various electronic devices
to each other or to a computer. They provide USB 1.1: 12Mbps
a standardized interface for data transfer, USB 2.0: up to
power supply, and peripheral connectivity. 480Mbps (60MB/s)
USB 3.1 Gen1: up to
USB cables have different types and
5Gbps (625MB/s)
connectors, each designed for specific USB 3.1 Gen2:
purposes and device compatibility. 10Gbps
USB 3.2: 20Gbps
https://uk.rs-online.com/web/c/cables- USB 4.0: 40Gbps
wires/computer-cables/usb-cables/

FIREWIRE- The purpose of FireWire is similar FireWire 400 (IEEE

to that of USB: high speed data transfer for 1394a): 400 Mbps
computer peripherals. High bandwidth (50MB/s)
devices, like printers and scanners, will
FireWire 800 (IEEE
benefit from FireWire. For whatever reason,
1394b): 800 Mbps
FireWire is not as widespread as USB. (100 MB/s)

FireWire S1600 and

S3200: 1.6 Gbps
(200MB/s) and 3.2
Gbps (400 MB/s)
respectively.

3. Networking cable is a piece of networking hardware used to connect one network device to other network
devices or to connect two or more computers to share devices such as printers or scanners.

TYPES OF NETWORK CABLE DATA SPEED PICTURE

Coaxial cable is a round jacketed cable that
features an inner conductor surrounded by a
tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular
conducting shield made of braided wire. It can
be identified by the threaded connectors that
are used to make unions and device hookups.
Coaxial cable was once the standard for
connecting televisions to antenna or cable
service delivery and is still often used to connect
can support speeds up to 1
satellite dishes or to bring subscription television
Gbps
service to an in-home distribution point.

RG6: Commonly used for cable television

(CATV), satellite television, and broadband
internet.

RG59: Older standard, often used for analog

video and CCTV systems.
RG11: Used for long-distance cable television
and internet connections, due to its lower signal
loss over distance.
Fibre optic cable, often simply referred to as
"fibre optics" or "optical fibre," is a technology
that uses thin strands of glass or plastic to Single-Mode Fiber (SMF)
transmit data, including text, sound, and images, Example Standards:
in the form of light pulses. Fibre optic cables are
1000BASE-LX: 1 Gbps up to 10
widely used for high-speed internet connections,
km.
telecommunications, and networking.
10GBASE-LR: 10 Gbps up to 10
km.
Single-Mode Fibre (SMF): Single-mode fibre is 100GBASE-ER4: 100 Gbps up to
used for long-distance, high-bandwidth 40 km.
applications. It has a smaller core and transmits
data using a single mode of light, resulting in less Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF)
signal dispersion over long distances. Example Standards:

Multi-Mode Fibre (MMF): Multi-mode fibre is 1000BASE-SX: 1 Gbps up to 550

meters.
typically used for shorter-distance applications,
10GBASE-SR: 10 Gbps up to 400
such as local area networks (LANs) and data
meters.
centre connections. It has a larger core and can 40GBASE-SR4 and 100GBASE-
transmit multiple modes of light simultaneously. SR10: 40 Gbps and 100 Gbps up
to 100 meters (using parallel
multi-mode fibers).

Ethernet cables, also known as network cables Cat 5 (Category 5):

or LAN cables are cables used to provide an 100 Mbps 100 MHz
internet connection and allow you to connect to
the local area network (or LAN). The cables Cat 5e (Category 5e, Enhanced): 1
Gbps 100 MHz
connect to ethernet ports and allow the
transmission of high-speed data and information Cat 6 (Category 6): 1 Gbps up to
between devices such as computers, gaming 55 meters, 10 Gbps up to 33
consoles, modems, routers, and switches. meters 250MHz
Ethernet Cables adhere to various standards,
such as 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX,1000BASE-T and Cat 6a (Category 6a, Augmented):
10GBASE-T which specify the maximum data 10 Gbps 500MHz over the full
transfer speeds they can support. Some distance of 100 meters
Ethernet cables support PoE (Power over
Ethernet), allowing both data and electrical Cat 7 (Category 7): 10 Gbps
600MHz (improved shielding for
power to be transmitted over the same cable
reduced crosstalk and noise)
and are used to power devices like IP cameras
and VoIP phones. Cat 7a (Category 7a, Augmented):
10 Gbps (up to 40 Gbps over
shorter distances) 1000 MHz

Cat 8 (Category 8): 25 Gbps or 40

Gbps 2000 MHz (Designed for
data centers and high-speed
networks)

4. Power cables: These cables transport electrical power from one point to another. They are commonly used in
residential, commercial, and industrial settings to supply electricity to buildings, machinery, and appliances.
 COMPONENTS

COMPONENTS PICTURE
RESISTOR is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic
circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal
levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate
transmission lines, among other uses. Resistance is measured in
units of ohms and resistance; resistor color code calculator is used
to calculate the value of the resistor according to its colors.

An SMD resistor is a type of resistor that has been designed to be

surface mounted. These SMD resistors are typically much smaller
than traditional resistors, thus taking up much less space on a
circuit board.

CAPACITOR Its function is to store the electrical energy in an

electric field and give this energy again to the circuit when
necessary. In other words, it charges and
discharges the electric charge stored in it. Besides this, the
functions of a capacitor are as follows: It blocks the flow of DC and
permits the flow of AC.The effect of a capacitor is known as
capacitance.
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT(IC) An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes
called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which
thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors
are fabricated. An IC can function as an
amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer memory, or
microprocessor.
DIODE is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way
switch for current. It allows current to flow easily in one direction,
but severely restricts current from flowing in the opposite direction.
Diodes are also known as rectifiers because they change alternating
current (ac) into pulsating direct current (dc). Diodes are rated
according to their type, voltage, and current capacity.

Diodes have polarity, determined by an anode (positive lead) and

cathode (negative lead). Most diodes allow current to flow only
when positive voltage is applied to the anode.
TRANSISTOR is a semiconductor with a solid and non-moving part
to pass a charge. It can amplify and switch electrical power and
electronic signals. Transistors are made of semiconductor material
with three or more terminals used to connect to an external circuit.

INDUCTOR also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-

terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field
when electric current flows through it. An inductor typically consists
of an insulated wire wound into a coil around a core.

SWITCH is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect

the conducting path in an electrical circuit, interrupting the electric
current or diverting it from one conductor to another
 FUSE is an electrical safety device that operates to provide
overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential
component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much
current flows through it, thereby stopping or interrupting the
current.

TRANSFORMER is a static device which transfers electrical energy

from one circuit to another through the process of electromagnetic
induction. It is most commonly used to increase (‘step up’) or
decrease (‘step down’) voltage levels between circuits.

BUZZER or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be

mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of
buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, and
confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

MOTOR is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into

mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the
interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current
in a wire winding to generate force in the form of torque applied on
the motor's shaft.

Electrical Symbols & Electronic Symbols

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Electrical symbols and electronic circuit symbols are used for drawing schematic diagram. The symbols
represent electrical and electronic components.

Table of Electrical Symbols

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Symbol Component name Meaning

Wire Symbols

Electrical Wire Conductor of electrical current

Connected Wires Connected crossing

 Not Connected Wires Wires are not connected

Switch Symbols
A Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) switch is a switch that only has a single
input and can connect only to one output. This means it only has one input
SPST Toggle
terminal and only one output terminal. A Single Pole Single Throw switch
Switch
serves in circuits as on-off switches. When the switch is closed, the circuit
is on. When the switch is open, the circuit is off.

A Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) switch is a switch that only has a single
SPDT Toggle
input and can connect to and switch between 2 outputs. This means it has
Switch
one input terminal and two output terminals.

A Normally Open (NO) Push Button is a push button that, in its default
Pushbutton state, makes no electrical contact with the circuit. When the button is
Switch (N.O) pressed down, the switch makes electrical contact and the circuit is now
closed. Momentary switch - normally open

A Normally Closed (NC) Push Button is a push button that, in its default
state, makes electrical contact with the circuit. When the button is pressed
Pushbutton down, the switch no longer makes electrical contact and the circuit is now
Switch (N.C) open. Therefore, electricity can no longer flow to the other part of the
circuit to turn or power on the respective part of the circuit the button was
made to switch. Momentary switch - normally closed

A rotary switch is a switch operated by allowing rotation to control

different circuit functions. To do this a Rotary switch consists of a spindle
Rotary switch
or "rotor" that has a contact arm or "spoke" that project from its surface
like a cam.

Ground Symbols

Earth Ground Used for zero potential reference and electrical shock protection.

Chassis Ground Connected to the chassis of the circuit

Digital / Common Ground

 In electronics and electrical engineering, it is by convention we define a
point in a circuit as a reference point. This reference point is known as ground
(or GND) and carries a voltage of 0V. Voltage measurements are relative
measurements. That is, a voltage measurement must be compared to another
point in the circuit. If it is not, the measurement is meaningless.

Resistor Symbols

Resistor (IEEE)

Resistor reduces the current flow.

Resistor (IEC)

Potentiometer (IEEE)

Adjustable resistor - has 3 terminals.

Potentiometer (IEC)

Variable Resistor / Rheostat (IEEE)

Adjustable resistor - has 2 terminals.

Variable Resistor / Rheostat (IEC)

Trimmer Resistor Preset resistor

Thermal resistor - change resistance when

Thermistor
temperature changes

Photoresistor / Light dependent Photo-resistor - change resistance with light intensity

resistor (LDR) change
 Capacitor Symbols

Capacitor
Capacitor is used to store electric charge. It acts as short circuit with AC and
open circuit with DC.
Capacitor

Polarized
Electrolytic capacitor
Capacitor

Polarized
Electrolytic capacitor
Capacitor

Variable
Adjustable capacitance
Capacitor
 Inductor / Coil Symbols

Inductor Coil / solenoid that generates magnetic field

Iron Core
Includes iron
Inductor

Variable
Inductor

Diode / LED Symbols

Diode allows current flow in one direction only - left (anode) to right
Diode
(cathode).

Allows current flow in one direction, but also can flow in the reverse direction
Zener Diode
when above breakdown voltage

Schottky Diode Schottky diode is a diode with low voltage drop

Tunnel Diode

Light Emitting
LED emits light when current flows through
Diode (LED)

Photodiode Photodiode allows current flow when exposed to light

Transistor Symbols
A P-type doped semiconductor material is placed in between two
N-type semiconductor materials. The terminals are the emitter,
NPN Bipolar Transistor
base, and collector. Allows current flow when high potential at base
(middle)

PNP Bipolar Transistor An N-type doped semiconductor material is placed in between two
P-type semiconductor materials. The terminals are an emitter,
 base, and collector. Allows current flow when low potential at base
(middle)

Made from 2 bipolar transistors. Has total gain of the product of

Darlington Transistor
each gain.

JFET-N Transistor N-channel field effect transistor

JFET-P Transistor P-channel field effect transistor

NMOS Transistor N-channel MOSFET transistor

PMOS Transistor P-channel MOSFET transistor

Power Supply Symbols

Voltage Source Generates constant voltage

Current Source Generates constant current.

AC Voltage Source AC voltage source

Electrical voltage is generated by mechanical rotation of the

Generator
generator

One cell battery Generates constant voltage

Multi-cell batteries Generates constant voltage

Controlled Voltage Generates voltage as a function of voltage or current of other

Source circuit element.

Controlled Current Generates current as a function of voltage or current of other

Source circuit element.

Lamp / Light Bulb Symbols

Lamp / light
Generates light when current flows through
bulb
Lamp / light
bulb

Lamp / light
bulb

Misc. Symbols

Motor Electric motor

Transfor
Change AC voltage from high to low or low to high.
mer

Electric
Rings when activated
bell

Buzzer Produce buzzing sound

Fuse
The fuse disconnects when current above threshold. Used to protect circuit
from high currents.
Fuse

Meter Symbols

Voltmeter Measures voltage. Has very high resistance. Connected in parallel.

Ammeter Measures electric current. Has near zero resistance. Connected serially.

Ohmmeter Measures resistance

Wattmeter Measures electric power

Activity 3: Quiz Bee
 ISOLATING FAULTS AND FAULTY MATERIALS

What is the important of identifying and isolating faulty materials?

Identifying faulty materials is likely reducing the likelihood of accidents and injuries.
As well as to prevent it from further use in the workplace.

Different types of faulty electronic components or materials

Common fault in Resistor

Resistors are reliable components and their
rate of failure is very low. Still, faults do
occur. The most common faults in resistors
are an open and producing noise.

Common fault of capacitor.

When the capacitor is found to be one of the
following conditions, the power shall be cut
off immediately.
a.) The expansion of the capacitor shell or oil
leakage.
b.) the internal sound of the capacitor is
abnormal.
c.) the temperature rise of the shell is higher
than 55 degrees Celsius.
Common fault of diode.
If it happened in a power supply, a large
current can flow and obvious damage occurs
such as “cooked” diodes and/or blown fuses.
Short circuit diodes that are not obviously
damaged show 0Ω or very low resistance in
both forward and reverse directions.

Nonconformity and Defect

What is the difference between nonconformity and defect?

- Nonconformity represents a failure to meet an intended state and specification
or a product that does not fulfill its specified requirements
- Defect represents a failure to meet fitness for use/normal usage requirements

Two important considerations for nonconformity.

- Corrective actions are a set of actions taken to rectify, or change a process that causes errors or
nonconforming issues or events
- Preventive actions are proactive measures that are taken to prevent nonconformities from occurring in the
future.

What is a Defect in Manufacturing?

A defect in manufacturing is one that the manufacturer did not intend. A manufacturing defect occur when "the
product departs from its intended design even though all possible care was exercised in the preparation and
marketing of the product. Manufacturing defects are relatively uncommon in product liability law. While a design
defect affects every product made and a warning defect affects every product sold, a manufacturing defect
generally affects a limited number of united produced.

3 types of defects possible

1. Design Defect: This basically means the whole product was designed poorly or not properly tested, in which case
all the products will likely be defective and dangerous.
2. Manufacturing Defect: The product was designed fine, but the error or dangerous aspect was introduced during
the making of the product. Often not all the products will be dangerous, just those with the problem caused
during manufacturing.
3. Marketing Defect: This defect is often seen in the warnings and instructions included with a product - if the
manufacturer fails to provide proper warning labels or clear instructions to help consumers avoid injuries, they
can be held liable.
 Safety defects
A product has a safety defect if it does not meet the level of safety the public is generally entitled to expect. While
the expected level of safety will vary from case to case, it is ultimately for a court to determine whether a product
has a safety defect. The court will take various factors into account when determining whether a product has a
safety defect, including:
• how and for what purposes the product has been marketed
• product packaging
• the use of any mark in relation to the product
• instructions and warnings for assembly and use
• what might reasonably be expected to be done with the product
• the time when the product was supplied.

Safety Inspection Checklists

Safety Inspection Checklists

Even if safety inspections were not strongly recommended, they are an excellent way for the department to reference
the commitment to safe work practices, provide practical training in safety awareness and minimize hazards at the
workplace. These inspections provide a systematic method for involving supervisors, employees, safety coordinators,
and/or safety committees in the process of eliminating workplace hazards.

General Knowledge Safety Inspections

This method keeps you from getting stuck looking at the same things every time. However, the effectiveness of this
inspection method is dependent on the individual's level of knowledge about workplace related safety practices.

Risk Mapping Safety Inspections

This technique uses a map/drawing of the workplace or a list of steps in a process. People in the group then tell the
leader the hazards they recognize and where they are located in the workplace or process. The leader uses different
colors or symbols to identify different types of hazards on the map or list of steps. This type of inspection is valuable for
involving all employees in identifying and resolving safety hazards.

SAMPLE SAFETY INSPECTION CHECKLIST

NAME OF AGENCY/ OFFICE:
Area(s) inspected: Inspected by:
Date:

ITEM YES NO CORRECTIVE ACTION DATE

Is there litter or spilled liquid on the floor?
Are warning signs posted near cleaning areas,
repair work or decorating effort?
Are aisles free of boxes, waste baskets and
obstacle?
Do cords present a tripping hazard?
Do cords look frayed?
Are cords draped over hot pipes and /or
appliances
Are electrical outlet boxes exposed?
Are electrical covers or receptacles broken?
What’s More
Activity 3: Direction: Complete the tables below by writing the name of the cable and components as well as their
functions.

Types of cables Name Function/ Usage

Components Name Function/ Usage
Activity 5: “Build Me Up”
Directions: Every triangle below contains a premise. Fill in every square with a reason to completely build a figure of a
house and to come up with a sensible statement. Write your answer in your activity notebook.

Record and report Job order form is

fault materials is sometimes used as
important because an invoice because

Use of inspection
checklist Is important
in reporting because…
What I have learned

Activity No. 6: “Circuit of Life”

Directions: Below are different key words in an integrated circuit (IC) from the lesson presented in this module. Choose
five keys and briefly discuss each word you choose. Write your answer in your activity sheet
What I Can Do

Activity No. 7: “Electronic SOS”

Directions: Imagine yourself as an electronic technician. Mrs. Dela Cruz called you up to fix or troubleshoot problems of
her electronic appliances. Record your findings/actions in your paper.

PROBLEMS FINDINGS/ACTIONS
1) You find out that the extension wire of the computer
becomes hot. What do you think is the root cause of this
problem?
2) You find out that a worn-out transmission cable affects
the reception of Mrs. Dela Cruz’s television set? Why is this
so?
3) You find out that some of the components you
purchased for Mrs. Dela Cruz’s TV are damaged. What
steps will do?