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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 08: Arrays

True / False

1. You can declare an array variable by placing curly brackets after the array name.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 394

2. When an application contains an array and you want to use every element of the array in some task, it is common to
perform loops that vary the loop control variable from 0 to one less than the size of the array.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 402

3. When you want to determine whether a variable holds one of many valid values, one option is to use a do…while loop
to compare the variable to a series of valid values.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 414

4. When using parallel arrays, if one array has many possible matches, it is most efficient to place the less common items
first so that they are matched right away.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 417

5. Many programmers feel that breaking out of a for loop early disrupts the loop flow and makes the code harder to
understand.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 418

6. To initialize an array, you use an initialization list of values separated by commas and enclosed within curly braces.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
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Chapter 08: Arrays

POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400

7. When you create an array variable, memory space is automatically reserved.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 395

8. When array elements are passed by value, a copy of the value is made and used within the receiving method.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 423-424

9. Since an array name is a reference, you are able to use the = operator for assigning and the == operator for
comparisons.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 424

10. When returning an array reference, square brackets are included with the return type in the method header.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 426

Multiple Choice

11. After you create an array variable, you still need to ____ memory space.
a. create b. organize
c. reserve d. dump
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 395

12. When you declare or access an array, you can use any expression to represent the size, as long as the expression is
_____.
a. a variable b. enclosed in brackets

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Chapter 08: Arrays

c. an integer d. a list
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 396

13. Languages such as Visual Basic, BASIC, and COBOL use ____ to refer to individual array elements.
a. ( ) b. [ ]
c. { } d. < >
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 395

14. A(n) ____ is an integer contained within square brackets that indicates one of an array’s variables.
a. postscript b. subscript
c. variable header d. indicator
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 395

15. When you declare an array name, no computer memory address is assigned to it. Instead, the array variable name has
the special value ____, or Unicode value ‘\u0000’.
a. empty b. null
c. false d. zero
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400

16. In Java, boolean array elements automatically are assigned the value ____.
a. null b. ‘\u0000’
c. true d. false
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400

17. When you create an array of objects, each reference is assigned the value ____.
a. null b. ‘\u0000’
c. true d. false
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400

18. You use a ____ following the closing brace of an array initialization list.
a. . b. ;
c. : d. ,
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ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400

19. Providing values for all the elements in an array is called ____ the array.
a. populating b. declaring
c. filling d. irrigating
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400

20. When any ____ type (boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float, or double) is passed to a method, the
value is passed.
a. array b. dummy
c. element d. primitive
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 424

21. The length ____ contains the number of elements in the array.
a. box b. field
c. area d. block
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 403

22. A(n) ____ loop allows you to cycle through an array without specifying the starting and ending points for the loop
control variable.
a. do…while b. inner
c. enhanced for d. enhanced while
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 403

23. If a class has only a default constructor, you must call the constructor using the keyword ____ for each declared array
element.
a. default b. new
c. first d. object
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 408

24. Comparing a variable to a list of values in an array is a process called ____ an array.
a. validating b. using
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c. checking d. searching
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 415

25. A ____ array is one with the same number of elements as another, and for which the values in corresponding elements
are related.
a. cloned b. parallel
c. property d. two-dimensional
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 415

26. When you initialize parallel arrays, it is convenient to use ____ so that the values that correspond to each other
visually align on the screen or printed page.
a. tabs b. indentation
c. spacing d. dashes
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 417

27. When you perform a ____, you compare a value to the endpoints of numerical ranges to find the category in which a
value belongs.
a. range match b. sort
c. reference d. search
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 419

28. It is a good programming practice to ensure that a subscript to an array does not fall below zero, causing a(n) ____.
a. array dump b. runtime error
c. conundrum d. compiling error
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 420

29. Individual array elements are ____ by value when a copy of the value is made and used within the receiving method.
a. sorted b. passed
c. received d. stored
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 423-426

30. When any primitive type variable is passed to a method, the _____ is passed.

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a. value b. reference
c. location d. memory
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 424

31. When a method returns an array reference, you include ____ with the return type in the method header.
a. { } b. ( )
c. < > d. [ ]
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 426

32. Which of the following println statements will display the last myScores element in an array of 10?
a. System.out.println(vals[0]); b. System.out.println(vals[1]);
c. System.out.println(vals[9]); d. System.out.println(vals[10]);
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 396-397

33. Which of the following statements correctly declares and creates an array to hold five double scores values?
a. integer[] scores = new double[5] b. double[] scores = new integer[5]
c. double[] = new scores[5] d. double[] scores = new double[5]
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 397

34. Which of the following statements correctly initializes an array with an initialization list?
a. int[] nums = {2, 4, 8}; b. int[] nums = (2, 4, 8);
c. int nums = [2, 4, 8]; d. int nums() = int{2, 4, 8}
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400

35. In which of the following statements is the value of myVals null?

a. int myVals = "" b. int [] myVals;
c. myVals = int[null] d. int[null] = myVals
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400

Completion

36. A(n) ____________________ is a named list of data items that all have the same type.
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Chapter 08: Arrays

ANSWER: array
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 394

37. When you declare or access an array, you can use any expression to represent the size, as long as the expression is a(n)
____________________.
ANSWER: integer
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 396

38. When you declare int[] someNums = new int[10];, each element of someNums has a value of
____________________ because someNums is an integer array.
ANSWER: 0
zero
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400

39. An instance variable or object field is also called a(n) ____________________ of the object.
ANSWER: property
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 403

40. When any primitive type is passed to a method, the ____________________ is passed.
ANSWER: value
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 424

Matching

Match each term with the correct statement below.

a. array variable
b. reference type
c. elements
d. int
e. Java object names
f. length
g. foreach loop
h. reference types
i. return
REFERENCES: 394
424
395
399
399
403
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Chapter 08: Arrays

404
399
426

41. Numbered beginning with 0

ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1

42. An array field

ANSWER: f
POINTS: 1

43. An enhanced for loop

ANSWER: g
POINTS: 1

44. Declared in the same way you declare any simple variable
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1

45. A nonprimitive object

ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1

46. A primitive type

ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1

47. Represent computer memory addresses

ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1

48. A statement used to return an array from a method

ANSWER: i
POINTS: 1

49. Hold memory addresses where values are stored

ANSWER: h
POINTS: 1

Subjective Short Answer

50. Describe a situation in which storing just one value at a time in memory does not meet your needs.
ANSWER: At times you might encounter situations in which storing just one value at a time in memory does not
meet your needs. For example, a sales manager who supervises 20 employees might want to determine
whether each employee has produced sales above or below the average amount. When you enter the first
employee’s sales value into an application, you can’t determine whether it is above or below average
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because you don’t know the average until you have all 20 values. Unfortunately, if you attempt to assign
20 sales values to the same variable, when you assign the value for the second employee, it replaces the
value for the first employee.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 394

51. What is a subscript and how are the array’s elements numbered?
ANSWER: A subscript is an integer contained within square brackets that indicates one of an array’s variables, or
elements. In Java, any array’s elements are numbered beginning with 0, so you can legally use any
subscript from 0 to 19 when working with an array that has 20 elements.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 395

52. What does an array’s name represent and what value does it hold when declared?
ANSWER: Array names contain references, as do all Java object names. When you declare an array name using
only a data type, brackets, and a name, no memory address is assigned to it. Instead, the array variable
name has the special value null. When you declare int[] someNums;, the variable
name someNums has a value of null.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400

53. When working with arrays, why is it beneficial to use a loop with a declared constant equal to the size of the array?
ANSWER: It is convenient to declare a named constant equal to the size of the array and use it as a limiting value in
every loop that processes the array. That way, if the array size changes in the future, you need to
modify only the value stored in the named, symbolic constant, and you do not need to search for
and modify the limiting value in every loop that processes the array.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 403

54. When using an array with all elements used, why would a programmer use a loop control variable from 0 to one less
than the size of the array? Give an example.
ANSWER: When an application contains an array and you want to use every element of the array in some task, it is
common to perform loops that vary the loop control variable from 0 to one less than the size of the array.
For example, if you get input values for the elements in the array, alter every value in the array, sum all
the values in the array, or display every element in the array, you need to perform a loop that executes
the same number of times as there are elements.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 402

55. How would you use a method that belongs to an object that is part of the array? Use an example and demonstrate with
Java code.
ANSWER: To use a method that belongs to an object that is part of an array, you insert the appropriate subscript
notation after the array name and before the dot that precedes the method name. For example, to display
data for seven Employees stored in the emps array, you can write the following:

for(int x = 0; x < emps.length; ++x)

System.out.println (emps[x].getEmpNum() + " "
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Chapter 08: Arrays

+ emps[x].getSalary());
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 408

56. Why would you use spacing when initializing parallel arrays?
ANSWER: When you initialize parallel arrays, it is convenient to use spacing so that the values that correspond to
each other visually align on the screen or printed page.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 417

57. How would a programmer perform a range match when writing an application that takes into consideration different
discount rates for customers? Give an example.
ANSWER: Create two corresponding arrays and perform a range match, in which you compare a value to the
endpoints of numerical ranges to find the category in which a value belongs. For example, one array can
hold the five discount rates, and the other array can hold five discount range limits. If you only use the
first figure in each range, you can create an array that holds five low limits:

int[] discountRangeLimit= {1, 13, 50, 100, 200};

A parallel array can hold the five discount rates:

double[] discountRate = {0, 0.10, 0.14, 0.18, 0.20};

Then, starting at the last discountRangeLimit array element, for any numOfItems greater than or
equal to discountRangeLimit[4], the appropriate discount is discount[4]. In other words, for
any numOrdered less than discountRangeLimit[4], you should decrement the subscript and
look in a lower range.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 419

58. What is different about passing an array to a method rather than passing a primitive type to a method?
ANSWER: Because an array name is a reference, you cannot assign another array to it using the = operator, nor can
you compare two arrays using the == operator. Additionally, when you pass an array (that is, pass its
name) to a method, the receiving method gets a copy of the array’s actual memory address. This means
that the receiving method has access to, and the ability to alter, the original values in the array elements
in the calling method.With a primitive, the method gets a copy of the variable's value, not the address of
the value, so the original value cannot be altered by the method.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 424

59. How can you use the enhanced for loop?

ANSWER: You can use the enhanced for loop to cycle through an array of objects. For example, to display data
for seven Employees stored in the emps array, you can write the following:
for(Employee worker : emps)
System.out.println(worker.getEmpNum() + " " + worker.getSalary();

In this loop, worker is a local variable that represents each element of emps in turn. Using the

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enhanced for loop eliminates the need to use a limiting value for the loop and eliminates the need for a
subscript following each element.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 408

60. When populating an array with an initialization list, you do not need to use the new keyword or provide an array size.
Explain why this is the case.
ANSWER: When you populate an array upon creation by providing an initialization list, you do not
give the array a size because the size is assigned based on the number of values you place in the
initializing list. Also, when you initialize an array, you do not need to use the keyword new. New
memory is assigned based on the length of the list of provided values.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400

61. Why is the length field a good option when writing a loop that manipulates an array? What programming error is
common when attempting to use length as an array method?
ANSWER: The length field contains the number of elements in the array. If you modify the size of the array and
recompile the program, the value in the length field of the array changes appropriately. When you
work with array elements, it is always better to use a named constant or the length field when writing
a loop that manipulates an array.
A frequent programmer error is to attempt to use length as an array method, referring
to xxx.length(). However, length is not an array method; it is a field. An instance variable or
object field such as length is also called a property of the object.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 403

62. While you can provide any legal identifier you want for an array, conventional rules are typically followed. List and
describe the naming conventions for naming arrays.
ANSWER: Java programmers conventionally name arrays by following the same rules they use for variables:
Array names start with a lowercase letter.
Use uppercase letters to begin subsequent words.
Additionally, many programmers observe one of the following conventions to make it
more obvious that the name represents a group of items:
Arrays are often named using a plural noun such as salesFigures.
Arrays are often named by adding a final word that implies a group, such as salesList.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 394-395

63. int[] multsOfTen = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60};

The above code creates an array named multsOfTen. Describe how array sizes are determined when using an
initialization list and how memory is assigned.
ANSWER: When you populate an array upon creation by providing an initialization list, you do not give the array a
size—the size is assigned based on the number of values you place in the initializing list. For example,
the multsOfTen array just defined has a size of 6. Also, when you initialize an array, you do not need
to use the keyword new; instead, new memory is assigned based on the length of the list of provided
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values.
In Java, you cannot directly initialize part of an array. For example, you cannot create an array of 10
elements and initialize only five; you either must initialize every element or none of them.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400

64. The following statement declares an array:

int[] scoreArray = {2, 14, 35, 67, 85};
final int INCREASE = 3;

Create a loop that will add INCREASE to every array element. Use the length field in the loop that will contain the
number of elements in the array.
ANSWER: for(sub = 0; sub < scoreArray.length; ++sub)
scoreArray[sub] += INCREASE;

POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 403

65. public class CostArray

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double[] costs = new double[3];
costs[0] = 5.00;
costs[1] = 7.00;
costs[2] = 9.00;
System.out.println(costs[3]);
}
}

Once the above code is compiled and executed, an error message is generated. Explain the error message that will result
and explain the reason for the error.
ANSWER: An out-of-bounds error is generated when the code is compiled and executed. The last executable line in
the code is an output statement that attempts to display a costs value using a subscript that is beyond
the range of the array: System.out.println(costs[3]). The program will run successfully
when the subscript used with the array is 0, 1, or 2. However, when the subscript reaches 3, the
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException error is generated. The message indicates that the subscript
is out of bounds and that the offending index is 3.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 399

66. String[] countyNames = {"Clark", "Delaware", "Madison"};

Using the above statement, what will be the value of countyNames[0], countyNames[1], and
countyNames[2]?
ANSWER: countyNames[0] will hold the value “Clark”
countyNames[1] will hold the value “Delaware”
countyNames[2] will hold the value “Madison”
POINTS: 1
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Chapter 08: Arrays

REFERENCES: 408-409

67. Write the statement to create an array named studentScores that will store five integer value student scores.
Initialize the array using an initialization list with the values 70, 85, 92, 67, and 76.
ANSWER: int[] studentScores = {70, 85, 92, 67, 76};
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400

68. Using just one statement, declare and create an array that will reserve memory locations for 10 scores values that
are type double.
ANSWER: double[] scores = new double[10];
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 395

69. Write the statement to declare an array of integers that will hold studentScores.
ANSWER: int[] studentScores;
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 394

70. double[] studentScores;

double studentScores[];

Are both of the above statements valid for declaring an array variable? Why or why not?
ANSWER: You declare an array variable in the same way you declare any simple variable, but you insert a pair of
square brackets after the type. To declare an array of double values to hold studentScores, you can
write the following:
double[] studentScores;

In Java, you can also declare an array variable by placing the square brackets after the array name, as in
double studentScores[];. This format is familiar to C and C++ programmers, but the preferred
format among Java programmers is to place the brackets following the variable type and before the
variable name.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 394

71. String[] countyNames = {"Clark", "Delaware", "Madison"};

What will be the value of countyNames[0].length(), countyNames[1].length(), and

countyNames[2].length()?
ANSWER: countyNames[0].length() will have a value of 5
countyNames[1].length() will have a value of 8
countyNames[2].length() will have a value of 7
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 409

72. public static int[] sampleArray()

{
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Chapter 08: Arrays

int studentScores = {72, 91, 83};
____
}

Using the above code, write the statement that will return the array name.
ANSWER: return studentScores;
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 426

73. Write the statement to declare an array variable named studentScores with type double. Write a second
statement to create an array of 10 objects of type double.
ANSWER: double[] studentScores;
studentScores = new double [10];
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 395

74. double[] studentScores = new double[3];

studentScores[0] = 93;
studentScores[1] = 77;
studentScores[2] = 85;

Write a println statement to display the last element of the studentScores array.
ANSWER: System.out.println(studentScores[2]);
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 396

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Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
 Perriere, 1539.

where however it is a blind Cupid that holds the sieve, and lovers’
gifts are the waters with which the attempt is made to fill the vessel.
 LXXVII.

Qvi plus mettra dans le crible d’amours,

Plus y perdra, car choſe n’y profitte:
Le temps ſi pert, biens, bagues & atours,
Sa douleur eſt en tout amer confitte.
Folle ieuneſſé̩ & franc vouloir incite
A tel deſduict deſpendre groſſe ſomme:
Sur ce pẽser doibuent biẽ ieunes hõmes,
Que de ce fait meilleurs n’ẽ peuuẽt eſtre:
Et quãd naurõt le vaillãt de deux põmes,
Ne ſera temps leur erreur recognoiſtre.

We have endeavoured to interpret the old French stanza into English

rhyme,—
“Who in love’s tempting sieve shall place his store,
Since nothing profits there, will lose the more;
Lost are his time, goods, rings and rich array,
Till grief in bitterness complete his day.
Folly of youth and free desire incite
Great sums to lavish on each brief delight.
Surely young men on this ought well to ponder,
That better cannot be, if thus they wander;
And when remains two apples’ worth alone,
’Twill not the time be their mistake to own.”

Shakespeare presents the very same thought and almost the

identical expressions. To the Countess of Rousillon, Bertram’s
mother, Helena confesses love for her son, All’s Well that Ends Well
(act i. sc. 3, l. 182, vol. iii. p. 127),—
 “Then, I confess,
Here on my knee, before high heaven and you,
That before you, and next unto high heaven,
I love your son.
My friends were poor, but honest; so’s my love:
Be not offended; for it hurts not him
That he is loved of me: I follow him not
By any token of presumptuous suit;
Nor would I have him till I do deserve him;
Yet never know how that desert should be.
I know I love in vain, strive against hope;
Yet, in this captious and intenible sieve,
I still pour in the waters of my love,
And lack not to lose still: thus, Indian-like,
Religious in my error, I adore
The sun, that looks upon his worshipper,
But knows of him no more.”

How probable do the turns of thought, “captious and intenible

sieve,” “the waters of my love,” render the supposition that Perriere’s
Emblem of Love and the Sieve had been seen by our dramatist.
Cupid appears patient and passive, but the Lover in very evident
surprise sees “the rings and rich array” flow through “le crible
d’amours.” Cupid’s eyes, in the device, are bound, and the method of
binding them corresponds with the lines, Romeo and Juliet(act i. sc.
4, l. 4, vol. vii. p. 23),—
“We’ll have no Cupid hoodwink’d with a scarf,
Bearing a Tartar’s painted bow of lath,
Scaring the ladies like a crow-keeper.”

Again, though not in reference to the same subject, there is in Much

Ado About Nothing (act v. sc. 1, l. 1, vol. ii. p. 69), the comparison
of the sieve to labour in vain. Antonio is giving advice to Leonato
when overwhelmed with sorrows,—
 “Ant. If you go on thus you will kill yourself;
And ’tis not wisdom thus to second grief
Against yourself.
Leon. I pray thee, cease thy counsel,
Which falls into mine ears as profitless
As water in a sieve: give not me counsel;
Nor let no comforter delight mine ear
But such a one whose wrongs do suit with mine.”

By way of variation we consult Paradin’s treatment of the same

thought (fol. 88v), in which he is followed by Whitney (p. 12), with
the motto Frustrà.
 Hac illac perfluo.

Paradin, 1562.

“The Poëttes faine, that Danavs daughters deare,

Inioyned are to fill the fatall tonne:
Where, thowghe they toile, yet are they not the neare,
But as they powre, the water forthe dothe runne:
No paine will serue, to fill it to the toppe,
For, still at holes the same doth runne, and droppe.”

“Every rose has its thorn,” or “No pleasure without pain,” receives
exemplification from several sources. Perriere (Emb. 30) and
Whitney (p. 165) present us with a motto implying No bitter without
its sweet, but giving the gathering of a rose in illustration; thus the
former writer,—
 “Post amara dulcia.”
“Qvi veult la rosé̩ au vert buysson saisir
Esmerueiller ne se doibt s’il se poinct.
Grãd biẽ na’uõs, sãs quelque desplaisir,
Plaisir ne vient sans douleur, si apoint.
Conclusion sommaire, c’est le point,
Qu’ apres douleur, on ha plaisir: souuẽt
Beau tẽps se voit, tost apres le grãt vẽt,
Grãd biẽ suruiẽt apres quelque maleur.
Parquoy pẽser doibt tout hõme scauãt,
Que volupté n’est iamais sans douleur.”

So Whitney (p. 165),—

Whitney, 1586.
 “Sharpe prickes preserue the Rose, on euerie parte,
That who in haste to pull the same intendes,
Is like to pricke his fingers, till they smarte?
But being gotte, it makes him straight amendes
It is so freshe, and pleasant to the smell,
Thoughe he was prick’d, he thinkes he ventur’d well.

And he that faine woulde get the gallant rose,

And will not reache, for feare his fingers bleede;
A nettle, is more fitter for his nose?
Or hemblocke meete his appetite to feede?
None merites sweete, who tasted not the sower,
Who feares to climbe, deserues no fruicte, nor flower.”

In the Emblems of Otho Vænius (p. 160), Cupid is plucking a rose,

to the motto from Claudian, “Armat spina rosas, mella tegunt apes,”—
Englished, “No pleasure without payn.”
“In plucking of the rose is pricking of the thorne,
In the attayning sweet, is tasting of the sowre,
With ioy of loue is mixt the sharp of manie a showre,
But at the last obtayned, no labor is forlorne.”

The pretty song from Love’s Labours Lost (act iv. sc. 3, l. 97, vol. ii.
p. 144), alludes to the thorny rose,—
 “On a day—alack the day!
Love, whose month is ever May,
Spied a blossom passing fair
Playing in the wanton air:
Through the velvet leaves the wind.
All unseen, can passage find;
That the lover, sick to death,
Wish himself the heaven’s breath.
Air, quoth he, thy cheeks may blow;
Air, would I might triumph so!
But, alack, my hand is sworn
Ne’er to pluck thee from thy thorn.”

The scene in the Temple-garden; the contest in plucking roses

between Richard Plantagenet and the Earls of Somerset, Suffolk, and
Warwick (1 Henry VI., act ii. sc. 4, lines 30–75, vol. v. pp. 36, 37),
continually alludes to the thorns that may be found. We may sum
the whole “brawl,” as it is termed, into a brief space (l. 68),—
“Plan. Hath not thy rose a canker, Somerset?
Som. Hath not thy rose a thorn, Plantagenet?
Plan. Ay, sharp and piercing, to maintain his truth;
Whiles thy consuming canker eats his falsehood.”

“True as the needle to the pole,” is a saying which of course must

have originated since the invention of the mariner’s compass.
Sambucus, in his Emblems (edition 1584, p. 84, or 1599, p. 79),
makes the property of the loadstone his emblem for the motto, The
mind remains unmoved.
 Mens immota manet.

Sambucus, 1584.

Dicitvr interna vi Magnes ferra mouere:

Perpetuò nautas dirigere inq́₃ viam.
Semper enim ſtellam firmè aſpicit ille polærem.
Indicat hac horas, nos variéque monet.
Mens vtinam in cælum nobis immota maneret,
Nec ſubitò dubiis fluctuet illa malis.
Pax coëat tandem, Chriſte, vnum claudat ouile,
Liſque tui verbi iam dirimatur ope.
Da, ſitiens anima excelſas ſic appetat arces:
Fontis vt ortiui ceruus anhelus aquas.

In the latter part of his elegiacs Sambucus introduces another

subject, and gives a truly religious turn to the device,—
 “Gather’d one fold, O Christ, let peace abound,
Be vanquish’d by thy word, our jarring strife;
Then thirsting souls seek towers on heavenly ground,
As pants the stag for gushing streams of life.”

The magnet’s power alone is kept in view by Whitney (p. 43),—

“By vertue hidde, behoulde, the Iron harde,
The loadestone drawes, to poynte vnto the starre:
Whereby, wee knowe the Seaman keepes his carde,
And rightlie shapes, his course to countries farre:
And on the pole, dothe euer keepe his eie,
And withe the same, his compasse makes agree.

Which shewes to vs, our inward vertues shoulde,

Still drawe our hartes, althoughe the iron weare:
The hauenlie starre, at all times to behoulde,
To shape our course, so right while wee bee heare:
That Scylla, and Charybdis, wee maie misse,
And winne at lengthe, the porte of endlesse blisse.”

The pole of heaven itself, rather than the magnetic needle, is in

Shakespeare’s dramas the emblem of constancy. Thus in the Julius
Cæsar (act iii. sc. 1, l. 58, vol. vii. p. 363), Metellus, Brutus, and
Cassius are entreating pardon for Publius Cimber, but Cæsar replies,
in words almost every one of which is an enforcement of the saying,
“Mens immota manet,”—
 “I could be well moved, if I were as you;
If I could pray to move, prayers would move me:
But I am constant as the northern star,
Of whose true-fix’d and resting quality
There is no fellow in the firmament.
The skies are painted with unnumber’d sparks;
They are all fire and every one doth shine;
But there’s but one in all doth hold his place:
So in the world; ’tis furnish’d well with men,
And men are flesh and blood, and apprehensive;
Yet in the number I do know but one
That unassailable holds on his rank.
Unshak’d of motion: and that I am he,
Let me a little show it, even in this;
That I was constant Cimber should be banish’d,
And constant do remain to keep him so.”

The Midsummer Night’s Dream (act i. sc. I, l. 180, vol. ii. p. 205),
introduces Hermia greeting her rival Helena,—
“Her. God speed fair Helena! whither away?
Hel. Call you me fair? that fair again unsay.
Demetrius loves you fair: O happy fair!
Your eyes are lode-stars.”

The scene changes, Helena is following Demetrius, but he turns to

her and says (act ii. sc. 1, l. 194, vol. ii. p. 217),—
“Hence, get thee gone, and follow me no more.
Hel. You draw me, you hard-hearted adamant;
But yet you draw not iron, for my heart
Is true as steel: leave but your power to draw,
And I shall have no power to follow you.”

The averment of his fidelity is thus made by Troilus to Cressida (act

iii. sc. 2, l. 169. vol. vi. p. 191),—
 “As true as steel, as plantage to the moon,
As sun to day, as turtle to her mate,
As iron to adamant, as earth to the centre.
Yet after all comparisons of truth,
As truth’s authentic author to be cited,
‘As true as Troilus’ shall crown up the verse
And sanctify the numbers.”

So Romeo avers of one of his followers (act ii. sc. 4, l. 187, vol. vii.
p. 58),—
“I warrant thee, my man’s as true as steel.”

“Ex maximo minimvm,”—Out of the greatest the least,—is a saying

adopted by Whitney (p. 229), from the “Picta Poesis” (p. 55) of
Anulus,—
 EX MAXIMO MINIMVM.

Aneau, 1555.

Hae Sunt Relliquiæ Sacrarij, in quo

Fertur viua Dei fuiſse imago.
Hæc eſt illius, & domus ruina,
In qua olim Ratio tenebat arcem.
At nunc horribilis figura Mortis.
Ventoſum caput, haud habens cerebrum.

Both writers make the proverb the groundwork of reflexions on a

human skull. According to Anulus, “the relics of the charnel house
were once the living images of God,”—“that ruin of a dome was
formerly the citadel of reason.” Whitney thus moralizes,—
“Where liuely once, Gods image was expreste,
Wherin, sometime was sacred reason plac’de,
The head, I meane, that is so ritchly bleste,
With sighte, with smell, with hearinge, and with taste.
Lo, nowe a skull, both rotten, bare, and drye,
A relike meete in charnell house to lye.”

The device and explanatory lines may well have given suggestion to
the half-serious, half-cynical remarks by Hamlet in the celebrated
grave-yard scene (Hamlet, act v. sc. 1, l. 73, vol. viii. p. 153). A skull
is noticed which one of the callous grave-diggers had just thrown up
upon the sod, and Hamlet says (l. 86),—
“That skull had a tongue in it, and could sing once: how the
knave jowls it to the ground, as if it were Cain’s jaw-bone, that did
the first murder!”
And a little further on,—
“Here’s a fine revolution, an we had the trick to see’t. Did these
bones cost no more the breeding, but to play at loggats with ’em?
mine ache to think on’t.”[150]
And when Yorick’s skull is placed in his hand, how the Prince
moralizes! (l. 177),—
“Here hung those lips, that I have kissed I know not how oft.
Where be your gibes now? your gambols? your songs? your flashes
of merriment, that were wont to set the table on a roar? Not one
now, to mock your own grinning? quite chap-fallen? Now get you to
my lady’s chamber, and tell her, let her paint an inch thick, to this
favour she must come; make her laugh at that.”
And again (lines 191 and 200),—
“To what base uses we may return. Horatio!
. . . . . . .
Imperial Cæsar, dead, and turn’d to clay,
Might stop a hole to keep the wind away.”

Of the skull Anulus says, “Here reason held her citadel;” and the
expression has its parallel in Edward’s lament (3 Henry VI., act ii. sc.
1, l. 68, vol. v. p. 252),—
“Sweet Duke of York, our prop to lean upon;”

when he adds (l. 74),—

“Now my soul’s palace is become a prison;”
to which the more modern description corresponds,—
“The dome of thought, the palace of the soul.”

A far nobler emblem could be made, and I believe has been made,
though I cannot remember where, from those lines in Richard II.
(act ii. sc. 1, l. 267, vol. iv. p. 145), which allude to the death’s head
and the light of life within. Northumberland, Ross and Willoughby
are discoursing respecting the sad state of the king’s affairs, when
Ross remarks,—
“We see the very wreck that we must suffer:
And unavoided is the danger now,
For suffering so the causes of our wreck.”

And Northumberland replies in words of hope (l. 270),—

“Not so; even through the hollow eyes of death
I spy life peering.”

It is a noble comparison, and most suggestive,—but of a flight

higher than the usual conceptions of the Emblem writers. Supplied
to them they could easily enough work it out into device and picture,
but possess scarcely power enough to give it origin.[151]
“A snake lies hidden in the grass,” is no unfrequent proverb; and
Paradin’s “Devises Heroiqves” (41) set forth both the fact and the
application.
 Latet anguis in herba.

Paradin, 1562.

En cueillant les Fleurs, & les Fraizes des champs, ſe faut d’autant
garder du dangereus Serpent, qu’il nous peut enuenimer, & faire
mourir nos corps. Et auſsi en colligeant les belles autoritez, & graues
ſentences des liures, faut euiter d’autant les mauuaiſes opinions,
qu’elles nous peuuent peruertir, damner, & perdre nos ames.

From the same motto and device Whitney (p. 24) makes the
application to flatterers,—
 “Of flattringe speeche, with sugred wordes beware,
Suspect the harte, whose face doth fawne, and smile,
With trusting theise, the worlde is clog’de with care,
And fewe there bee can scape theise vipers vile:
With pleasinge speeche they promise, and proteste,
When hatefull hartes lie hidd within their brest.”

According to the 2nd part of Henry VI. (act iii. sc. 1, l. 224, vol. v. p.
158), the king speaks favourably of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester,
and Margaret the queen declares to the attendant nobles,—
“Henry my lord is cold in great affairs,
Too full of foolish pity, and Gloucester’s show
Beguiles him as the mournful crocodile
With sorrow snares relenting passengers,
Or as the snake roll’d in a flowering bank,
With shining checker’d slough, doth sting a child,
That for the beauty thinks it excellent.”

In Lady Macbeth’s unscrupulous advice to her husband (Macbeth,

act i. sc. 5, l. 61, vol. vii. p. 438), the expressions occur,—
“Your face, my thane, is as a book where men
May read strange matters. To beguile the time,
Look like the time; bear welcome in your eye,
Your hand, your tongue: look like the innocent flower,
But be the serpent under’t.”

Romeo slays Tybalt, kinsman to Julia, and the nurse announces the
deed to her (Romeo and Juliet, act iii. sc. 2, l. 69, vol. vii. p. 75),—
 “Nurse. Tybalt is gone, and Romeo banished;
Romeo that kill’d him, he is banished.
Jul. O God! did Romeo’s hand shed Tybalt’s blood?
Nurse. It did, it did; alas the day, it did!
Jul. O serpent heart, hid with a flowering face!
Did ever dragon keep so fair a cave?
Beautiful tyrant! fiend angelical!
Dove-feather’d raven! wolvish-ravening lamb!”

Though not illustrative of a Proverb, we will here conclude what has

to be remarked respecting Serpents. An Emblem in Paradin’s “Devises
Heroiqves” (112) and in Whitney (p. 166), represents a serpent that
has fastened on a man’s finger, and that is being shaken off into a
fire, while the man remains unharmed; the motto, “Who against
us?”—
 Quis contra nos?

Paradin, 1562.

The scene described in the Acts of the Apostles, chap, xxviii. v. 3–6,
Paradin thus narrates,—
“Saint Paul, en l’ iſle de Malte fut mordu d’vn Vipere: ce
neantmoins (quoi que les Barbares du lieu le cuidaſſent autrement)
ne valut pis de la morsure, secouant de sa main la Beste dans le feu:
car veretablement à qui Dieu veut aider, il n’y a rien que puiſse
nuire.”
Whitney, along with exactly the same device, gives the full motto,—
“Si Deus nobiscum, quis contra nos?”

“His seruantes God preserues, thoughe they in danger fall:

Euen as from vipers deadlie bite, he kept th’ Appostle Paule.”

The action figured in this Emblem is spoken of in the Midsummer

Night’s Dream (act iii. sc. 2, l, 254, vol. ii. p. 241). Puck has laid the
“love-juice” on the wrong eyes, and in consequence Lysander avows
his love for Helen instead of for Hermia; and the dialogue then
proceeds,—
Dem. I say I love thee more than he can do.
Lys. If thou say so, withdraw, and prove it too.
Dem. Quick, come!
Her. Lysander, whereto tends all this?
Lys. Away, you Ethiope!
Dem. No, no; he’ll ...
Seem to break loose; take on as you would follow,
But yet come not: you are a tame man, go!
Lys. Hang off, thou cat, thou burr! vile thing, let loose,
Or I will shake thee from me like a serpent!”

Cardinal Pandulph, the Pope’s legate, in King John (act iii. sc. 1, l.
258, vol. iv. p. 42), urges King Philip to be champion of the Church,
and says to him,—
“France, thou mayst hold a serpent by the tongue,
A chafed lion by the mortal paw,
A fasting tiger safer by the tooth,
Than keep in peace that hand which thou dost hold.”

King Richard’s address to the “gentle earth,” when he landed in

Wales (Richard II., act iii. sc. 2, l. 12, vol. iv. p. 164), calls us to the
Emblem of the snake entwined about the flower,—
 “Feed not thy sovereign’s foe, my gentle earth,
Nor with thy sweets comfort his ravenous sense;
But let thy spiders, that suck up thy venom,
And heavy-gaited toads lie in their way,
Doing annoyance to the treacherous feet
Which with usurping steps do trample thee:
Yield stinging nettles to mine enemies;
And when they from thy bosom pluck a flower,
Guard it, I pray thee, with a lurking adder
Whose double tongue may with a mortal touch
Throw death upon thy sovereign’s enemies.”

“The Engineer hoist with his own petar” may justly be regarded as a
proverbial saying. It finds its exact correspondence in Beza’s 8th
Emblem (edition 1580), in which for device is a cannon bursting, and
with one of its fragments killing the cannonier.
 Beza, 1580.

“Cernis ut in cœlum fuerat quæ machina torta,

Fit iaculatori mors properata suo?
In sanctos quicunque Dei ruis impie seruos,
Conatus merces hæc manet vna tuas.”

Thus rendered into French in 1581,—

“Vois tu pas le canon braqué contre les cieux,
En se creuant creuer celui la qui le tire?
Le mesme t’aduiendra, cruel malicieux,
Qui lasches sur les bons les balles de ton ire.”

The sentiment is the same as that of the proverb in the motto which
Lebeus-Batillius prefixes to his 18th Emblem (edition 1596), “Qvibvs
rebvs confidimvs, iis maxime evertimvs,”—To whatever things we trust, by
them chiefly are we overthrown. The subject is Milo caught in the
cleft of the tree which he had riven by his immense strength; he is
held fast, and devoured by wolves.
The application of Beza’s Emblem is made by Hamlet (act iii. sc. 4, l.
205, vol. viii. p. 117), during the long interview with his mother, just
after he had said,—
“No, in despite of sense and secrecy,
Unpeg the basket on the house’s top,[152]
Let the birds fly, and like the famous ape,
To try conclusions, in the basket creep,
And break your own neck down.”

Then speaking of his plot and of the necessity which marshals him to
knavery, he adds,—
“Let it work;
For ’tis the sport to have the enginer
Hoist with his own petar: and ’t shall go hard
But I will delve one yard below their mines,
And blow them at the moon: O, ’tis most sweet
When in one line two crafts directly meet.”

Horapollo, ed. 1551.

 Section VI.
EMBLEMS FROM FACTS IN NATURE, AND FROM THE
PROPERTIES OF ANIMALS.
MBLEM writers make the Natural, one of the divisions of
their subject, and understand by it, in Whitney’s words,
the expressing of the natures of creatures, for example,
“the loue of the yonge Storkes to the oulde, or of such
like.” We shall extend a little the application of the term, taking in
some facts of nature, as well as the natural properties and qualities
of animals, but reserving in a great degree the Poetry, with which
certain natural things are invested, for the next general heading,
“Emblems for Poetic Ideas.”
There is no need to reproduce the Device of Prometheus bound, but
simply to refer to it, and to note the allusions which Shakespeare
makes to the mountain where the dire penalty was inflicted, “the
frosty Caucasus.” From the Titus Andronicus we have already (p.
268) spoken of Tamora’s infatuated love,—
“faster bound to Aaron’s charming eyes
Than is Prometheus ty’d on Caucasus.”

John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, endeavours, in Richard II. (act i.

sc. 3, lines 275, 294, vol. iv. pp. 130, 131), to reconcile his son
Henry Bolingbroke to the banishment which was decreed against
him, and urges,—
 “All places that the eye of heaven visits
Are to a wise man ports and happy havens.
Teach thy necessity to reason thus;
There is no virtue like necessity.
Think not the king did banish thee,
But thou the king.”

Bolingbroke,however, replies,—
“O, who can hold a fire in his hand
By thinking on the frosty Caucasus?”

The indestructibility of adamant by force or fire had for ages been a

received truth.