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Name: Class: Date:
1. You can declare an array variable by placing curly brackets after the array name.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 394
2. When an application contains an array and you want to use every element of the array in some task, it is common to
perform loops that vary the loop control variable from 0 to one less than the size of the array.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 402
3. When you want to determine whether a variable holds one of many valid values, one option is to use a do…while loop
to compare the variable to a series of valid values.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 414
4. When using parallel arrays, if one array has many possible matches, it is most efficient to place the less common items
first so that they are matched right away.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 417
5. Many programmers feel that breaking out of a for loop early disrupts the loop flow and makes the code harder to
understand.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 418
6. To initialize an array, you use an initialization list of values separated by commas and enclosed within curly braces.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 1
Name: Class: Date:
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400
8. When array elements are passed by value, a copy of the value is made and used within the receiving method.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 423-424
9. Since an array name is a reference, you are able to use the = operator for assigning and the == operator for
comparisons.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 424
10. When returning an array reference, square brackets are included with the return type in the method header.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 426
Multiple Choice
11. After you create an array variable, you still need to ____ memory space.
a. create b. organize
c. reserve d. dump
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 395
12. When you declare or access an array, you can use any expression to represent the size, as long as the expression is
_____.
a. a variable b. enclosed in brackets
c. an integer d. a list
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 396
13. Languages such as Visual Basic, BASIC, and COBOL use ____ to refer to individual array elements.
a. ( ) b. [ ]
c. { } d. < >
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 395
14. A(n) ____ is an integer contained within square brackets that indicates one of an array’s variables.
a. postscript b. subscript
c. variable header d. indicator
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 395
15. When you declare an array name, no computer memory address is assigned to it. Instead, the array variable name has
the special value ____, or Unicode value ‘\u0000’.
a. empty b. null
c. false d. zero
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400
16. In Java, boolean array elements automatically are assigned the value ____.
a. null b. ‘\u0000’
c. true d. false
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400
17. When you create an array of objects, each reference is assigned the value ____.
a. null b. ‘\u0000’
c. true d. false
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400
18. You use a ____ following the closing brace of an array initialization list.
a. . b. ;
c. : d. ,
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ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400
19. Providing values for all the elements in an array is called ____ the array.
a. populating b. declaring
c. filling d. irrigating
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400
20. When any ____ type (boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float, or double) is passed to a method, the
value is passed.
a. array b. dummy
c. element d. primitive
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 424
21. The length ____ contains the number of elements in the array.
a. box b. field
c. area d. block
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 403
22. A(n) ____ loop allows you to cycle through an array without specifying the starting and ending points for the loop
control variable.
a. do…while b. inner
c. enhanced for d. enhanced while
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 403
23. If a class has only a default constructor, you must call the constructor using the keyword ____ for each declared array
element.
a. default b. new
c. first d. object
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 408
24. Comparing a variable to a list of values in an array is a process called ____ an array.
a. validating b. using
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c. checking d. searching
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 415
25. A ____ array is one with the same number of elements as another, and for which the values in corresponding elements
are related.
a. cloned b. parallel
c. property d. two-dimensional
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 415
26. When you initialize parallel arrays, it is convenient to use ____ so that the values that correspond to each other
visually align on the screen or printed page.
a. tabs b. indentation
c. spacing d. dashes
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 417
27. When you perform a ____, you compare a value to the endpoints of numerical ranges to find the category in which a
value belongs.
a. range match b. sort
c. reference d. search
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 419
28. It is a good programming practice to ensure that a subscript to an array does not fall below zero, causing a(n) ____.
a. array dump b. runtime error
c. conundrum d. compiling error
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 420
29. Individual array elements are ____ by value when a copy of the value is made and used within the receiving method.
a. sorted b. passed
c. received d. stored
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 423-426
30. When any primitive type variable is passed to a method, the _____ is passed.
a. value b. reference
c. location d. memory
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 424
31. When a method returns an array reference, you include ____ with the return type in the method header.
a. { } b. ( )
c. < > d. [ ]
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 426
32. Which of the following println statements will display the last myScores element in an array of 10?
a. System.out.println(vals[0]); b. System.out.println(vals[1]);
c. System.out.println(vals[9]); d. System.out.println(vals[10]);
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 396-397
33. Which of the following statements correctly declares and creates an array to hold five double scores values?
a. integer[] scores = new double[5] b. double[] scores = new integer[5]
c. double[] = new scores[5] d. double[] scores = new double[5]
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 397
34. Which of the following statements correctly initializes an array with an initialization list?
a. int[] nums = {2, 4, 8}; b. int[] nums = (2, 4, 8);
c. int nums = [2, 4, 8]; d. int nums() = int{2, 4, 8}
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400
Completion
36. A(n) ____________________ is a named list of data items that all have the same type.
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ANSWER: array
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 394
37. When you declare or access an array, you can use any expression to represent the size, as long as the expression is a(n)
____________________.
ANSWER: integer
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 396
38. When you declare int[] someNums = new int[10];, each element of someNums has a value of
____________________ because someNums is an integer array.
ANSWER: 0
zero
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400
39. An instance variable or object field is also called a(n) ____________________ of the object.
ANSWER: property
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 403
40. When any primitive type is passed to a method, the ____________________ is passed.
ANSWER: value
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 424
Matching
404
399
426
44. Declared in the same way you declare any simple variable
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
50. Describe a situation in which storing just one value at a time in memory does not meet your needs.
ANSWER: At times you might encounter situations in which storing just one value at a time in memory does not
meet your needs. For example, a sales manager who supervises 20 employees might want to determine
whether each employee has produced sales above or below the average amount. When you enter the first
employee’s sales value into an application, you can’t determine whether it is above or below average
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Name: Class: Date:
because you don’t know the average until you have all 20 values. Unfortunately, if you attempt to assign
20 sales values to the same variable, when you assign the value for the second employee, it replaces the
value for the first employee.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 394
51. What is a subscript and how are the array’s elements numbered?
ANSWER: A subscript is an integer contained within square brackets that indicates one of an array’s variables, or
elements. In Java, any array’s elements are numbered beginning with 0, so you can legally use any
subscript from 0 to 19 when working with an array that has 20 elements.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 395
52. What does an array’s name represent and what value does it hold when declared?
ANSWER: Array names contain references, as do all Java object names. When you declare an array name using
only a data type, brackets, and a name, no memory address is assigned to it. Instead, the array variable
name has the special value null. When you declare int[] someNums;, the variable
name someNums has a value of null.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400
53. When working with arrays, why is it beneficial to use a loop with a declared constant equal to the size of the array?
ANSWER: It is convenient to declare a named constant equal to the size of the array and use it as a limiting value in
every loop that processes the array. That way, if the array size changes in the future, you need to
modify only the value stored in the named, symbolic constant, and you do not need to search for
and modify the limiting value in every loop that processes the array.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 403
54. When using an array with all elements used, why would a programmer use a loop control variable from 0 to one less
than the size of the array? Give an example.
ANSWER: When an application contains an array and you want to use every element of the array in some task, it is
common to perform loops that vary the loop control variable from 0 to one less than the size of the array.
For example, if you get input values for the elements in the array, alter every value in the array, sum all
the values in the array, or display every element in the array, you need to perform a loop that executes
the same number of times as there are elements.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 402
55. How would you use a method that belongs to an object that is part of the array? Use an example and demonstrate with
Java code.
ANSWER: To use a method that belongs to an object that is part of an array, you insert the appropriate subscript
notation after the array name and before the dot that precedes the method name. For example, to display
data for seven Employees stored in the emps array, you can write the following:
+ emps[x].getSalary());
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 408
56. Why would you use spacing when initializing parallel arrays?
ANSWER: When you initialize parallel arrays, it is convenient to use spacing so that the values that correspond to
each other visually align on the screen or printed page.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 417
57. How would a programmer perform a range match when writing an application that takes into consideration different
discount rates for customers? Give an example.
ANSWER: Create two corresponding arrays and perform a range match, in which you compare a value to the
endpoints of numerical ranges to find the category in which a value belongs. For example, one array can
hold the five discount rates, and the other array can hold five discount range limits. If you only use the
first figure in each range, you can create an array that holds five low limits:
Then, starting at the last discountRangeLimit array element, for any numOfItems greater than or
equal to discountRangeLimit[4], the appropriate discount is discount[4]. In other words, for
any numOrdered less than discountRangeLimit[4], you should decrement the subscript and
look in a lower range.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 419
58. What is different about passing an array to a method rather than passing a primitive type to a method?
ANSWER: Because an array name is a reference, you cannot assign another array to it using the = operator, nor can
you compare two arrays using the == operator. Additionally, when you pass an array (that is, pass its
name) to a method, the receiving method gets a copy of the array’s actual memory address. This means
that the receiving method has access to, and the ability to alter, the original values in the array elements
in the calling method.With a primitive, the method gets a copy of the variable's value, not the address of
the value, so the original value cannot be altered by the method.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 424
In this loop, worker is a local variable that represents each element of emps in turn. Using the
enhanced for loop eliminates the need to use a limiting value for the loop and eliminates the need for a
subscript following each element.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 408
60. When populating an array with an initialization list, you do not need to use the new keyword or provide an array size.
Explain why this is the case.
ANSWER: When you populate an array upon creation by providing an initialization list, you do not
give the array a size because the size is assigned based on the number of values you place in the
initializing list. Also, when you initialize an array, you do not need to use the keyword new. New
memory is assigned based on the length of the list of provided values.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400
61. Why is the length field a good option when writing a loop that manipulates an array? What programming error is
common when attempting to use length as an array method?
ANSWER: The length field contains the number of elements in the array. If you modify the size of the array and
recompile the program, the value in the length field of the array changes appropriately. When you
work with array elements, it is always better to use a named constant or the length field when writing
a loop that manipulates an array.
A frequent programmer error is to attempt to use length as an array method, referring
to xxx.length(). However, length is not an array method; it is a field. An instance variable or
object field such as length is also called a property of the object.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 403
62. While you can provide any legal identifier you want for an array, conventional rules are typically followed. List and
describe the naming conventions for naming arrays.
ANSWER: Java programmers conventionally name arrays by following the same rules they use for variables:
Array names start with a lowercase letter.
Use uppercase letters to begin subsequent words.
Additionally, many programmers observe one of the following conventions to make it
more obvious that the name represents a group of items:
Arrays are often named using a plural noun such as salesFigures.
Arrays are often named by adding a final word that implies a group, such as salesList.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 394-395
The above code creates an array named multsOfTen. Describe how array sizes are determined when using an
initialization list and how memory is assigned.
ANSWER: When you populate an array upon creation by providing an initialization list, you do not give the array a
size—the size is assigned based on the number of values you place in the initializing list. For example,
the multsOfTen array just defined has a size of 6. Also, when you initialize an array, you do not need
to use the keyword new; instead, new memory is assigned based on the length of the list of provided
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values.
In Java, you cannot directly initialize part of an array. For example, you cannot create an array of 10
elements and initialize only five; you either must initialize every element or none of them.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400
Create a loop that will add INCREASE to every array element. Use the length field in the loop that will contain the
number of elements in the array.
ANSWER: for(sub = 0; sub < scoreArray.length; ++sub)
scoreArray[sub] += INCREASE;
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 403
Once the above code is compiled and executed, an error message is generated. Explain the error message that will result
and explain the reason for the error.
ANSWER: An out-of-bounds error is generated when the code is compiled and executed. The last executable line in
the code is an output statement that attempts to display a costs value using a subscript that is beyond
the range of the array: System.out.println(costs[3]). The program will run successfully
when the subscript used with the array is 0, 1, or 2. However, when the subscript reaches 3, the
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException error is generated. The message indicates that the subscript
is out of bounds and that the offending index is 3.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 399
Using the above statement, what will be the value of countyNames[0], countyNames[1], and
countyNames[2]?
ANSWER: countyNames[0] will hold the value “Clark”
countyNames[1] will hold the value “Delaware”
countyNames[2] will hold the value “Madison”
POINTS: 1
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Name: Class: Date:
REFERENCES: 408-409
67. Write the statement to create an array named studentScores that will store five integer value student scores.
Initialize the array using an initialization list with the values 70, 85, 92, 67, and 76.
ANSWER: int[] studentScores = {70, 85, 92, 67, 76};
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 400
68. Using just one statement, declare and create an array that will reserve memory locations for 10 scores values that
are type double.
ANSWER: double[] scores = new double[10];
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 395
69. Write the statement to declare an array of integers that will hold studentScores.
ANSWER: int[] studentScores;
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 394
Are both of the above statements valid for declaring an array variable? Why or why not?
ANSWER: You declare an array variable in the same way you declare any simple variable, but you insert a pair of
square brackets after the type. To declare an array of double values to hold studentScores, you can
write the following:
double[] studentScores;
In Java, you can also declare an array variable by placing the square brackets after the array name, as in
double studentScores[];. This format is familiar to C and C++ programmers, but the preferred
format among Java programmers is to place the brackets following the variable type and before the
variable name.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 394
Using the above code, write the statement that will return the array name.
ANSWER: return studentScores;
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 426
73. Write the statement to declare an array variable named studentScores with type double. Write a second
statement to create an array of 10 objects of type double.
ANSWER: double[] studentScores;
studentScores = new double [10];
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 395
Write a println statement to display the last element of the studentScores array.
ANSWER: System.out.println(studentScores[2]);
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 396
where however it is a blind Cupid that holds the sieve, and lovers’
gifts are the waters with which the attempt is made to fill the vessel.
LXXVII.
Paradin, 1562.
“Every rose has its thorn,” or “No pleasure without pain,” receives
exemplification from several sources. Perriere (Emb. 30) and
Whitney (p. 165) present us with a motto implying No bitter without
its sweet, but giving the gathering of a rose in illustration; thus the
former writer,—
“Post amara dulcia.”
“Qvi veult la rosé̩ au vert buysson saisir
Esmerueiller ne se doibt s’il se poinct.
Grãd biẽ na’uõs, sãs quelque desplaisir,
Plaisir ne vient sans douleur, si apoint.
Conclusion sommaire, c’est le point,
Qu’ apres douleur, on ha plaisir: souuẽt
Beau tẽps se voit, tost apres le grãt vẽt,
Grãd biẽ suruiẽt apres quelque maleur.
Parquoy pẽser doibt tout hõme scauãt,
Que volupté n’est iamais sans douleur.”
Whitney, 1586.
“Sharpe prickes preserue the Rose, on euerie parte,
That who in haste to pull the same intendes,
Is like to pricke his fingers, till they smarte?
But being gotte, it makes him straight amendes
It is so freshe, and pleasant to the smell,
Thoughe he was prick’d, he thinkes he ventur’d well.
The pretty song from Love’s Labours Lost (act iv. sc. 3, l. 97, vol. ii.
p. 144), alludes to the thorny rose,—
“On a day—alack the day!
Love, whose month is ever May,
Spied a blossom passing fair
Playing in the wanton air:
Through the velvet leaves the wind.
All unseen, can passage find;
That the lover, sick to death,
Wish himself the heaven’s breath.
Air, quoth he, thy cheeks may blow;
Air, would I might triumph so!
But, alack, my hand is sworn
Ne’er to pluck thee from thy thorn.”
Sambucus, 1584.
The Midsummer Night’s Dream (act i. sc. I, l. 180, vol. ii. p. 205),
introduces Hermia greeting her rival Helena,—
“Her. God speed fair Helena! whither away?
Hel. Call you me fair? that fair again unsay.
Demetrius loves you fair: O happy fair!
Your eyes are lode-stars.”
So Romeo avers of one of his followers (act ii. sc. 4, l. 187, vol. vii.
p. 58),—
“I warrant thee, my man’s as true as steel.”
Aneau, 1555.
The device and explanatory lines may well have given suggestion to
the half-serious, half-cynical remarks by Hamlet in the celebrated
grave-yard scene (Hamlet, act v. sc. 1, l. 73, vol. viii. p. 153). A skull
is noticed which one of the callous grave-diggers had just thrown up
upon the sod, and Hamlet says (l. 86),—
“That skull had a tongue in it, and could sing once: how the
knave jowls it to the ground, as if it were Cain’s jaw-bone, that did
the first murder!”
And a little further on,—
“Here’s a fine revolution, an we had the trick to see’t. Did these
bones cost no more the breeding, but to play at loggats with ’em?
mine ache to think on’t.”[150]
And when Yorick’s skull is placed in his hand, how the Prince
moralizes! (l. 177),—
“Here hung those lips, that I have kissed I know not how oft.
Where be your gibes now? your gambols? your songs? your flashes
of merriment, that were wont to set the table on a roar? Not one
now, to mock your own grinning? quite chap-fallen? Now get you to
my lady’s chamber, and tell her, let her paint an inch thick, to this
favour she must come; make her laugh at that.”
And again (lines 191 and 200),—
“To what base uses we may return. Horatio!
. . . . . . .
Imperial Cæsar, dead, and turn’d to clay,
Might stop a hole to keep the wind away.”
Of the skull Anulus says, “Here reason held her citadel;” and the
expression has its parallel in Edward’s lament (3 Henry VI., act ii. sc.
1, l. 68, vol. v. p. 252),—
“Sweet Duke of York, our prop to lean upon;”
A far nobler emblem could be made, and I believe has been made,
though I cannot remember where, from those lines in Richard II.
(act ii. sc. 1, l. 267, vol. iv. p. 145), which allude to the death’s head
and the light of life within. Northumberland, Ross and Willoughby
are discoursing respecting the sad state of the king’s affairs, when
Ross remarks,—
“We see the very wreck that we must suffer:
And unavoided is the danger now,
For suffering so the causes of our wreck.”
Paradin, 1562.
En cueillant les Fleurs, & les Fraizes des champs, ſe faut d’autant
garder du dangereus Serpent, qu’il nous peut enuenimer, & faire
mourir nos corps. Et auſsi en colligeant les belles autoritez, & graues
ſentences des liures, faut euiter d’autant les mauuaiſes opinions,
qu’elles nous peuuent peruertir, damner, & perdre nos ames.
From the same motto and device Whitney (p. 24) makes the
application to flatterers,—
“Of flattringe speeche, with sugred wordes beware,
Suspect the harte, whose face doth fawne, and smile,
With trusting theise, the worlde is clog’de with care,
And fewe there bee can scape theise vipers vile:
With pleasinge speeche they promise, and proteste,
When hatefull hartes lie hidd within their brest.”
According to the 2nd part of Henry VI. (act iii. sc. 1, l. 224, vol. v. p.
158), the king speaks favourably of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester,
and Margaret the queen declares to the attendant nobles,—
“Henry my lord is cold in great affairs,
Too full of foolish pity, and Gloucester’s show
Beguiles him as the mournful crocodile
With sorrow snares relenting passengers,
Or as the snake roll’d in a flowering bank,
With shining checker’d slough, doth sting a child,
That for the beauty thinks it excellent.”
Romeo slays Tybalt, kinsman to Julia, and the nurse announces the
deed to her (Romeo and Juliet, act iii. sc. 2, l. 69, vol. vii. p. 75),—
“Nurse. Tybalt is gone, and Romeo banished;
Romeo that kill’d him, he is banished.
Jul. O God! did Romeo’s hand shed Tybalt’s blood?
Nurse. It did, it did; alas the day, it did!
Jul. O serpent heart, hid with a flowering face!
Did ever dragon keep so fair a cave?
Beautiful tyrant! fiend angelical!
Dove-feather’d raven! wolvish-ravening lamb!”
Paradin, 1562.
The scene described in the Acts of the Apostles, chap, xxviii. v. 3–6,
Paradin thus narrates,—
“Saint Paul, en l’ iſle de Malte fut mordu d’vn Vipere: ce
neantmoins (quoi que les Barbares du lieu le cuidaſſent autrement)
ne valut pis de la morsure, secouant de sa main la Beste dans le feu:
car veretablement à qui Dieu veut aider, il n’y a rien que puiſse
nuire.”
Whitney, along with exactly the same device, gives the full motto,—
“Si Deus nobiscum, quis contra nos?”
Cardinal Pandulph, the Pope’s legate, in King John (act iii. sc. 1, l.
258, vol. iv. p. 42), urges King Philip to be champion of the Church,
and says to him,—
“France, thou mayst hold a serpent by the tongue,
A chafed lion by the mortal paw,
A fasting tiger safer by the tooth,
Than keep in peace that hand which thou dost hold.”
“The Engineer hoist with his own petar” may justly be regarded as a
proverbial saying. It finds its exact correspondence in Beza’s 8th
Emblem (edition 1580), in which for device is a cannon bursting, and
with one of its fragments killing the cannonier.
Beza, 1580.
The sentiment is the same as that of the proverb in the motto which
Lebeus-Batillius prefixes to his 18th Emblem (edition 1596), “Qvibvs
rebvs confidimvs, iis maxime evertimvs,”—To whatever things we trust, by
them chiefly are we overthrown. The subject is Milo caught in the
cleft of the tree which he had riven by his immense strength; he is
held fast, and devoured by wolves.
The application of Beza’s Emblem is made by Hamlet (act iii. sc. 4, l.
205, vol. viii. p. 117), during the long interview with his mother, just
after he had said,—
“No, in despite of sense and secrecy,
Unpeg the basket on the house’s top,[152]
Let the birds fly, and like the famous ape,
To try conclusions, in the basket creep,
And break your own neck down.”
Then speaking of his plot and of the necessity which marshals him to
knavery, he adds,—
“Let it work;
For ’tis the sport to have the enginer
Hoist with his own petar: and ’t shall go hard
But I will delve one yard below their mines,
And blow them at the moon: O, ’tis most sweet
When in one line two crafts directly meet.”
Bolingbroke,however, replies,—
“O, who can hold a fire in his hand
By thinking on the frosty Caucasus?”