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Building Java Programs
A Back to Basics Approach

Fourth Edition

Stuart Reges

University of Washington

Marty Stepp

Stanford University

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The authors and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in
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authors and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied,
with regard to these programs or to the documentation contained in this book.
The authors and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Reges, Stuart, author. | Stepp, Martin, author.

Title: Building Java programs : a back to basics approach / Stuart Reges,

University of Washington; Marty Stepp, Stanford University.

Description: Fourth Edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Pearson, 2016.

Identifiers: LCCN 2015049340 | ISBN 9780134322766 (alk. paper)

Subjects: LCSH: Java (Computer program language)

Classification: LCC QA76.73.J38 R447 2016 | DDC 005.13/3—dc23 LC

record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015049340

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 10: 0-13-432276-2

ISBN 13: 978-0-13-432276-6

Preface
The newly revised fourth edition of our Building Java Programs textbook is
designed for use in a two-course introduction to computer science. We have
class-tested it with thousands of undergraduates, most of whom were not
computer science majors, in our CS1-CS2 sequence at the University of
Washington. These courses are experiencing record enrollments, and other
schools that have adopted our textbook report that students are succeeding
with our approach.

Introductory computer science courses are often seen as “killer” courses with
high failure rates. But as Douglas Adams says in The Hitchhiker's Guide to
the Galaxy, “Don't panic.” Students can master this material if they can learn
it gradually. Our textbook uses a layered approach to introduce new syntax
and concepts over multiple chapters.

Our textbook uses an “objects later” approach where programming

fundamentals and procedural decomposition are taught before diving into
object-oriented programming. We have championed this approach, which we
sometimes call “back to basics,” and have seen through years of experience
that a broad range of scientists, engineers, and others can learn how to
program in a procedural manner. Once we have built a solid foundation of
procedural techniques, we turn to object-oriented programming. By the end
of the course, students will have learned about both styles of programming.

Here are some of the changes that we have made in the fourth edition:

New chapter on functional programming with Java 8. As explained

below, we have introduced a chapter that uses the new language features
available in Java 8 to discuss the core concepts of functional
programming.

New section on images and 2D pixel array manipulation. Image

manipulation is becoming increasingly popular, so we have expanded
our DrawingPanel class to include features that support manipulating
 images as two-dimensional arrays of pixel values. This extra coverage
will be particularly helpful for students taking an AP/CS A course
because of the heavy emphasis on two-dimensional arrays on the AP
exam.

Expanded self-checks and programming exercises. Many chapters have

received new self-check problems and programming exercises. There
are roughly fifty total problems and exercises per chapter, all of which
have been class-tested with real students and have solutions provided for
instructors on our web site.

Since the publication of our third edition, Java 8 has been released. This new
version supports a style of programming known as functional programming
that is gaining in popularity because of its ability to simply express complex
algorithms that are more easily executed in parallel on machines with
multiple processors. ACM and IEEE have released new guidelines for
undergraduate computer science curricula, including a strong
recommendation to cover functional programming concepts.

We have added a new Chapter 19 that covers most of the functional concepts
from the new curriculum guidelines. The focus is on concepts, not on
language features. As a result, it provides an introduction to several new Java
8 constructs but not a comprehensive coverage of all new language features.
This provides flexibility to instructors since functional programming features
can be covered as an advanced independent topic, incorporated along the
way, or skipped entirely. Instructors can choose to start covering functional
constructs along with traditional constructs as early as Chapter 6. See the
dependency chart at the end of this section.

The following features have been retained from previous editions:

Focus on problem solving. Many textbooks focus on language details

when they introduce new constructs. We focus instead on problem
solving. What new problems can be solved with each construct? What
pitfalls are novices likely to encounter along the way? What are the most
common ways to use a new construct?

Emphasis on algorithmic thinking. Our procedural approach allows us to

 emphasize algorithmic problem solving: breaking a large problem into
smaller problems, using pseudocode to refine an algorithm, and
grappling with the challenge of expressing a large program
algorithmically.

Layered approach. Programming in Java involves many concepts that

are difficult to learn all at once. Teaching Java to a novice is like trying
to build a house of cards. Each new card has to be placed carefully. If
the process is rushed and you try to place too many cards at once, the
entire structure collapses. We teach new concepts gradually, layer by
layer, allowing students to expand their understanding at a manageable
pace.

Case studies. We end most chapters with a significant case study that
shows students how to develop a complex program in stages and how to
test it as it is being developed. This structure allows us to demonstrate
each new programming construct in a rich context that can't be achieved
with short code examples. Several of the case studies were expanded
and improved in the second edition.

Utility as a CS1+CS2 textbook. In recent editions, we added chapters

that extend the coverage of the book to cover all of the topics from our
second course in computer science, making the book usable for a two-
course sequence. Chapters 12–19 explore recursion, searching and
sorting, stacks and queues, collection implementation, linked lists,
binary trees, hash tables, heaps, and more. Chapter 12 also received a
section on recursive backtracking, a powerful technique for exploring a
set of possibilities for solving problems such as 8 Queens and Sudoku.

Layers and Dependencies

Many introductory computer science books are language-oriented, but the
early chapters of our book are layered. For example, Java has many control
structures (including for-loops, while-loops, and if/else-statements), and
many books include all of these control structures in a single chapter. While
that might make sense to someone who already knows how to program, it can
be overwhelming for a novice who is learning how to program. We find that
it is much more effective to spread these control structures into different
chapters so that students learn one structure at a time rather than trying to
learn them all at once.

The following table shows how the layered approach works in the first six
chapters:

Control Programming
Chapter Data Input/Output
Flow Techniques
procedural
1 methods String literals println, print
decomposition
definite variables, local variables, class
2 loops expressions, constants,
(for) int, double pseudocode
console input, 2D
return
3 using objects parameters graphics
values
(optional)
conditional char pre/post conditions, printf
4
(if/else) throwing exceptions
indefinite
assertions, robust
5 loops boolean
programs
(while)
token/line-based file
6 Scanner file I/O
processing

Chapters 1–6 are designed to be worked through in order, with greater

flexibility of study then beginning in Chapter 7. Chapter 6 may be skipped,
although the case study in Chapter 7 involves reading from a file, a topic that
is covered in Chapter 6.

The following is a dependency chart for the book:

Supplements
http://www.buildingjavaprograms.com/

Answers to all self-check problems appear on our web site and are accessible
to anyone. Our web site has the following additional resources for students:

Online-only supplemental chapters, such as a chapter on creating

Graphical User Interfaces

Source code and data files for all case studies and other complete
program examples

The DrawingPanel class used in the optional graphics Supplement 3G

Our web site has the following additional resources for teachers:

PowerPoint slides suitable for lectures

Solutions to exercises and programming projects, along with homework

specification documents for many projects

Sample exams and solution keys

Additional lab exercises and programming exercises with solution keys

Closed lab creation tools to produce lab handouts with the instructor's
choice of problems integrated with the textbook

To access protected instructor resources, contact us at

authors@buildingjavaprograms.com. The same materials are also available at
http://www.pearsonhighered.com/cs-resources. To receive a password for this
site or to ask other questions related to resources, contact your Pearson sales
representative.

MyProgrammingLab
MyProgrammingLab is an online practice and assessment tool that helps
students fully grasp the logic, semantics, and syntax of programming.
Through practice exercises and immediate, personalized feedback,
MyProgrammingLab improves the programming competence of beginning
students who often struggle with basic concepts and paradigms of popular
high-level programming languages. A self-study and homework tool, the
MyProgrammingLab course consists of hundreds of small practice exercises
organized around the structure of this textbook. For students, the system
automatically detects errors in the logic and syntax of code submissions and
offers targeted hints that enable students to figure out what went wrong, and
why. For instructors, a comprehensive grade book tracks correct and
incorrect answers and stores the code inputted by students for review.

For a full demonstration, to see feedback from instructors and students, or to

adopt MyProgrammingLab for your course, visit the following web site:
http://www.myprogramminglab.com/

VideoNotes

We have recorded a series of instructional videos to accompany the textbook.

They are available at the following web site: www.pearsonhighered.com/cs-
resources

Roughly 3–4 videos are posted for each chapter. An icon in the margin of the
page indicates when a VideoNote is available for a given topic. In each video,
we spend 5–15 minutes walking through a particular concept or problem,
talking about the challenges and methods necessary to solve it. These videos
make a good supplement to the instruction given in lecture classes and in the
textbook. Your new copy of the textbook has an access code that will allow
you to view the videos.
Acknowledgments
First, we would like to thank the many colleagues, students, and teaching
assistants who have used and commented on early drafts of this text. We
could not have written this book without their input. Special thanks go to
Hélène Martin, who pored over early versions of our first edition chapters to
find errors and to identify rough patches that needed work. We would also
like to thank instructor Benson Limketkai for spending many hours
performing a technical proofread of the second edition.

Second, we would like to thank the talented pool of reviewers who guided us
in the process of creating this textbook:

Greg Anderson, Weber State University

Delroy A. Brinkerhoff, Weber State University

Ed Brunjes, Miramar Community College

Tom Capaul, Eastern Washington University

Tom Cortina, Carnegie Mellon University

Charles Dierbach, Towson University

H.E. Dunsmore, Purdue University

Michael Eckmann, Skidmore College

Mary Anne Egan, Siena College

Leonard J. Garrett, Temple University

Ahmad Ghafarian, North Georgia College & State University

Raj Gill, Anne Arundel Community College

Michael Hostetler, Park University

David Hovemeyer, York College of Pennsylvania

Chenglie Hu, Carroll College

Philip Isenhour, Virginia Polytechnic Institute

Andree Jacobson, University of New Mexico

David C. Kamper, Sr., Northeastern Illinois University

Simon G.M. Koo, University of San Diego

Evan Korth, New York University

Joan Krone, Denison University

John H.E.F. Lasseter, Fairfield University

Eric Matson, Wright State University

Kathryn S. McKinley, University of Texas, Austin

Jerry Mead, Bucknell University

George Medelinskas, Northern Essex Community College

John Neitzke, Truman State University

Dale E. Parson, Kutztown University

Richard E. Pattis, Carnegie Mellon University

Frederick Pratter, Eastern Oregon University

Roger Priebe, University of Texas, Austin

Dehu Qi, Lamar University

John Rager, Amherst College

Amala V.S. Rajan, Middlesex University

Craig Reinhart, California Lutheran University

Mike Scott, University of Texas, Austin

Alexa Sharp, Oberlin College

Tom Stokke, University of North Dakota

Leigh Ann Sudol, Fox Lane High School

Ronald F. Taylor, Wright State University

Andy Ray Terrel, University of Chicago

Scott Thede, DePauw University

Megan Thomas, California State University, Stanislaus

Dwight Tuinstra, SUNY Potsdam

Jeannie Turner, Sayre School

Tammy VanDeGrift, University of Portland

Thomas John VanDrunen, Wheaton College

Neal R. Wagner, University of Texas, San Antonio

Jiangping Wang, Webster University

Yang Wang, Missouri State University

Stephen Weiss, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Laurie Werner, Miami University

 Dianna Xu, Bryn Mawr College

Carol Zander, University of Washington, Bothell

Finally, we would like to thank the great staff at Pearson who helped produce
the book. Michelle Brown, Jeff Holcomb, Maurene Goo, Patty Mahtani,
Nancy Kotary, and Kathleen Kenny did great work preparing the first edition.
Our copy editors and the staff of Aptara Corp, including Heather Sisan, Brian
Baker, Brendan Short, and Rachel Head, caught many errors and improved
the quality of the writing. Marilyn Lloyd and Chelsea Bell served well as
project manager and editorial assistant respectively on prior editions. For
their help with the third edition we would like to thank Kayla Smith-Tarbox,
Production Project Manager, and Jenah Blitz-Stoehr, Computer Science
Editorial Assistant. Mohinder Singh and the staff at Aptara, Inc., were also
very helpful in the final production of the third edition. For their great work
on production of the fourth edition, we thank Louise Capulli and the staff of
Lakeside Editorial Services, along with Carole Snyder at Pearson. Special
thanks go to our lead editor at Pearson, Matt Goldstein, who has believed in
the concept of our book from day one. We couldn't have finished this job
without all of their hard work and support.

Stuart Reges

Marty Stepp
Break through
To Improving results

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Programming Practice
With MyProgrammingLab, your students will gain firs-hand programming
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visit www.myprogramminglab.com.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights

reserved. HELO88173 · 11/15

LOCATION OF VIDEO NOTES IN THE TEXT

www.pearsonhighered.com/cs-resources

Chapter 1 Pages 31, 40

Chapter 2 Pages 65, 74, 89, 97, 110
Chapter 3 Pages 141, 156, 161, 167
Chapter 3G Pages 197, 215
Chapter 4 Pages 243, 251, 278
Chapter 5 Pages 324, 327, 329, 333, 356
Chapter 6 Pages 396, 409, 423
Chapter 7 Pages 458, 465, 484, 505
Chapter 8 Pages 535, 547, 555, 568
Chapter 9 Pages 597, 610, 626
Chapter 10 Pages 672, 677, 686
Chapter 11 Pages 716, 729, 737
Chapter 12 Pages 764, 772, 809
Chapter 13 Pages 834, 837, 843
Chapter 14 Pages 889, 896
Chapter 15 Pages 930, 936, 940
Chapter 16 Pages 972, 979, 992
Chapter 17 Pages 1037, 1038, 1048
Chapter 18 Pages 1073, 1092
Brief Contents
1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Java Programming 1

2. Chapter 2 Primitive Data and Definite Loops 63

3. Chapter 3 Introduction to Parameters and Objects 137

4. Supplement 3G Graphics (Optional) 196

5. Chapter 4 Conditional Execution 238

6. Chapter 5 Program Logic and Indefinite Loops 315

7. Chapter 6 File Processing 387

8. Chapter 7 Arrays 443

9. Chapter 8 Classes 530

10. Chapter 9 Inheritance and Interfaces 587

11. Chapter 10 ArrayLists 662

12. Chapter 11 Java Collections Framework 715

13. Chapter 12 Recursion 754

14. Chapter 13 Searching and Sorting 832

15. Chapter 14 Stacks and Queues 884

16. Chapter 15 Implementing a Collection Class 922

17. Chapter 16 Linked Lists 965

18. Chapter 17 Binary Trees 1017

19. Chapter 18 Advanced Data Structures 1071

20. Chapter 19 Functional Programming with Java 1107

1. Appendix A Java Summary 1149

2. Appendix B The Java API Specification and Javadoc Comments 1164

3. Appendix C Additional Java Syntax 1170

Contents
1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Java Programming 1

1. 1.1 Basic Computing Concepts 2

1. Why Programming? 2

2. Hardware and Software 3

3. The Digital Realm 4

4. The Process of Programming 6

5. Why Java? 7

6. The Java Programming Environment 8

2. 1.2 And Now—Java 10

1. String Literals (Strings) 14

2. System.out.println 15

3. Escape Sequences 15

4. print versus println 17

5. Identifiers and Keywords 18

6. A Complex Example: DrawFigures1 20

7. Comments and Readability 21

3. 1.3 Program Errors 24

1. Syntax Errors 24
 2. Logic Errors (Bugs) 28

4. 1.4 Procedural Decomposition 28

1. Static Methods 31

2. Flow of Control 34

3. Methods That Call Other Methods 36

4. An Example Runtime Error 39

5. 1.5 Case Study: DrawFigures 40

1. Structured Version 41

2. Final Version without Redundancy 43

3. Analysis of Flow of Execution 44

2. Chapter 2 Primitive Data and Definite Loops 63

1. 2.1 Basic Data Concepts 64

1. Primitive Types 64

2. Expressions 65

3. Literals 67

4. Arithmetic Operators 68

5. Precedence 70

6. Mixing Types and Casting 73

2. 2.2 Variables 74

1. Assignment/Declaration Variations 79
 2. String Concatenation 82

3. Increment/Decrement Operators 84

4. Variables and Mixing Types 87

3. 2.3 The for Loop 89

1. Tracing for Loops 91

2. for Loop Patterns 95

3. Nested for Loops 97

4. 2.4 Managing Complexity 99

1. Scope 99

2. Pseudocode 105

3. Class Constants 108

5. 2.5 Case Study: Hourglass Figure 110

1. Problem Decomposition and Pseudocode 111

2. Initial Structured Version 113

3. Adding a Class Constant 114

4. Further Variations 117

3. Chapter 3 Introduction to Parameters and Objects 137

1. 3.1 Parameters 138

1. The Mechanics of Parameters 141

2. Limitations of Parameters 145

 3. Multiple Parameters 148

4. Parameters versus Constants 151

5. Overloading of Methods 151

2. 3.2 Methods That Return Values 152

1. The Math Class 153

2. Defining Methods That Return Values 156

3. 3.3 Using Objects 160

1. String Objects 161

2. Interactive Programs and Scanner Objects 167

3. Sample Interactive Program 170

4. 3.4 Case Study: Projectile Trajectory 173

1. Unstructured Solution 177

2. Structured Solution 179

4. Supplement 3G Graphics (Optional) 196

1. 3G.1 Introduction to Graphics 197

1. DrawingPanel 197

2. Drawing Lines and Shapes 198

3. Colors 203

4. Drawing with Loops 206

5. Text and Fonts 210

 6. Images 213

2. 3G.2 Procedural Decomposition with Graphics 215

1. A Larger Example: DrawDiamonds 216

3. 3G.3 Case Study: Pyramids 219

1. Unstructured Partial Solution 220

2. Generalizing the Drawing of Pyramids 222

3. Complete Structured Solution 223

5. Chapter 4 Conditional Execution 238

1. 4.1 if/else Statements 239

1. Relational Operators 241

2. Nested if/else Statements 243

3. Object Equality 250

4. Factoring if/else Statements 251

5. Testing Multiple Conditions 253

2. 4.2 Cumulative Algorithms 254

1. Cumulative Sum 254

2. Min/Max Loops 256

3. Cumulative Sum with if 260

4. Roundoff Errors 262

3. 4.3 Text Processing 265

 1. The char Type 265

2. char versus int 266

3. Cumulative Text Algorithms 267

4. System.out.printf 269

4. 4.4 Methods with Conditional Execution 274

1. Preconditions and Postconditions 274

2. Throwing Exceptions 274

3. Revisiting Return Values 278

4. Reasoning about Paths 283

5. 4.5 Case Study: Body Mass Index 285

1. One-Person Unstructured Solution 286

2. Two-Person Unstructured Solution 289

3. Two-Person Structured Solution 291

4. Procedural Design Heuristics 295

6. Chapter 5 Program Logic and Indefinite Loops 315

1. 5.1 The while Loop 316

1. A Loop to Find the Smallest Divisor 317

2. Random Numbers 320

3. Simulations 324

4. do/while Loop 325

 2. 5.2 Fencepost Algorithms 327

1. Sentinel Loops 329

2. Fencepost with if 330

3. 5.3 The boolean Type 333

1. Logical Operators 335

2. Short-Circuited Evaluation 338

3. boolean Variables and Flags 342

4. Boolean Zen 344

5. Negating Boolean Expressions 347

4. 5.4 User Errors 348

1. Scanner Lookahead 349

2. Handling User Errors 351

5. 5.5 Assertions and Program Logic 353

1. Reasoning about Assertions 355

2. A Detailed Assertions Example 356

6. 5.6 Case Study: NumberGuess 361

1. Initial Version without Hinting 361

2. Randomized Version with Hinting 363

3. Final Robust Version 367

7. Chapter 6 File Processing 387

Other documents randomly have
different content
the city. The Rose, carrying forty guns, passed through Buttermilk
Channel and anchored in Turtle Bay, in the neighborhood of Forty-
second Street and East River, to aid the other vessels then in the
Sound by a concert of action against the city.
Washington, noticing the movements of the ships of war, and
foreseeing that the condition of his army would not permit a
defense, resolved to leave the city. Before doing so he summoned a
council of his officers, who coincided with him in his views of the
situation. This was on the 12th of September. An order was issued at
once for the removal of the military stores across the Harlem River,
and a force was stationed at Kingsbridge.
General Putnam was left in command of the city with about 4000
men. The main body under Washington was stationed at Harlem
Heights. Washington was now surrounded with difficulties which
required great ability to overcome. The enemy had the men and
means to move on his works, and against their attack he could offer
but feeble resistance. It was a dark and doleful hour in our history.
In order to make no mistake it became necessary to adopt a decisive
policy, and to arrange plans whereby the advance movements of the
enemy might be circumvented. He considered it of the utmost
importance to ascertain the intentions of Howe and Clinton. A
council of war was called, and it was resolved to send a man who
could be trusted into the enemy's ranks to gain the desired
information.
In this emergency Nathan Hale, a young and brilliant officer,
volunteered his services. Procuring the necessary disguise, Hale
started on the mission fraught with so much danger. Passing over to
Long Island, he entered unnoticed and unobserved the enemy's line,
succeeded in making drawings of their works, and gained full and
complete information as to all their intended movements.
As he was returning, he was recognized as belonging to the
rebel army, and was arrested, and conveyed to the Beekman house,
on the corner of Fifty-first Street and First Avenue, where General
Howe had his headquarters. He was at once tried, convicted as a
spy, and sentenced to be hung on the following day at daybreak. It
was a mercy to him that his execution was fixed so speedily, as in
the mean time he was placed in the keeping of that heartless
scoundrel, Cunningham, whose after deeds as provost marshal of
New York have rendered his name forever infamous. Hale was kept
in confinement during the night by the marshal, who refused to give
him a light and writing materials to enable him to send a last
message of love to his aged parents and friends. A kindly disposed
lieutenant afterwards furnished him with pen and paper.
Cunningham, however, in the morning manifested the natural
atrocity of his disposition by rudely tearing into pieces before his
eyes the letters which he had written, and at the same time
declaring "that the rebels should never know that they had a man in
their army who could die with so much firmness."
On the morning of September 22, 1776, Cunningham ordered
the execution to proceed, and at the same time required Hale to
make a dying confession. In the nobility of his liberty-loving nature,
Hale said: "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my
country." These brave words were his last. He was suspended on an
apple-tree, and his remains were committed to the grave without
any ceremony. He did not perish; his name will live as that of one of
the heroes of the Revolution. In the American army he was
universally beloved, and his untimely end filled the hearts of his
friends with deep-seated hatred to their foes, and a renewed
determination to be avenged.
In this connection the following may not be uninteresting. It is
an extract from a letter from New York, dated September 1, 1776:48
"Last Monday we went over to Long Island, and about midnight
we were alarmed by the return of some of our scouting parties, who
advised us that the English were in motion, and coming up the
island with several field pieces; it was generally thought not to be
the main body, but only a detachment, with a view to possess
themselves of some advantageous heights, upon which near three
thousand men were ordered out, consisting chiefly of the
Pennsylvania and Maryland troops, to attack them on their march.
The Delaware and Maryland battalions made one party. Colonel Atlee
with his battalion, a little before us, had taken post in an orchard,
and behind a barn, and on the approach of the enemy he gave them
a very severe fire, which he bravely kept up for a considerable time,
until they were near surrounding him, when he retreated to the
woods. The enemy then advanced towards us, upon which Lord
Stirling, who commanded, immediately drew us up in line, and
offered them battle in the true English taste. The British army then
advanced within three hundred yards of us, and began a heavy fire
from their cannon and mortars, for both the balls and shells flew
very fast, now and then taking off a head. Our men stood it amazing
well; not even one of them showed a disposition to shrink.
"Our orders were not to fire until the enemy came within fifty
yards of us; but when they perceived we stood their fire so coolly
and resolutely, they declined coming any nearer, though treble our
number. In this situation we stood from sunrise to twelve o'clock, the
enemy firing upon us the chief part of the time, when the main body
of their army, by a route we never dreamed of, had utterly
surrounded us, and drove within the lines or scattered in the woods
all our men except the Delaware and Maryland battalions, who were
standing at bay with double their number. Thus situated, we were
ordered to attempt a retreat by fighting our way through the enemy,
who had posted themselves and nearly filled every field and road
between us and our lines. We had not retreated a quarter of a mile
before we were fired upon by an advanced party of the enemy, and
those upon our rear were playing upon us with their artillery. Our
men fought with more than Roman courage, and I am convinced
would have stood until they were shot down to a man. We forced
the advanced party which first attacked us to give way, through
which opening we got a passage down to the side of a marsh,
seldom before waded over, which we passed, and then swam a
narrow river, all the time exposed to the fire of the enemy. The
companies commanded by Captains Ramsey and Scott were in the
front, and sustained the first fire of the enemy, when hardly a man
fell.
"The whole right wing of our battalion, thinking it impossible to
pass through the marsh, attempted to force their way through the
woods, where they were almost to a man killed or taken. The
Maryland battalion has lost two hundred and fifty-nine men,
amongst whom are twelve officers: Captains Veazey and Bowie, the
first certainly killed; Lieutenants Butler, Sterritt, Dent, Coursey, Muse,
Prawl; Ensigns Coates and Fernandez; who of them killed or who
prisoners is yet uncertain. Many of the officers lost their swords and
guns. We have since abandoned Long Island, bringing off all our
military stores.
"Generals Sullivan and Stirling are both prisoners. Colonels Atlee,
Miles, and Piper are also taken. There are about one thousand men
missing in all. We took a few prisoners. By a lieutenant we took, we
understand they had about twenty-three thousand men on the
Island that morning. Most of our Generals were upon a high hill, in
our lines, viewing us with glasses. When we began our retreat, they
could see the enemy we had to pass through, though we could not.
Many of them thought we would surrender in a body without firing.
When we begun the attack, General Washington wrung his hands
and cried out, Good God! What brave fellows I must this day lose.
Major Guest commanded the Maryland battalion, the Colonel and
Lieutenant Colonel being both at York. Captains Adams and Lucas
were sick. The Major, Captain Ramsey and Lieutenant Plunkett were
foremost and within forty yards of the enemy's muzzles, when they
were fired upon by the enemy, who were chiefly under cover of an
orchard, save a force that showed themselves, and pretended to
give up, clubbing their firelocks until we came within that distance,
when they immediately presented, and blazed in our faces; they
entirely overshot us, and killed some men away behind in our rear. I
had the satisfaction of dropping one of them the first fire I made. I
was so near I could not miss. I discharged my rifle seven times that
day, as deliberately as I ever did at a mark, and with as little
perturbation."
 Washington, in a letter dated September 4, 1776, addressed to
General Schuyler, fixes the number in killed, wounded, and prisoners
on the American side in the Long Island battle at from seven
hundred to one thousand men.49
In writing to the Massachusetts Assembly, under date of
September 19, 1776, Washington states that the number in killed
and wounded of the enemy could not be ascertained, "but that it
was pretty considerable and exceeded ours a good deal." He also
says that the Americans lost eight hundred men, three fourths of
whom were taken prisoners, thereby leaving only two hundred
killed.50
English writers upon this subject place the loss on the American
side at between three and four thousand. These figures greatly
overstep the mark, and were doubtless gathered from the reports of
those commanding generals who desired to make it appear to the
home authorities that a substantial victory had been secured.
The loss in the battle of Brooklyn is fixed by the best authorities
at not over a thousand men. This, as we have seen, is the number
fixed by Washington himself, both in his letters and official reports.
Johnson, in his admirable and exhaustive narrative of the campaign
of 1776, concurs in this view. These figures appear to be a correct
estimate of the loss sustained. Certainly if as many had been killed
as reported by British officials, some tradition or evidence would
exist as to the vast number requiring burial after the battle, and
subsequent to the evacuation. The neutral inhabitants remaining on
the island would have found abundant occupation in consigning so
many to mother earth. This alone would have rendered the occasion
memorable.
The loss on the Tory side appears from the returns made by
General Howe to have been:—Commissioned officers: three
generals, three colonels, four lieutenant-colonels, three majors,
eighteen captains, forty-three lieutenants, and eleven ensigns; staff
officers: one adjutant, three surgeons, two volunteers; privates: one
thousand and six. This includes nine wounded officers and fifty-six
wounded privates.51
In the annals of the Revolutionary period in Brooklyn, a
conspicuous place is occupied by the famous Rising Sun tavern. It
stood (and still stands) at the junction of the Bedford and Jamaica
turnpikes in East New York, and was an old-fashioned farm-house of
the Dutch type. This famous tavern, from its prominent position on
the King's highway, was a resort for the burghers and farmers of the
island. The host, William Howard, was very popular amongst the
people, and the old landmark, so prominent in the early history of
Kings County, has long been an object of interest.
At this house, the day before the battle of Brooklyn, an
important meeting in reference to the war was held. The house was
situated within five miles of the American intrenchments, which were
in the neighborhood of Bridge and Fulton streets. The American
army rested quietly, not dreaming of the impending danger.
Meanwhile the British army was not inactive. It was encamped at
Flatbush. Just after midnight it occupied the roads leading to East
New York, and pushed forward to that suburban spot. The guides
who had been employed lost their way, and General Howe found it
absolutely necessary to obtain more trustworthy leaders. In
consulting upon the subject, it was determined that William Howard,
the keeper of the tavern, being familiar with the different passes,
was the best man to secure in the emergency. The approach of the
army had not been observed by the occupants of the wayside hotel.
Suddenly the bar-room door was forced open, and the terrified
family were aroused from their slumbers. The guard sought and
found the astonished innkeeper, and quickly brought him before the
august generals Howe, Cornwallis, and Sir Henry Clinton. It was their
desire to use this man to guide them over the hills and through the
woods to the little hamlet at Bedford, where it was supposed a large
body of Americans were encamped, whom the invaders desired to
outflank, and by a circuitous route, if possible, gain the plain
beyond, and thus cut off their rear. Howard was perfectly familiar
with the intricate pathways. The interview between Howard and the
British officers was brief and to the point. William Howard had a son
then only fourteen years of age. The events of the evening left a
vivid impression on the lad's mind. In after years, in referring to the
adventures of that night, he said: "It was about two o'clock in the
morning of the 27th of August that I was awakened by seeing a
soldier by the side of my bed. I got up and dressed, and went down
into the bar-room, where I saw my father standing in one corner,
with three British soldiers before him, with muskets and bayonets
fixed. The army (numbering about sixteen thousand men) was then
lying in the fields in front of the house. General Howe asked for a
glass of liquor, and, after receiving it, entered into conversation with
William Howard, and said: 'I must have some one to show me the
Rockaway path around the pass.'"
To this remark Howard replied: "We belong to the other side,
General, and can't serve you against our duty." General Howe then
said: "That is all right, stick to your country, or stick to your
principles; but, Howard, you are my prisoner, and must guide my
men over the hill." Howard, in the nobility of his nature, objected to
being a party to the betrayal of his countrymen, but was silenced by
the General, who finally said: "You have no alternative. If you refuse,
I shall have you shot through the head."52
It was a painful task for Howard to thus pave the way for the
destruction of the American army. He was led out under a guard,
which was directed to shoot him should he attempt to make his
escape. The entire march was conducted in a cautious, noiseless
manner, and every precaution taken to be in readiness for an attack.
They succeeded in reaching the road below the Bedford pass, and
flanked the position supposed to be occupied by the American
troops.
Young Howard, who accompanied his father, in giving an account
of the march, says: "On reaching the turn in the Jamaica road, my
father and myself were released and sent back to the tavern, which
we found surrounded by the guard."
 It may be well to state here that the Rockaway path was a
narrow pass across the hill, forming now a portion of Evergreen
Cemetery, and led from the Jamaica road to Bushwick lane, now the
main entrance to the cemetery.
In the legal documents of the time, the roads were called the
King's highways. The Brooklyn and Jamaica road, which passed
through the hills near East New York, was known as the King's
highway. General Howe named it, "the pass through the hills."
The name of the Clove road originated from the fact that it
passed through the clove or cleft of the hills. By the British army it
was distinguished as the Bedford pass. The valley through which the
Flatbush road passed, being densely covered with wood, was called
Valley Grove.
The enemy, having crossed over from Long Island and effected a
landing in New York city on the 15th of September, immediately
pushed forward to meet and drive before them the forces of
Washington, which movement on their part culminated in the battle
of Harlem Heights. In that engagement, which was short and fierce,
the Americans lost, in killed, 16 privates, whilst the damage done to
the enemy was 74 killed and 274 wounded. Governor Clinton, who
witnessed the battle, wrote of it: "It has animated our troops, given
them new spirits, and erased every bad impression the retreat from
Long Island had left in their minds. They find that they are able with
inferior numbers to drive their enemy, and think of nothing now but
conquest."
Shortly after the occupation of New York by the British, and on
the 21st of September, the city was visited by a great fire, which
quickly reduced a large part of it to ashes. It is estimated that 500
houses were obliterated. Trinity Church was destroyed, and the
Lutheran chapel, situated on the corner of Rector Street, met the
same fate. St. Paul's Church, the oldest religious edifice now
standing in New York city, was saved by the energy and superhuman
exertions of the citizens. Long may this old landmark resist the
vandalism of the age. The fire was looked upon as the act of an
incendiary. The Tory element of the community, believing that it was
caused by the Sons of Liberty, accused them of the act. Several
citizens were arrested as accessories, but were subsequently
discharged, as no evidence could be produced on which to hold
them.
During this time the Continental Congress continued to hold its
sessions in the city of Philadelphia.
On the 31st of August, Washington sent a letter to Congress
wherein he gave an explicit statement of the result of the council of
war held on Long Island, and the reasons which led him to withdraw
the troops from that locality. By reason of this decision New York
city, and all its fortifications, was ultimately given up to the British
fleet and army. The new occupants, upon taking possession,
adopted measures to fortify and strengthen it against invasion from
the American forces.
After the occupation of New York by the British army, large
numbers of Tories, who had been compelled to forsake the place by
reason of the stringent measures adopted by the Committee of
Safety against all who sided with royalty, again returned to the city
and were warmly welcomed by the new authorities. Amongst the
number who returned to their old haunts was Rivington the printer,
whose vituperations against the Sons of Liberty had in former times
called down upon him the wrath and enmity of the patriots. The
returning Tories held high carnival in the city. They seemed to think
that the cause of the Americans was lost, and that soon they would
have undisputed control of public affairs.
Kings County, which never had manifested a strong patriotism,
contained many who did not greatly lament the triumph of the
British. The retreat of the American army from Long Island served to
strengthen the convictions of the Tory adherents, and induced them
to embrace the opportunity afforded of forsaking what they
conceived to be the "lost cause," and give in their adhesion to the
Crown of England. Moreover, as we shall see by later explanation,
there was a peculiarly heavy pressure placed on the loyalty of Kings
County.
It was under this pressure that in November some of the largest
freeholders in the county of Kings met together and resolved to
accept the terms offered by Howe in his proclamations. In order to
gain favor with the British authorities, an address was prepared in
the Uriah Heep style, in which it was stated:—

"We, therefore, whose names are hereto subscribed,

freeholders and inhabitants of Kings County, in the province
of New York, reflecting with the tenderest emotions of
gratitude on this instance of his Majesty's paternal goodness
and encouraged by the affectionate manner in which his
Majesty's gracious purpose hath been conveyed to us by your
Excellencies, who have thereby evinced that humanity is
inseparable from that true magnanimity and those enlarged
sentiments which form the most shining characters, they beg
leave to represent to your Excellencies, that we bear true
allegiance to our rightful sovereign George the Third, as well
as warm affection to his sacred person, crown, and dignity, to
testify which we and each of us have voluntarily taken an
oath (in the church at Flatbush) before Wm. Axtell, Esq., one
of his Majesty's council for this province, in the following
words: 'I do solemnly promise and swear that I will be faithful
and bear true allegiance to his Majesty King George the Third,
and that I will defend his crown and dignity against all
persons whomsoever. So help me God.' And that we esteem
the constitutional supremacy of Great Britain over these
colonies, and other depending parts of his Majesty's
dominions, as essential to the union, security, and welfare of
the whole empire; and sincerely lament the interruption of
that harmony which formerly subsisted between the parent
state and these her colonies. We therefore hereby pray that
your Excellencies would be pleased to restore this country to
his Majesty's protection and peace."53
 This was certainly a model epistle, and clearly demonstrated the
character of the men who endorsed its sentiments, or pretended to
endorse them, by appending to it their names. As the common
people had expressed themselves so freely, the leaders, not to be
outdone in giving evidence of submission to royalty, a short time
afterwards presented to Governor Tryon an address couched in
terms of detestation of the rebellion, and of warm admiration for the
Crown. It was a craven document, evincing cowardice and lack of
true manliness. It ran as follows:—

"We, the members of the Provincial Congress, the County

Committee, and the Committees of the different townships,
elected by the inhabitants of Kings County, feel the highest
satisfaction in having it in our power to dissolve ourselves
without danger of the county being dissoluted, as it was by
repeated threats some short time ago. We do hereby
accordingly dissolve ourselves, rejecting and disclaiming all
power of Congress and committees, totally refusing
obedience thereto, and revoking all proceedings under them
whatsoever, as being repugnant to the laws and constitution
of the British Empire, and undutiful to our sovereign, and
ruinous to the welfare and prosperity of this county. We beg
leave to assure your Excellency we shall be exceeding happy
in obeying the legal authority of government, whenever your
Excellency shall be pleased to call us forth, being of long
experience well assured of your Excellency's mild and upright
administration."

This paper was signed on December 3 and 4. Amongst the

parties who appended their signatures to this obsequious missive are
the following, many of whom will be recognized as prominent in the
annals of the community:—
Philip Nagel
Wm Johnson
Evert Suydam
 Richard Stillwell
Johannes E. Lott
Rem Cowenhoven
Nich Cowenhoven
Joost Duryea
Jeremiah Vanderbilt
Stephen Voorhies
Denyse Denyce
Engelbert Lott
I. Hubbard
Garret Wyckoff
Richard Stillwell, Jr.
Rutgers Van Brunt
Adrien Hegeman
Abram Laguare
Derick Remsen
Abram Voorhies
Adrian Voorhies
Petrus Van Pelt
Leffert Lefferts
Wilhs Stoothoof
Casper Crisper
Isaac Cortelyou
Petrus Lott
Johannes De Bevoice
Isaac Denyce
Johannes Bergen
John Vanderbilt
Theodorus Polhemus
Wm Van Brunt
Jacobus Vanderwenter
Cors Wyckoff
Jeremias Remsen54
That these men, who had served in official stations in councils of
the state, and who had witnessed for a dozen years the aggressions
of the Crown, should so far submit to British authority, and be willing
to resume the yoke when an opportunity was presented by
concerted action to throw off the shackles which bound them to the
mother country, is perhaps sufficient evidence of the strain produced
by the peculiar situation in Kings County.
The militia, who had rendered but little service to the patriots,
now followed the example set them by their leaders, and, to gain
favor with the British officers, voluntarily raised and contributed the
munificent sum of £310 8s towards defraying the expenses of raising
and equipping a new battalion to be employed in the service of the
Tories. Howe and Tryon rejoiced greatly over these manifestations
on the part of the people of Kings County. Such acts encouraged
them greatly in their labors, and led them to suppose that the war
was being carried on by a few zealous but hot-headed fanatics, who
desired to enrich themselves by a continuance of the rebellion. They
believed that they could control the rich, who did not wish to part
with their property to be used in a prolonged campaign, and the
poor, who did not desire to be separated from their families by
compulsory service in the army. General Howe and Governor Tryon,
whose position of late years had become merely nominal, gladly
accepted these evidences of obedience to their mandates, and were
careful to scatter amongst them the assurance that "his Majesty has
observed with great satisfaction the effusions of loyalty and affection
which break forth in the address of his faithful subjects, upon their
deliverance from the tyranny and oppression of the rebel
committees; and the proof given by the inhabitants of Kings County
of their zeal for the success of his Majesty's measures by so
generously contributing towards the expense of raising Colonel
Fanning's battalion cannot fail of recommending them to his
Majesty's favor."55
No one, upon hearing of these manifestations on the part of the
people of Kings County, would for a moment wonder that the leaders
of the rebellion against kingly authority should at times feel
discouraged and disheartened. However, with so many who were
faithless, there were some who still were true to the honored cause.
The name of Major Barent Johnson, father of the late General
Jeremiah Johnson, stands conspicuously amongst those who were
not ashamed to acknowledge allegiance to the infant republic.
Johnson was ever distinguished as a patriot, and attested his love of
liberty, not only by words but also by actions. On every occasion he
fearlessly and boldly advocated the revolutionary movement, and
was one of the officers of the Kings County militia who would not
truckle to power, and who refused "to sell his heritage for a mess of
pottage." When the American army retreated from Brooklyn he
followed their fortunes, and was encamped with them at Harlem in
1776, and ever testified his love of country by his willingness to
serve her in her hour of danger and trial. In the early part of 1777
he was taken prisoner while accompanying the American army to
New Jersey. Subsequently he obtained a parole from General Howe
through assistance of a brother Mason, and returned to his home in
Kings County. He resided on the old farm in the present nineteenth
ward of the city, so long known as the residence of General Jeremiah
Johnson. He did all he could to aid the American cause. "In order to
help on the cause to which he was devoted, he shrank not from
personal and pecuniary risks, but suggested loans from friends in his
county to the American government, and himself set the example by
loaning, first, £700, and afterwards sums amounting to $5000; all
the security for which was a simple private receipt, given, too, in
times of exceeding peril and discouragement,—a noble and
memorable deed."56
There were many signs during 1776 that Kings County's
disaffection was recognized. At the session of the Provincial
Congress held June 21, the subject of preventing Kings County from
giving aid to the enemy was discussed, and resulted in the passage
of the following resolution:—

Resolved, That it be recommended to the general

committee of Kings County, immediately to take effectual
measures that all boats and craft in the bay, on the south and
southwest sides of said county, be drawn up or on the
 upland, to such a distance from the water as to prevent as
much as possible the disaffected persons in that county from
keeping up a communication with the enemy; and that the
oars and sails belonging to the said boats and craft be
secured in the most effectual manner.

At this session Kings County was represented by Mr. Lefferts and

Mr. Polhemus.
On the 10th of August the Provincial Convention (to which name
that of the former Congress had been changed), directed that one
half of the militia of Kings County and Queens County be
"immediately ordered to march and put themselves under the
command of the officer commanding the Continental troops on
Nassau Island, to be continued in service until the first day of
September next, unless sooner discharged by order of this
Convention."
The Convention, having received information that the inhabitants
of Kings County had determined not to oppose the enemy,
thereupon adopted the following resolution:—

Resolved, That a committee be appointed to repair

forthwith to said county, and enquire concerning the
authenticity of such report, and in case they find it well
founded, that they be empowered to disarm and secure the
disaffected inhabitants; to remove or destroy the stock of
grain; and if they shall judge necessary, to lay the whole
country waste. And for the execution of these purposes, they
are directed to apply to General Greene, or the commander of
the Continental troops in that county, for such assistance as
they shall want.

The committee appointed in accordance with this resolution

consisted of Mr. Duer, Colonel Remsen, Mr. Hebert, and Colonel
DeWit.57
 On the 13th of August the Convention, in pursuance of the
resolution passed on the 10th of August, relative to the Kings County
militia, appointed Colonel Jeromus Remsen of Queens County,
Lieutenant-Colonel Nichs Cowenhoven of Kings County, and Major
Richard Thorne of Queens County, as officers of the militia ordered
to be drafted from Kings and Queens counties, and placed them
under the command of the officer commanding the Continental
troops on Nassau Island.
The Convention of Representatives of the State of New York met
again on the 21st of August. The first subject which engaged its
attention was the character of the credentials presented by the
delegates from Kings County. The convention, upon examination and
due deliberation, came to the conclusion that the same were
defective, in that they did not state "whether any, or what power
was given to the representatives therein named." Considering that
the representatives so elected should be expressly authorized to
assist in framing and establishing a new form of government, and
thereby give in their adhesion to the independence of America, the
Convention ordered that the said Committee of Kings County be
immediately informed of said defect, to the end that a new election
might be held, whereat delegates clothed with full power in the
premises might be returned.
The Convention of Representatives on the 29th of August passed
a resolution recommending to the inhabitants of Long Island "to
move as many of their women, children, and slaves, and as much of
their live stock and grain, to the mainland, as they can," at the same
time "assuring them that Convention would pay the expense of
moving the same."
There is much significance in the letter of John Sloss Hobart to
the Committee of Safety, dated October 7, 1776, fairly stating the
causes which led to the apparent submission of the citizens of Long
Island to the British Crown. He shows that the measures adopted
were from necessity and not from choice. He says:—
 "Upon the retreat of the army from the island they viewed
themselves as abandoned by the Convention, and expecting
the enemy hourly amongst them, a general removal appeared
impracticable; besides, to quit their pleasant habitations, and
throw themselves, with their tender connections, upon the
charity of an unknown world, was a degree of apathy to
which they had not yet arrived. In a fit of despair they laid
down their arms, and made an unconditional submission to
what they supposed the inquiring army;58 the people at large
being thus brought to terms, they found it less difficult by
threats to induce the individuals who had formerly held
commissions under the Crown of Great Britain to resume the
execution of their offices; being well led into the snare, every
measure tended to draw the net closer about them.
Notwithstanding which, I am, from the best authority,
informed that they are accused by Mr. Tryon and his minions
of having submitted only the better to cover their intention of
removing, and that, unless the young men do voluntarily take
up arms against their country, an inveterate and disappointed
soldiery will be let loose upon them. These considerations
induce me earnestly to wish that some measure may be taken
to induce the people to quit the island, by offering a support
to those who cannot maintain themselves—the aged and
infirm must be maintained at public expense."

This letter reveals the true condition of affairs, and forcibly

states the motives which led the inhabitants of Long Island to submit
to the aggressions of the British.
At the session of the Committee of Safety, held on the 26th of
November, some of the inhabitants of the State of Connecticut
presented claims for expenses incurred in removing stock and the
poor inhabitants from Long Island. A committee was therefore
appointed to collect and state these accounts, together with the
names of the persons bought of, the quantity of stock, and the
names of the persons to whom they belonged, together with the
place of their present residence, and report the same to the
convention of this State as soon as possible.
This subject was again brought to the attention of the
Committee of Safety on the 3d of December, 1776. At that meeting
the following letter was prepared and signed by the vice-president
and transmitted to Colonel H. B. Livingston:—

"Sir,—The Committee of Safety have received accounts

from different towns in Connecticutt, with their demands for
transporting stock and effects from Long Island. Some are
sent in by private persons, as employed by you for that
purpose. I am directed to desire you to send me as particular
an account as you can of the stock and other effects you
have brought off Long Island, with the number of cattle,
sheep, and other stock, the names of the persons to whom
they belonged, and in what manner the same was disposed
of, and to whom; with such vouchers for the same as you
have taken. You will likewise inform us of the number of
families brought off by your order, with the names of the
heads of each family, as far as in your power, with any other
particulars you may think necessary respecting the
transportation and disposing of the same."
"To Colonel H. B. Livingston."

In January, 1777, the American prisoners in New York were

paroled and billeted on the inhabitants of Kings County, Congress
agreeing to pay a weekly stipend of two dollars for each for board.59
Colonel Graydon, in his memoirs, presents a very vivid picture of
the scenes and incidents connected with the sojourn of the prisoners
amongst the island farmers. He says that "the officers of Colonel
Mayan's and Colonel Sher's regiments were quartered at Flatbush.
He, with another officer, was placed in the house of Jacob Suydam."
It was a large house, with many additions erected at different times,
with doubtless a strange and weird appearance. He states that "they
were civilly received, but that their presence was not welcome to the
Low Dutch, who did not like to have their regular habits interfered
with. Had they been sure of receiving the two dollars a week, it
might have reconciled them. They were, however, a people who
seemed thoroughly disposed to submit to any power that might be
imposed on them; and whatever might have been their propensities
at an earlier stage of the contest, they were now the dutiful and
loyal subjects of his Majesty George III. Their houses and beds were
clean, but their living was extremely poor. A sorry wash, made up of
a sprinkling of Bohea and the darkest sugar on the verge of fluidity,
with half-baked bread (fuel being amongst the scarcest articles in
Flatbush), and a little stale butter constituted our breakfast. At our
first coming a small piece of pickled beef was occasionally boiled for
dinner, but to the beef, which was soon consumed, there succeeded
clippers or clams; and our unvaried supper was supan or mush,
sometimes with skimmed milk, but more generally buttermilk
blended with molasses, which was kept for weeks in a churn, as swill
is saved for hogs. I found it, however, after a little use, very eatable,
and supper soon became my best meal. The table company
consisted of the master of the house, Mr. Jacob Suydam, an old
bachelor; a young man, a shoemaker of the name of Rem Hegeman,
married to Jacob's niece, who with a mewling infant in her arms
never failed to appear. A black boy, too, was generally in the room;
not as a waiter, but as a sort of enfant de maison, who walked about
and took post in the chimney corner with his hat on, and
occasionally joined in the conversation. Rem Hegeman and Yonichy,
his wife, gave themselves no airs, nor was harmony with Uncle
Jacob ever interrupted but once, when soured a little he made a
show of knocking down Lieutenant Forrest with a pair of yarn
stockings he had just drawn from his legs, as he sat in the chimney
corner one evening preparing for bed; but moments of peevishness
were allowable to our host, for we had been consuming his
provisions while he had never seen a penny of our money. The
religion of the Dutch, like their other habits, was unostentatious and
plain; a simple silent grace before meat prevailed at the table of
Jacob Suydam. When we were all seated, he suddenly clapped his
hands together, threw his head on one side, closed his eyes, and
remained mute and motionless for about a minute. His niece and
nephew followed his example, but with such an eager solicitude that
the copied attitude should be prompt and simultaneous as to give an
air of absurdity to what otherwise might have been very decent."60
Graydon refers to the peculiarities of the Dutch in their habits,
customs, and manners. One which seemed to strike him with
considerable force was the custom of never asking people to "sit
down to the table, but to sit 'by.'"
Judging from the Colonel's narrative, the American prisoners
must have had a good time at Flatbush. Although at times the
enforced inactivity was irksome, the prisoners were favored with the
presence of many estimable ladies who did much to render their
forced stay agreeable.
Meanwhile, the Convention of Representatives held short
sessions on the 5th and 6th of December, 1776, and again on the
11th of February, 1777, when they resolved to adjourn to Kingston,
which at once became the capital of the State. On the 6th of March,
a state constitution was framed, and provision made for a temporary
form of government by electing a council of safety. Abraham Ten
Broeck, of Albany, was president of the Convention at the time of
the passage of these important measures. Theodorus Polhemus was
the only member from Kings County at this convention.
In accordance with the resolution passed April 20, 1777,
providing for an ad interim government, a council of safety was
appointed, and the Convention of Representatives was dissolved on
the 13th of May, 1777. Owing doubtless to the disturbed condition of
affairs in Kings County, that county was not represented in the
committee.
The Council of Safety, at its session on the 27th of June, in
response to the petition of Obadiah Jones and other refugees from
Long Island, reported the following resolutions:—
 Resolved, Thereby provided His Excellency Governor
Trumbull shall approve thereof, Obadiah Jones, John Hulbart,
and Thomas Dearing, or any two of them, do give permits to
such refugees from Long Island as reside in Connecticut as
they shall think proper, and at such times and under such
restrictions as they may judge prudent, to pass to Long Island
to get off their effects.
Resolved, That Obadiah Jones, John Hulbart, and Thomas
Dearing, or any two of them, be, and they are hereby
authorized and directed to remove, at the expense of this
state, to the county of Dutchess, within the same, all such
refugees from Long Island, now in Connecticut, as are unable
to maintain themselves, and are willing so to be removed.
Resolved, That one hundred pounds be advanced to the
said gentlemen to enable them to execute the above
resolutions; and that they account with the auditor-general of
this state for the expenditure thereof.
Ordered, That the treasurer of this state pay the said sum
of one hundred pounds unto Mr. Paul Reeve, to be by him
conveyed and delivered to said gentlemen or one of them.
Resolved, That the persons so to be removed shall, on
their arrival in Dutchess County, be under the care of and
supplied with the necessaries by Mess. Abraham Schenck and
Gerlim Van Veelon, commissioners for superintending and
providing for such of the inhabitants of this state in the said
county as have been driven from their habitations by the
enemy.

Kings County was not represented at the first meeting of the

new Senate at Kingston in September. In the Assembly which met
and organized, William Boerum and Henry Williams represented
Kings County. These gentlemen, owing to the peculiar condition of
affairs in Kings County, and the impossibility of holding an election,
were appointed by the Convention, on May 8th, to represent the
county. The members of the Senate and Assembly for the counties
of New York, Queens, Suffolk, and Richmond, were appointed in like
manner.
The Provincial Convention having instituted the office of auditor-
general, for the purpose of settling certain accounts, the
appointment to this office was given to Comfort Sands, July 24,
1776, who held the place until March 23, 1782, when he resigned.
In 1797 the office was abolished, and that of comptroller was
instituted in its place. Comfort Sands, who filled the important
position of auditor, deserves more than a passing notice. During his
life he took a deep interest in Brooklyn affairs, and owned
considerable property in the village. He purchased a part of the
property belonging to John Rapalje, whose wife, we have seen, sent
her negro servant to apprise General Howe of the premeditated
retreat from Brooklyn on the 29th of August, 1776. Rapalje's
property extended along the water front from the Ferry to the Navy
Yard. He was an influential man, and during colonial times had
frequently been a member of the Assembly. When the war
commenced in earnest, his family became identified with the Tory
element. A bill of attainder was passed against him October 27,
1779, and he was banished. When the British occupied Long Island,
he returned to his home, remaining until 1783, when, with his
family, he removed to England. His estates having been confiscated,
Comfort and Joshua Sands, on the 13th of July, 1784, purchased 160
acres of them, bordering on the East River, for, £12,450, paid in
state scrip.
It might be well to state here that John Rapalje was clerk of
Kings County in 1775, and continued in that office during the British
control. His successor, Jacob Sharp, Jr., did not assume the office
until 1784. When Rapalje removed to England, he carried with him
the town records. These documents were very valuable.
A few years after the declaration of peace Rapalje's
granddaughter visited America, hoping to regain possession of her
father's land, upon the technical point that the confiscation had
taken place subsequent to the treaty of peace. The advice of counsel
was taken, whose opinions were adverse to her claim, and she
abandoned the effort and returned to Europe. When Mrs. Weldon,
the granddaughter, came to America, she brought with her the
missing records, and sought to sell and dispose of them for $10,000.
The inhabitants looked upon the price as fabulous, and refused to
accept the offer. Had they been wise, they would have asserted their
rights, and by legal proceedings secured the property, which
belonged to the town. By reason of the abstraction of these
documents a hiatus has been created in the history, and much
valuable information lost. The documents were taken back to
England. Even at this late date they probably might be secured from
the descendants of the family.
Comfort Sands, who by this purchase became interested in
Brooklyn, was born at Sands Point, L. I., in 1748. After serving a
clerkship he went into business on his own account in 1769. When
he resigned his position as auditor, he resumed business in New
York. Having served in the Provincial Congress, at the close of the
war he was again called into service. He was a member of the
Assembly in 1784-85, 1788, and 1789.
Egbert Benson, of Queens County, was appointed attorney-
general by an ordinance of the Constitutional Convention, May 8,
1777. The council of appointment afterwards ratified the act, and on
the 15th of January, 1778, granted and issued to him a commission.
He filled this responsible trust until May 14, 1789. Egbert Benson
was a man of culture. He graduated at Columbia College in 1765. He
was a classmate of Robert R. Livingston, with whom he was ever on
intimate terms. They served together in the different conventions for
the common cause. He was subsequently judge of the New York
Supreme Court, and justice of the United States Circuit Court, New
York.
The treaty of peace between the American and British
commissioners was signed on September 3, 1783. On November 25,
following, the British troops formally evacuated New York and
Brooklyn, and the flagstaff of the Pierrepont mansion on the Heights,
which had been used for signaling during the battle of Brooklyn,
once more floated the American flag.
 FOOTNOTES
1 See appendix in second volume for explanation of system of Dutch
family names.
2 American Ancestry, vol. v., 1890.

3 A History of Long Island, from its First Settlement by Europeans, to

the year 1845, with Special Reference to its Ecclesiastical Concerns. By
Nathaniel S. Prime. 1845.
4 Richard M. Bayles, in Long Island Magazine, September, 1893.

5 At the time of the discovery the Iroquois, or League of the Five

Nations, claimed to have subdued and mastered all the Indian tribes from
the Atlantic to the Mississippi. The Iroquois occupied in particular the
middle and upper region of New York State. The earliest of the general
histories of this remarkable confederacy was written by Cadwallader
Colden, who died on Long Island in 1776.
6 New York Historical Society's Collections, vol. iii. p. 324.

7 Antiquities of Long Island, p. 29.

8 Among Brooklyn's manufactures in recent years rope-making has

taken a prominent place.
9 A History of the City of Brooklyn, including the Old Town and Village
of Brooklyn, the Town of Bushwick, and the Village and City of
Williamsburgh. By Henry R. Stiles. 1867.
10 Van Twiller.

11 Address before Long Island Historical Society, 1880.

12 "The Ladye Moodye, a wise and anciently religious woman, being

taken with the error of denying baptism to infants, was dealt with by
many of the elders and others, and admonished by the church of Salem
(whereof she was a member); but persisting still, and to avoid further
trouble, etc., she removed to the Dutch against the advice of her
friends."—Governor Winthrop's Journal.
13 Also described as a Council of Eight.

14 The function of the schepen resembled that of the squire or petty

justice, particularly in communities so small as not to have a burgomaster.
15 By the wording of contracts dated November 22, 1646 (New York
Col. MSS. ii. 152), it appears that Teunissen was called "Schout of
Breuckelen" before this date.
16 As we have seen, Rapalje, who made one of the earliest purchases
(1636), did not begin living on his Wallabout farm until probably 1655.
17 "No other figure of Dutch, nor indeed of Colonial days is so well
remembered; none other has left so deep an impress on Manhattan
history and tradition as this whimsical and obstinate, but brave and
gallant old fellow, the kindly tyrant of the little colony. To this day he
stands in a certain sense as the typical father of the city."—Theodore
Roosevelt, New York, p. 26.
18 Bayard Tuckerman, Peter Stuyvesant, p. 62.

19 Stiles, History of Brooklyn, vol. i. p. 229.

20 "Among the Dutch settlers the art of stone-cutting does not appear
to have been used until within comparatively a few years, with but few
exceptions, and their old burying-grounds are strewn with rough head-
stones which bear no inscriptions; whereas the English people,
immediately on their settlement, introduced the practice of perpetuating
the memories of their friends by inscribed stones. Another reason for not
finding any very old tombstones in the Dutch settlements is that they
early adopted the practice of having family burying-places on their farms,
without monuments, and not unfrequently private burials, both of which
the Governor and Colonial Legislature, in 1664 and 1684, deemed of
sufficient importance to merit legislative interference, and declared that all
persons should be publicly buried in some parish burial-place."—Furman,
Antiquities of Long Island, p. 155.
21 New York, p. 29.

22 A Dutch war-ship sold twenty negroes into the colony of Virginia in

August, 1619.
23 The call of the Breuckelen Church to Dominie Selyns was by him
accepted, and approved by the Classis of Amsterdam, February 16,
1660(-61).—Brooklyn Church Records.
24 Mr. Campbell and other recent writers, actuated doubtless by some
resentment toward the complacency of New England, have
unquestionably exaggerated in certain respects the essential position of
Holland in educational advancement, and offered a somewhat stronger
plea for the leadership of the Dutch in popular education on this continent
than a strictly judicial examination of the case seems to justify; but there
can be no reasonable doubt in the minds of impartial students that
serious misconceptions have existed, and that these justify the
championship of the Dutch, of which Mr. Campbell's The Puritan in
Holland, England, and America is so brilliant an example. The early claims
for English and for Puritan educational traditions not only ignored but
excluded the Dutch, and it was inevitable that the effort to do justice to
Holland's remarkable services for popular education should result in
occasional overstatement.
25 Democracy in Europe, vol. ii. pp. 67-72.

26 Public School Pioneering in New York and Massachusetts.

27 New York Colonial Documents, vol. i. p. 112.

28 The river farm, which included the "Kiekout" bluff, is first found in
the possession of Jean Meserole, who came from Picardy, France, in 1663,
and from whom is descended Gen. Jeremiah V. Meserole, President of the
Williamsburgh Savings Bank, first colonel of the Forty-seventh Regiment,
N. G. S. N. Y.
29 So named from Dirck Volckertsen, surnamed "the Norman," to
whom was granted in 1645 land on the East River between Bushwick
Creek and Newtown Creek, now within the seventeenth ward of the city
of Brooklyn, and still known as Greenpoint. Volckertsen lived in a stone
house on the northerly side of Bushwick Creek near the East River. The
house was standing until after the middle of the present century.
30 Early section names within the township of Breuckelen were
Gowanus, Red Hook (lying west of the Ferry), the Ferry, Wallabout,
Bedford, Cripplebush. All of these, save the last, have survived as
designations of regions in the present city.
31 When, in 1660, it was deemed necessary to prepare defenses for
Breuckelen and New Utrecht against attacks from the Indians, De Sille
was directed to make the necessary surveys. Under Stuyvesant De Sille
held the important position of attorney-general. He was a man of ability
and influence. The position he held under Stuyvesant demonstrated the
fact that his attainments were appreciated. He was born in Arnheim. His
ancestors were natives of Belgium, who fled to Holland to escape religious
persecution, and whose devotion to the interests of their adopted country
was manifested on many occasions in the noble stand taken by the Dutch
Republic to maintain its independence against the Spanish invasion. He
came to New Netherland in 1653, commissioned by the West India
Company to reside at New Amsterdam, and by his counsel aid and assist
the Governor in his duties. He was directed to give his advice on all
subjects relating to the interests of the colony. It is said that he built the
first house in New Utrecht. It was at his house that the brave General
Woodhull, the hero of Long Island, who gave his life for his country,
breathed his last.—S. M. O.
32 Journal of a Voyage to New York and a Tour in Several of the
American Colonies in 1679-80. By Jasper Dankers and Peter Sluyter of
Wiewerd, in Friesland. Translated from the original manuscript in Dutch
for the Long Island Historical Society, and edited by Henry C. Murphy,
Foreign Corresponding Secretary of the Society. Brooklyn, 1867.
33 "No man has been more maligned or misunderstood than Jacob
Leisler. Historians have deliberately misjudged him, drawing their
conclusions from the biased reports of the few aristocrats who hated or
the English officials who despised him. Jacob Leisler was one of the
earliest of American patriots. His brief and stormy career as Provincial
Governor of New York was marked by mistakes of judgment, but his
mistakes were more than overbalanced by his foresight and
statesmanship. He acted as one of the people for the people. He
summoned a popular convention, arranged the first mayoralty election by
the people, attempted the first step toward colonial union by endeavoring
to interest the several provinces in a continental congress, and sought to
cripple the chief adversary of the English in America, France, by the
masterly stroke of an invasion of Canada. That he failed is due to the
jealousy, the timidity, and the short-sightedness of his fellow colonists. But
he builded wiser than he knew; for, though he died a martyr to colonial
jealousy and English injustice, his bold and patriotic measures awoke the
people to a knowledge of their real power, and prepared them for that
spirit of resistance to tyranny which a century later made them a free
republic."—Elbridge S. Brooks, The Story of New York, p. 74.
34 "The government of the colony was at once put on the basis on
which it stood until the outbreak of the Revolution. There was a governor
appointed by the king, and a council likewise appointed; while the
assembly was elected by the freeholders. The suffrage was thus limited
by a strict property qualification. Liberty of conscience was granted to all
Protestant sects, but not to Catholics; and the Church of England was
practically made the state church, though the Dutch and French
congregations were secured in the rights guaranteed them by treaty. It
was, then, essentially a class or aristocratic government,—none the less
so because to European eyes the little American colony seemed both poor
and rude."—Theodore Roosevelt, New York, p. 71.
35 There are varying views of Kidd's character and career. Thus
Berthold Fernow writes in the Narrative and Critical History of America
(vol. v. p. 195): "To-day that which was meted out to Kidd might hardly
be called justice; for it seems questionable if he had ever been guilty of
piracy."
36 The assessment rolls of the five Dutch towns in 1675 showed the
following proportions in the number of persons assessed: Breuckelen, 60;
Midwout, 54; Boswyck (Bushwick) 36; Amersfoort, 35; New Utrecht, 29.
37 The peculiar methods employed by the citizens of Brooklyn at that
time in electing their officials cannot be better illustrated than by the
presentation of a report of one of those town meetings as follows:—

Att a towne meeting held this 29th day of April, 1699, at

Breucklyn, by order of Justice Michael Hanssen ffor to chose town
officers ffor to order all townes business and to deffend theire
limits and bounds, and to lay out some part thereoff in lotts, to
make lawes and orders ffor the best off the inhabitants, and to
raise a small tax ffor to defray the towne charges, now being or
hereafter to come, to receive the townes revenues, and to pay the
townes debts, and that with the advice off the justices off the said
towne standing the space or time off two years. Chosen ffor that
purpose by pluralitie of votes. Benjamin Vande Water, Joras
Hanssen, Jan Garritse Dorlant.
By order off inhabitants aforesaid,
J. Vande Water, Clarke.

38 Furman's Notes, p. 45.

39 The total assessment value of real and personal estate in Brooklyn

in 1706 was £3,122 12d, or about $15,610, and the tax on the same was
£41 3s 7-1/2d, or about $205. The tax levied in the County of Kings was
£201 16s 1-1/2d, or about $1,005.
 40 The description of this road in the records is as follows: "One
common highway to begin ffrom the house of Jurian Collier to the new
mill of Nicholas Brower, now sett upon Gowanus Mill neck soe called, as
the way is now in use, along said neck to said mill to be of two rods wide,
and that there shall be a landing place by said mill in the most convenient
place ffor the transportation of goods, and the commodious passing of
travellers; and said highway and landing place to be, remaine and
continue forever."
41 For comment on Brooklyn's claims, see appendix.

42 To DeLancey belongs the honor of signing the charter of Columbia

College in New York, first known as Kings College, an institution in which
Brooklynites have always taken a deep interest. Among her graduates
from Brooklyn may be mentioned the ex-mayor, ex-senator, and ex-
minister to the Hague, Henry C. Murphy, who graduated in 1830. The
Hon. Alexander McCue, of the City Court, was the valedictorian of the
class of 1845. Ex-supervisor William J. Osborne, Henry C. Murphy, Jr.,
George I. Murphy, Richard M. De Mille, John Lockwood, of Lockwood's
Academy; George W. Collard, the erudite professor of languages in the
Polytechnic; Stewart L. Woodford, and Edgar M. Cullen all graduated from
Columbia. Beside these might be mentioned John L. Lefferts, Van Brunt
Wyckoff, ex-mayor Edward Copeland, who graduated in 1809; the late
Samuel E. Johnson, ex-county judge, who graduated in 1834, and the late
Rev. Stephen H. Meeker, who for fifty years was pastor of the old
Bushwick Church. Among the clergy who enjoyed her academic shades
might be mentioned the late Rev. Dr. Dwight, who for many years was
pastor of the Joralemon Street Dutch Church; the Right Rev. Henry Ustick
Onderdonk, at one time rector of St. Ann's Church and subsequently
bishop of Pennsylvania; Rev. Dr. Samuel Roosevelt Johnson, formerly
rector of St. John's Church; the Right Rev. Dr. George F. Seymour,
formerly rector of St. John's Church and now bishop of Springfield. Of the
legal profession who have graduated from her law school might be
mentioned William H. Ingersoll, Edward B. Barnum, Henry Broadhead,
Abel Crook, William Leggett Whiting, Philip L. Wilson, Henry S. Bellows,
Merwin Rushmore, F. A. Ward, D. D. Terry, L. Bradford Prince, Daniel W.
Northup, and a host of other well known members of the bar. Of the
medical profession the number from Brooklyn is legion.—S. M. O.
We may now add to the roll a conspicuous name, that of ex-mayor
Seth Low, now president of Columbia.
43 Kings, Queens, and part of Suffolk.
 44 History of the City of Brooklyn, vol. i. p. 243.

45 The school remained closed until 1777.

46 Onderdonk, Kings County, p. 120.

47 The wife of John Rapalje was a well-known Tory. So far did she
manifest her predilections in favor of the Tory cause as at all times to
boldly proclaim her sympathies for the King. At the time the act was
passed prohibiting the use of tea, she, with her proverbial pertinacity and
obstinacy, persisted in its use, and so continued while the American army
was in the occupation of Brooklyn. On this account she became a marked
woman. Her conduct caused much discussion, and drew down upon her
the umbrage of the Whig militia, who fired a cannon ball into her home
while she was drinking her favorite beverage. The ball passed close to her
head and lodged in the wall. This action not only seriously annoyed the
lady, but served to stir within her bosom the spirit of revenge, and she
eagerly awaited an opportunity to gratify her spite. When she saw the
preparations for the retreat of the army her heart rejoiced, for she fancied
that the moment had arrived when she could mete out punishment to her
enemies.—S. M. O.
48 Force's 5th series, vol. ii. p. 107.

49 Force, 5th series, vol. ii. p. 167.

50 Force, 5th series, vol. ii. p. 399.

51 Force, 5th series, vol. iii. p. 1057.

52 Corporation Manual of Brooklyn, 1866.

53 Onderdonk, Kings County, sec. 829.

54 Onderdonk, Kings County, sec. 830.

55 Onderdonk, Kings County, sec. 830.

56 Rev. Dr. S. R. Johnson's Memorial Discourse on General Jeremiah

Johnson.
57 Journal of Provincial Convention, p. 567.

58 So in the original Journal of Committee of Safety, p. 671.

59 Onderdonk's Revolutionary Incidents, sec. 832.

 60 Onderdonk's Incidents of Kings County, p. 174.

Transcriber's Notes:

Simple typographical errors were corrected.

Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they
were not changed.
The "appendix" to which reference occasionally is made
appears in Volume II.
"Words in [square brackets] were printed that way in source
book.
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